...Discuss the different processes of cellular exchange, with NAMED examples. Nucleus is at the centre of the cell, it has coded instruction that enables it to make specific protein; this is how ribosomes are made here. This is bounded by a double membrane; the cytoplasm is like material within the nucleus this is called the nucleplasm (Rowland, as biology, 2008). The nucleus stores, replicates and decodes DNA. , which gives each cell it unique characteristics; this means liver cells are is different from muscle cell and is different from a fat cell. It is also the largest and most prominent organelle in the cell; it is a specialized subunit in the cell that has a specific function. As the nuclear envelope isolates and protects a cell’s DNA from various molecules that might damage the structure or its processing this when DNA is synthesized special RNA (Parker and Honeysett, biology, 2008). The nucleolus produces ribosome’s, which move out of nucleus to a position on the rough endoplasmic reticulum where they are critical in protein synthesis. Endoplasmic Reticulum which has a system of complex tunnels that spread throughout the cell, this part of the cell which is suspended. This helps food to be consumed and transform into energy for the cell functions. It has elaborate system which is called endoplasmic reticulum (Rowland, as biology, 2008); this is interconnected with the lining membrane with nuclear envelope. This given to the fact that is referred to as called cytosol,...
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...Biology, 8e (Campbell) Chapter 6 A Tour of the Cell Multiple-Choice Questions 1) When biologists wish to study the internal ultrastructure of cells, they most likely would use A) a light microscope. B) a scanning electron microscope. C) a transmission electronic microscope. D) A and B E) B and C Answer: C Topic: Concept 6.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) The advantage of light microscopy over electron microscopy is that A) light microscopy provides for higher magnification than electron microscopy. B) light microscopy provides for higher resolving power than electron microscopy. C) light microscopy allows one to view dynamic processes in living cells. D) A and B E) B and C Answer: C Topic: Concept 6.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) A primary objective of cell fractionation is to A) view the structure of cell membranes. B) identify the enzymes outside the organelles. C) determine the size of various organelles. D) separate the major organelles so that their particular functions can be determined. E) crack the cell wall so the cytoplasmic contents can be released. Answer: D Topic: Concept 6.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) In the fractionation of homogenized cells using centrifugation, the primary factor that determines whether a specific cellular component ends up in the supernatant or the pellet is A) the relative solubility of the component. B) the size and weight of the component...
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...endomembrane system organizes the eukaryotic cell into numerous specialized functional domains, that are recognized as different organelles. Major endomembrane derived organelles of the plant cell are: Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Golgi bodies Peroxisomes Vacuoles Endosomes Autophagosomes Outer Nuclear Envelope http://www.illuminatedcell.com/cytomembranes.html Endomembrane System and Golgi Complex | Endomembrane System and Golgi Complex | The endomembrane system is a collective term applied to all of the membranes in a cell that are either connected with or are derived from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), including the plasma membrane but not the membranes of chloroplasts or mitochondria. The membrane-bound organelles considered to be part of the endomembrane system are the vacuole, nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, and various types of vacuoles. Some components of the endomembrane system have direct, permanent connections with the endomembrane system (such as between the endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear envelope), whereas other components share membrane and contents by trafficking vesicles (membrane-bound packages) from one component to another (for example, the ER sends numerous vesicles to the Golgi complex) across the...
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...Section: 31 Golgi Bodies Golgi bodies (Golgi apparatus) were identified in the nineteenth century by the biologist Camillo Golgi. It is one of the most uncommon shaped organelles. They look somewhat like a stack of pancakes. The Golgi bodies consist of stacked membrane-bounded, flattened sacs. It is surrounded by small membrane-bounded vesicles. They are found in plant and animals cells. Golgi bodies play a major role in Carbohydrates synthesis. The Golgi bodies are the “packaging plant” of the cell. They package the proteins and send energy throughout the cell The purpose of Golgi bodies is to store chemicals products that are produced in the cells and to secrete the outside of the cells. They vary from different sizes and forms but usually have smaller organization for any kind of cell. It modifies proteins that are being delivered from the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which manufactures, processes, and transports a wide variety of biochemical compounds for use inside and outside of the cell and is involved in the transporting of lipids around the cell and the creation lysosomes. Golgi bodies are important because it make sure the macro-molecules get to the right place. If they didn't then the cell wouldn't function correctly. In some unicellular flagellates, however, many as 60 cisternae (cis face) may combine to make up the Golgi apparatus. It modifies proteins and lipids (fats) that have been built in the endoplasmic reticulum and prepares them for export outside...
