...AFRICA NAZARENE UNIVERSITY UNIT TITLE : BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODS UNIT CODE : BCM 308 TASK : GROUP WORK STUDENT NO. NAME : NEWTON WANYAMA 12M03EBA074 : LEWIS MUNDIA 12J03ABA007 : JAMES IKUA 12S03EBA003 : MARY ODERO 12S03ABA011 : GLADYS MUMO 12J03EBA011 : PENINAH MBUTHIA : GEORGE OLIWA QUESTION : Discuss the ethical issues in research? DUE: 8 JULY 2013 LECTURER: HANIEL NJOGU MUCHIRI INTRODUCTION When most people think of ethics (or morals), they think of rules for distinguishing between right and wrong, such as the Golden Rule ("Do unto others as you would have them do unto you’’. This is the most common way of defining "ethics": norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior. Most people learn ethical norms at home, at school, in church, or in other social settings. Although most people acquire their sense of right and wrong during childhood, moral development occurs throughout life and human beings pass through different stages of growth as they mature. Ethical norms are so ubiquitous that one might be tempted to regard them as simple commonsense. On the other hand, if morality were nothing more than commonsense, then why are there so many ethical disputes and...
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...understanding. Anti-patterns have a negative effect on the comprehension and maintainability of a software system, and thus, understanding and detecting Anti-patterns provides the knowledge to prevent or recover from them. This paper discusses the anti-patterns of object oriented design, their symptoms, and consequences and issues related to their detection. This study also discusses some of the tools and approaches that are currently being developed and used in the software industry to detect anti-pattern. Towards the end, this paper also highlights some of the problems that are still open, to drive future research direction in this field. 1. Introduction Now-a-days, most of the software projects deal with large number of components that make the software more complicated and hard for novice designers to design. A design pattern is one of the most simple and powerful techniques used to improve the software design. Unfortunately, due to a number of market/customers constraints, anti-patterns may get introduced into the software systems and deteriorate its software quality. Hence, anti-patterns need to be carefully detected and monitored and, consequently, refactoring operations should be planned and performed to deal with them. In this paper, we will focus to present the different types of anti-patterns in object-oriented design, their symptoms and consequences, and the challenges and issues...
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...Ethics can be defined as a set of principles of right conduct, or a theory or system of moral values. High ethical values are very important to have as individuals, and even more important to have within a corporation. Yet ethics do not always seem to get the focus that they deserve. All one has to do is turn their attention to high-profile scandals [that] cast a shadow, reminding us about the consequences of unethical behavior and shady business practices to realize that high moral ethics are not getting the attention that it deserves. When most people think of ethics (or morals), they think of rules for distinguishing between right and wrong, such as the Golden Rule ("Do unto others as you would have them do unto you"), a code of professional conduct like the Hippocratic Oath ("First of all, do no harm"), a religious creed like the Ten Commandments ("Thou Shalt not kill..."), or a wise aphorisms like the sayings of Confucius. This is the most common way of defining "ethics": norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior. Most people learn ethical norms at home, at school, in church, or in other social settings. Although most people acquire their sense of right and wrong during childhood, moral development occurs throughout life and human beings pass through different stages of growth as they mature. Ethical norms are so ubiquitous that one might be tempted to regard them as simple commonsense. On the other hand, if morality were nothing...
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...constituent of Corporate Social Responsibility” with reference to Indian MNCs Type: Literature review Name of Research Scholar: Santosh Basavaraj, Research Scholar, Anna University of Technology, Coimbatore. Research Supervisor: Dr.B.Rajasekaran, Principal, RKKR School of Management Studies Ettimanickampatty, Coimbatore Road, SALEM – 637 504 Contact Number & Email ID:997209785,santosh_bs2001@yahoo.com Purpose: This research paper aims at gaining an insight into the concepts of Corporate Governance and CSR which enables this researcher to generate new ideas on concepts under study. The central purpose of this research paper is to determine how companies Corporate Social Responsibility practices blended in Corporate Governance and to study integration of CSR with CG which enable future researchers to study how companies are able to sustain its Competitive edge with good CSR activities by considering some good practices followed in industry and their critical evaluations in recent events. This research sets the foundation for future study and refers literature to develop a new hypothesis in the concept of CSR. An additional objective of this research paper is to review the Literature on Corporate governance and studying the Juxtaposition of CG and ethical issues for better corporate social responsibility. Design/methodology/approach This is an exploratory research design and it is used to seek insight in general nature of Corporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility...