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...task 1 – INTRODUCTION INSTRUCTIONS: Please provide a flow diagram with commentary (including specific examples) on the organisation of the human body. You must include cells, tissues, body organs and systems. Any images used must be sourced. The human body is extremely complex and contains different systems which work alongside each other but complete diverse tasks to keep our body’s functioning. Chemical level– is the simplest level within the structural hierarchy. The chemical level includes the tiniest building blocks of matter, atoms, which combine to form molecules, like water. In turn, molecules combine to form organelles, the internal organs of a cell. Cellular level – the cellular level is made up of the smallest unit of living matter, the cell. The individual cells may have some common functions but vary widely in size and shape. Each type of cell carries out a set of unique tasks within the human body. Tissue level – tissues are groups of similar cells that have a common function. A tissue must contain two different types of cells. The four basic tissue types in humans include epithelium, connective, muscle and nervous tissue. Each tissue has a characteristic role that is vital in the complete function of the human body. Organ level – an organ is a structure composed of at least two different tissue types that perform a specific function within the body. Examples of this include the brain, stomach and liver. Complex functions begin to emerge at...
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...Biological Psychology Introduction Psychology is eh study of the mind, mental processes and emotions especially in relation to behaviour. Biological psychology Different aspects of behaviour exist: * Physiological: relating to the activity, the function of the brain ans other organs. * Developmental: tracing how genes, nutrition and experiences influence behaviour. * Evolutionary: showing how certain behavioural patterns which evolved in our remote ancestors are inherited. * Functional: showing how he inherited behaviour is advantageous because of the useful function it serves. The Human Body * A complex organism made up of many systems. * Acts as a coordinated controlled unit. * It is the function of the Nervous and the Endocrine Systems to act as the coordinator of this controlled unit. The Nervous System and The Endocrine System * Both control and coordinate body activities. * Work separately and in different ways but are liked by the pituitary gland (the master gland) and the hypothalamus (part of the brain). * The hypothalamus regulates the functioning of the pituitary gland by monitoring the levels of the hormone in the blood. * The nervous system consists of: 1. The central nervous system (CNS): brain + spinal cord. 2. The peripheral nervous system (PNS): the somatic nervous system (voluntary) + the autonomic nervous system (involuntary). The autonomic nervous system consists of the sympathetic system (flight/fight...
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...Chloroplast- Site of Photosynthesis Stroma Thylakoid- Expanded Membrane Stroma Lamellae-Unexpanded Membrane Chlorophyll a & b- green (absorb light energy) Carotene- Orange Kanthophylls- Yellow Granum-Stack of Thylakoids Photosynthesis- Light Production 6CO2+6H2O light C6H12O6+6O2 Carbon Water Glucose Oxygen Dioxide (Sugar) Golgi Bodies Golgi apparatus Dictyosomes Vesicle Substance to be secreted from the cell Cell Wall synthesis in dividing plant cells cellulose. Vesticles- Single Unit membrane bound structure. 1. Lysosomes- Suicide bags- contain hydrolytic enzymes 2. Peroxisomes- Breakdown H2O2 (Hydrogen Peroxide) or other peroxides Cytockeleton- Consists of three types of fibers or filaments. 1. Microtubles- 25 nm thick (nonometers) 2. Intermediate Filaments- 8-10nm thick 3. Microfilaments- 7nm thick Function-Holding cellular organelles together and the movement of organelles Organelle- Small organ Plant vs. Animal Cells 1. Cell Wall (Plant) 2. Central Vacuole (Plant) 3. Chloroplast (Plant) 4. Centrioles (Animal) Eukaryorotic Cells- Cells with a nucleus Prokararyotic Cells- Bacteria 1. No Nucleus, but have Chromosomes 2. No Organelles- Mitochondria, Chloroplast 3. Have Ribosomes- Smaller than Eukarote 4. Have Cell Wall 5. Photosythetic membranes 6. Flagella and/or phili mobie Cell Junctions Plasmamembrane...