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...MISSION STATEMENTS OF SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE FIRMS: A CONTENT ANALYSIS Refika BAKO LU Marmara University, Turkey Bige A KUN Marmara University, Turkey ABSTRACT A well-designed mission statement is essential for formulating, implementing and evaluating business strategy. However the role of the mission statement in the strategic management of business firms has not been sufficiently highlighted in the research literature. The importance of mission statements to the effective strategic management of business organizations is well documented in the literature but it is quite surprising that minimal attention has been paid to the role of mission statements of socially responsible organizations. This paper attempts to fill this gap in the literature. It focuses on the socially responsible firms, which are listed in the Business Ethics' 100 Best Corporate Citizens Index, by selecting the firms whose mission statements could be seen clearly from their corporate websites. The mission statements are then analyzed to determine their components and the differences between the firms. Keywords: Mission Statement, social responsibility, content analysis It becomes apparent when appraising the some definitions of the mission concept is regarded as multidimensional concept by virtually all authors. Further, variations in conceptualization and the specific words used notwithstanding, it is possible to identify common elements that underlie most definitions of the concept. In contemporary...
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...Business Ethics This paper will attempt to decipher the leadership style and techniques used by Robert Nardelli during his tenure as the CEO of Home Depot. To help decipher his leadership style, the paper will incorporate three leadership theories discussed within our text. The first leadership theory is the “Trait Theory”. Assumptions from the great man theory lead us to believe that people are born with inherited behaviors; certain traits, characteristics, and behaviors indicate that an individual is a born leader. A great leader is also born with a natural mixture of leadership traits. The second leadership theory is “Behavioral Therapy”. Assumptions with the behavioral theory indicated that leaders are groomed and prepared; they do not come prewired with innate leadership characteristics. The behavioral characteristics of a successful leader is a learned and honed skill attained through intense mentoring and practical experience. The last leadership theories this paper will discuss are the “Situational and Contingency Theories. Assumptions with the situational theory are, as the name suggest and based upon a leader taking the best course of action while taking into account the situation at hand. Based or dependent upon various situational factors, assumptions of contingency theory include proficiency and behavior of followers and the style of leadership the leader chooses. Next, using my personal opinion, text material, and research: this paper becomes the judge...
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...Abbey Bartosiak Final Paper Wednesday, December 10th, 2008 Businesses and Ethics: They’re Surely Not Your Top Running Candidate for “The Golden Rule” The Golden Rule is a rule that is universally known. Although it has been translated differently and all the words may not be the same, it has the same universal meaning: “Do to others what you would want done to yourself.” This rule is one of the few rules that every person is the world is taught and abides (or tries to abide) by in their everyday life. When young children learn this rule, they are told to never forget it and to use it for the rest of their life: through school, for families, for work. There becomes a gray area, though, when The Golden Rule is brought into the workplace. For some reason, offices and workers feel that this rule doesn’t apply to them. They don’t need to be honest because, in some way, they are benefitting themselves. Business is where The Golden Rule gets tossed and people and firms start to act out of egoism, a form of moral belief. To uncover the “how, where and why” of business ethics, one must explore deeper beyond the surface. First, to understand how big businesses violate ethics, one must know what business ethics are and what they consist of. Second, to understand how businesses and workers act of out egoism, one must know what egoism is and what the beliefs pertain to. Then, connections and examples of businesses violating their ethics and how this unites it with egoism...
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...BUEC 563 – Energy Industries and Markets: Syllabus Instructor: Richard Dixon Email: rjdixon@ualberta.ca Phone: (780) 248-1650 ------------------------------------------------- Prerequisite: BUEC 502 – Managerial Microeconomics (or equivalent) COURSE OBJECTIVES While part of the Natural Resources, Energy and Environment specialization this introductory course is an overview to the resource and energy industries and markets. Students gain a basic understanding of the evolving nature and structure of energy industries and markets, including market, technological, environmental and other strategic issues. Second, there is a strong emphasis on students' proficiency levels in verbal and written business communication. Of particular interest is the ability to do and convey critical analysis and thinking in a variety of business formats (e.g. briefing note, strategic scenarios, business case, oral presentation, etc.). LEARNING GOALS Critical Thinking Students will be exposed to current issues and ideas concerning energy and its development in the 21st Century and this will help to develop their ability to analyze problems, situations and issues in a clear-minded, rigorous intellectual manner. At the end of the course the student will have more tools to critically think about current energy issues. Energy Fundamentals Students will enhance and develop a better understanding and awareness of the energy sector and its fundamentals from an economics, management and business...
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...CHEATING Definition Cheating is defined as the intentional act of breaking the rules, or attempting to achieve personal gain through fraud or deceit.16 To cheat is to deprive of something valuable by the use ofdeceit or fraud, to influence or lead by deceit, trick, or artifice, to practice fraud or trickery, to violate rules dishonestly, or to be sexually unfaithful.11 A cheater (sometimes called acheat) gets something by dishonesty or deception; or by depriving one of his or her rights and usually connotes deliberate perversion of the truth; or by large-scale cheating bymisrepresentation or abuse of confidence.11 Cheating is an act of lying, deception, fraud, trickery, imposture, or imposition. Cheating characteristically is employed to create an unfair advantage, usually in one's own interest, and often at the expense of others. Cheating implies the breaking of rules. Cheating is a primordial economic act: getting more for less, often used when referring to marital infidelity.3 Cheating is when a person misleads, deceives, or acts dishonestly on purpose.17 Cheating fundamentally includes several elements of both lying and stealing, with specific motivations to gain something of value by illegitimate means. That is why lying and stealing are discussed before cheating. Cheating is lying and/or stealing with the intention for acquiring something for more than merely the "pleasure" of fooling or depriving others. Children Cheating as a concept is not understood by children...
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...ttttttt Ethical Systems: Which is Best? Good, bad, right, wrong…how do we know? Ethics is the study of how we determine what is right or wrong, good or bad (Mosser, 2010). While there are many ethical views, I focused on the three classical approaches for this paper. Utilitarianism states when given a choice between two acts, the one that creates the greater happiness for the greatest number of people is the ethical choice. Deontology stems from obligation or duty. This view takes the position that one has a duty to choose the right or moral act. Virtue ethics focus on the character of the individual rather than the act. If the individual has the proper balance of virtuous characteristics, they are ethical. While all three approaches have merit and all three have weaknesses, I believe that the deontological approach is the most convincing ethical view. In the following paragraphs, I will discuss my view and an opposing view and explain why I have chosen my position. Let’s start with a more in-depth understanding of deontology. Philosopher Immanuel Kant is most often associated with deontology. The premise for this view ignores the consequence of an action and evaluates only the act. This is not to say that a deontologist denies that actions have consequences, but the consequence does not define whether the act is right or wrong. The act itself is defined as right, wrong or neutral based on a set of moral rules. The individual has...
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...Course code and title: IITC 5011 COMPARATIVE CIVILIZATION Assignment title: A STUDY ON THE LINK BETWEEN DIVINE GUIDANCE AND RISE OF SOCIETY. Student’s (official) name: AHMAD SHAMSUDDIN BIN AHMAD Student’s matriculation number: G1333003 Tutor’s name: PRO DR ABDULLAHIL AHSAN INTRODUCTION In line with Islam, the civilization of a nation would be built when there were good values and manners in a society. If a society values good to ignore or violate the main goal the development of civilization, then the community will collapse in no time. For example, as for the Western civilization such as Greek, its civilization ended in failure not...