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...Cell membrane: The cell membrane surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell and its job is to protect the inside of a cell by only allowing certain substances into the cell and keeping other substances out. It also helps to support the cell and maintains its shape. Nucleus: This is the biggest part of the cell and is the part of the cell which acts like the brain. It is not always in the middle of the cell but will be placed within the cytoplasm. In some cases a cell may have many nuclei and these are called multinucleate and are usually in muscle cells. In red blood cells, the nucleus is lost during development and is the only cell that is able to survive without a nucleus. The nucleus includes DNA. Cytoplasm: The cytoplasm of a cell is the material in the inside of the cell which is semi-fluid and is able to flow slowly and all chemical reactions within cells are carried out in there. Complex sugars including glycogen and melanin which is the pigment responsible for skin and hair colour are in the cytoplasm. These chemicals are the basic living materials that a cell needs. Organelles are the various components of a cell with a specific structure and function and are linked to miniature organs. These include: Mitochondria: These are small components within cells that perform different important functions in order to keep the body healthy. They make the energy that cells need to do to work correctly. An example of this is brain cells which need a large amount of energy in order...
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...There are two types of cell transport mechanisms. These types of transports are passive and active transport. The difference between active and passive is that passive does not require energy and active does require energy. The reason passive does not require energy is because it travels down a concentration gradient. On a concentration gradient molecules naturally move from high to low concentration. In active transport, molecules move from low to high concentration. There are three different types of transports for passive and two types of transports for active. The three types of passive transports are diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. The two types of active transports are endocytosis, and exocytosis. Passive transport does not require ATP, also known as energy. The reason it does not require energy is because it travels down a concentration gradient. This means molecules naturally travel from high to low concentration. The first type of passive transport is diffusion. Diffusion is the movement of molecule across the membrane from high to low concentration. Diffusion naturally occurs until equilibrium is reached. Only very small molecules can cross the membrane in diffusion. These include ions, gases, alcohols, and small lipids. The next type of passive transport is osmosis. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across the cell membrane. Three examples of osmosis are hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions. A hypertonic solution is a solution that has a higher...
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...human body contain a nucleus but not all nuclei are the same as there are many variations. The nucleus has the largest spherical structure within the cell, and is known as the ‘brain of the cell’ because the nucleus controls all of the cell’s activity, such as: reproduction of cells and movement. The nucleus contains strands of DNA (chromosomes) in the form of a double helix. Within the human body there are cells that have no use for a nucleus such as red blood cells and cells that contain multiple nuclei such as muscles, because they are more active. Cytoplasm The cytoplasm is a thick, clear semi fluid, gel like substance that is enclosed by the cell membrane and covers the entire cell. The cytoplasm contains other organelles, such as Golgi apparatus, mitochondria and lysosome etc. This organelle is mainly made up of water, salts and proteins, and is where the cells, enzyme controlled, chemical reactions take place. These reactions are most commonly referred to as metabolism. Mitochondria Mitochondria are rod shaped organelles with a double membrane that are scattered around the cell in the cytoplasm. The three components of mitochondria are: the outer membrane, inner membrane and the matrix. The outer membrane acts like a skin, keeping the structure. The inner membrane is folded over multiple times to create a layered structure, which is known as the cristae, which creates a larger surface area for chemical reactions to take place. The third component of this organelle...
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...13A – Cells and Movement of Materials P1: Describe the microstructure of a typical animal cell and the main function of the cells components The microstructure of a typical animal cell is made up of various components, all of which play a vital role within the body. Each component has its own specific role that it performs in order for the cell to function and maintains the cell membrane. The main components of the cell include the cell membrane, cytoplasm, the nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear membrane, endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER and rough ER), mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, ribosomes and vacuoles. The cell membrane – The cell membrane otherwise known as the plasma membrane is located on the surface of a typical animal cell. The cell membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer and is a selectively permeable membrane that allows substances to pass in and out of the cell. This selectively permeable membrane means that only water, gases and other nutrients are able to pass through whilst keeping toxins out. The lipid bilayer of the cell membrane aids in the protection of the cell, as it helps to control the movement of particles that pass in and out of the cell. The structure of the phospholipid is made up of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. Cytoplasm – The cytoplasm is a gel-like substance that is clear in colour made up of 80% water and also contains enzymes, salts, organelles and other organic molecules. It consists of all the contents...