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...are established ethical principles to protect human participants in biomedical research from undue exploitation by researchers. However, in the “Tuskegee Study” in the US, these principles were grossly violated. The task of this paper is to critically examine the ethical implications of that study on future practices in biomedical research, and to suggest ways of ensuring that such practices comply with appropriate ethical values. Key Words Bioethics, Biomedical research, clinical research, Tuskegee Study, paternalism, morality Introduction From time to time human beings experience health challenges, whether physical or mental. On its part, medical practice has made considerable progress towards combating or controlling many of these challenges. It is through research that the nature, symptoms and effects of ailments can be ascertained and remedies discovered. Medical researchers engage in both therapeutic and non-therapeutic research. Therapeutic research is that carried out with the purpose of treating disease. On the other hand, non-therapeutic research is aimed at 76 Adebayo A. Ogungbure furthering the frontiers of knowledge about human health. Furthermore, researchers and physicians often use human beings as objects of scientific investigation, raising certain ethical concerns, including the issue of informed consent and how consent is obtained, selection of participants in research, the welfare of human subjects involved in...
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...established ethical principles to protect human participants in biomedical research from undue exploitation by researchers. However, in the “Tuskegee Study” in the US, these principles were grossly violated. The task of this paper is to critically examine the ethical implications of that study on future practices in biomedical research, and to suggest ways of ensuring that such practices comply with appropriate ethical values. Key Words Bioethics, Biomedical research, clinical research, Tuskegee Study, paternalism, morality Introduction From time to time human beings experience health challenges, whether physical or mental. On its part, medical practice has made considerable progress towards combating or controlling many of these challenges. It is through research that the nature, symptoms and effects of ailments can be ascertained and remedies discovered. Medical researchers engage in both therapeutic and non-therapeutic research. Therapeutic research is that carried out with the purpose of treating disease. On the other hand, non-therapeutic research is aimed at 76 Adebayo A. Ogungbure furthering the frontiers of knowledge about human health. Furthermore, researchers and physicians often use human beings as objects of scientific investigation, raising certain ethical concerns, including the issue of informed consent and how consent is obtained, selection of participants in research, the welfare of human...
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...progress towards combating or controlling many of these challenges. It is through research that the nature, symptoms and effects of ailments can be ascertained and remedies discovered. Medical researchers engage in both therapeutic and non-therapeutic research. Therapeutic research is that carried out with the purpose of treating disease. On the other hand, non-therapeutic research is aimed at 76 Adebayo A. Ogungbure furthering the frontiers of knowledge about human health. Furthermore, researchers and physicians often use human beings as objects of scientific investigation, raising certain ethical concerns, including the issue of informed consent and how consent is obtained, selection of participants in research, the welfare of human subjects involved in a research project, what the goals of research ought to be, and what ought to constitute proper procedure for an ethical research. These issues are central to an aspect of applied ethics which is now commonly referred to as research ethics. The aim of research ethics is to ensure that research projects involving human subjects are carried out without causing harm to the subjects involved. In addition, it provides a sort of regulatory framework which ensures that human participants in research are not exploited either physically or psychologically. The need for ethical guidelines for biomedical research is expressed in some of the questions research ethicists are concerned about, including the following: • What are appropriate...
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...Commission President Obama, heading a special commission, has requested a draft for a National Code of Corporate Responsibility. Once completed, the Code will be widely disseminated as a national blueprint for proper business conduct. It is, therefore, imperative that the new code contain the necessary business, social and ethical policies that will lift the American corporate community out of its disreputable position and accelerate its return to global superiority -- as both economically productive and socially/morally unassailable. There are two aspects to the Corporate Responsibility Code which the President wants addressed. First, what conduct or practice rules, principles or policies should be in place for corporations, and how they function as business entities, interacting with other institutions and with individual members of the public? Secondly, what conduct or practice rules, principles or policies should be in place for individual business managers, and how they function and relate to their subordinates, their stockholders, and members of the public? Your assignment is to draft the two parts of this Code. Congress will only approve the new Corporate Responsibility Code that is proposed if it addresses key issues for both corporate conduct and individual manager conduct, and if each rule, principle or policy listed is well-supported by research findings. II. Response According to the commission from President Obama, concerning the need...
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