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...Lysosomes are membranous “bags”, which appear in a variety of sizes, containing powerful digestive enzymes. Each lysosomes is enclosed by a membrane that sustains an acidic environment. They can be found in all eukaryotic cells and act as the cells’ “demolition site” as they are capable of digesting macro molecules, old cell parts, microorganisms and most foreign substances that enter the cell. The enzymes contained in the lysosomes are formed by ribosomes and are then packaged by the Golgi apparatus. Lysosomes (which are common in animal cells but are rare in plant cells) contain a range of hydrolytic enzymes which take part in the digestion of macromolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins and polysaccharides. These hydrolytic enzymes are only active within the acidic interior of the lysosome. This acid-dependency of the enzymes prevents the self-deterioration of the cell in case of lysosomal leakage or rupture. Lysosomes can be found in all animal cells but they are abundantly present in most disease-fighting cells, such as the white blood cells. This is because white blood cells engulf bacteria and other potentially harmful substances more than most other types of cells. The membrane of lysosomes are usually quite stable, however becomes quite fragile if the cell is injured, void of oxygen lysosomal or if excessive quantities of vitamin A is present in the cell. These could cause a rupture of the membrane which would result in the self-digestion of the cell. There...
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...EEI Lesson Plan Template Client Organization: Telephone: Main Contact: Fax: ____________________________________ _ Email Address: Date: VITAL INFORMATION | Author | ..... | *Subject(s) | Behaviorist | Topic or Unit of Study | Behaviorist, Parts of animal cells. | *Grade/Level | 4-6 | *Summary | Name any parts of a cell that you can list of from the top of your head. | STANDARDS AND DIFFERENTIATED INSTRUCTION: | *Standards | Will match the cells parts to the right place on the animal. | DifferentiatedInstruction | | EEI (ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF INSTRUCTION) - LESSON PLAN ELEMENTS REQUIRED: | Objective | The objective for this lesson is for the children to be able to label the distinct parts as accurately as they can. | Anticipatory Set | The main goal for the class is to have the students be able to place the distinct parts as accurately as they can. | Teach Lesson / Model | Divide the students up in a group, Hand each group a picture of a cell with separate cut outs of animals parts. Have children place as many as they can within seven minutes. After time is up look over who got the most and reward them. | Guided Practice | Students will be in small groups to see if they can handle working together, they will work together to get the parts of the cell right to win the piece of candy at the end of the lesson. | Independent Practice | After the lesson plan, have the children turn to their neighbor...
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...How We Study Cells Describe the principles, advantages, and limitations of the light microscope, transmission electron microscope, and scanning electron microscope. Electron microscopes reveal organelles that are impossible to resolve with the light microscope. However, electron microscopes can only be used on dead cells. •Light microscopes do not have as high a resolution, but they can be used to study live cells. •Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) are used mainly to study the internal ultrastructure of cells. A TEM aims an electron beam through a thin section of the specimen. •Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) are useful for studying surface structures. The SEM has great depth of field,resulting in an image that seems three-dimensional. Explain why cell fractionation is a useful technique. Enables scientist to determine the functions of organelles. A Panoramic View of the Cell Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. They both have: Plasma Membrane, Cytosol (semifluid subst), Chromosomes (carry genes), and Ribosomes (make proteins). Prokaryotic: are small, simple, and NO nucleus or membrane-enclosed organelles, DNA is concentrated in the nucleoid w/o membrane separating it. Eukaryotic: are big, complex, the chromosomes are contained within a membranous nuclear envelope, and numerous organelles suspended in the cytosol. Explain the advantages of compartmentalization in eukaryotic cells. They have both hydrophobic...
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...biological membrane that separates the interior cell from the outside environment. It provide support and protection for the cell. It serves as the entrance and exit of the cell. Cytoplasm: cytoplasm is a jelly like material that fill the cell. It contains food and water for the cell. It holds the organelle in place. It is mainly composed of water, salt and proteins. Nucleus : it contains the majority of genetic materials as DNA molecules along with variety of protein to form chromosomes. which makes humans who and what they are. Endoplasmic reticulum: the endoplasmic reticulum serves many functions, it folds protein molecules in sacs cisternae, it transports synthesized proteins in the vesicles to the Golgi apparatus. Golgi apparatus: it is made up of membrane bound sacs .The function of the Golgi apparatus is to process and bundle macromolecules like protein and lipids as they synthesize in the cell. It modifies sorts and package proteins to be secreted. Mitochondria: it is of the referred to as the powerhouse . It breaks down food and release energy to the cell. Lysosomes: they organelle that contain the digestive enzymes. It cleans up the cell’s waste product. Centriole: the main function of the centriole is to help the division in cells. It also helps in the formation of the spindle fibre s that separate the chromosomes during cell division. Chromatin: the main function of the chromatin is to efficiently package DNA into small volume to fit into the nucleus of the cell...
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