... And a Gram Stain Janet Myers 12:30p.m. Tuesday February 23 2016 Introduction: Gram staining is based on the ability of bacteria cell wall to retaining the crystal violet dye during solvent treatment. The cell walls for Gram-positive microorganisms have a higher peptidoglycan and lower lipid content than gram-negative bacteria. Bacteria cell walls are stained by the crystal violet. Iodine is subsequently added as a mordant to form the crystal violet-iodine complex so that the dye cannot be removed easily. This step is commonly referred to as fixing the dye. However, subsequent treatment with a decolorizer, which is a mixed solvent of ethanol and acetone, dissolves the lipid layer from the gram-negative cells. The removal of the lipid layer enhances the leaching of the primary stain...
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...1, 2014 ! ! ! ! Gram Staining Gram staining is the single most important and universally used staining technique in the laboratory. The name comes from it’s inventor Hans Christian Gram who developed the technique in 1882 (published 1884). Gram staining is almost always the first step in identifying a bacteria. The process is a complex and differential staining procedure with a series of staining and decolorization steps. Bacteria are differentiated by their cell wall composition. Gram positive cells have thick cell walls containing peptidoglycan which stain purple with Crystal Violet (or substitute). Gram negative cells with thin layers of peptidoglycan and high lipid content stain pink or red. The procedure is not used in Eukaryotic cells as they do not contain peptidoglycan. There are four basic steps to Gram staining a sample. The initial step is applying a primary stain to the heat fixed sample followed by Grams iodine as a mordant. The sample is rinsed with alcohol or acetone and finally counterstained with Safranin. The results, as mentioned above, yield purple (Gram positive) or pink/red (Gram negative) structures which differentiate the bacteria into classes. The process can also be indeterminate or variable which is beyond the scope of this paper. Gram Staining is a remarkable method of determining bacteria type and beginning to narrow down infectious etiology in medical application. In the proper context and setting, the use of Gram staining can have great implications...
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...most commonly used technique was gram staining. This technique was used to determine if bacteria is present. Then, it had to be determined if the organism was gram positive or gram negative. During the staining procedure there is a primary stain of crystal violet, the mordant gram iodine, a decolorizer acetone alcohol, and a counterstain of safranin. After the steps are completed the gram positive organism remains purple and the gram negative bacteria shows as a reddish-pinkish organism. Gram staining came about by Hans Christian Gram. He was trying to see cocci in the lungs of individuals who lost their lives to pneumonia. Once Gram gathered a collection of materials to complete a stain, he figured out a way to view the bacteria in the lungs. The stain of crystal violet retained to the people who were infected with pneumonia. He realized that his stain worked with envisioning various types of bacteria pertaining to “cocci of supportive arthritis following scarlet fever”. Because Gram finally discovered how to distinguish between a positive bacteria organism from a negative bacteria organism, many doctors are able to figure out ones illness at an early stage, once a doctor does so they might be able to use...
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...Before this practical at A level I had previously performed a gram staining of bacteria, although I had not observed them under a microscope before. I had studied about fungal structure and growth but had not observed them under the microscope before. I had learned about small motile aquatic organisms although methods for their observation were not included in my previous study. In this practical we began first by setting up our microscopes using standard operating procedures of practice. This involved following a series of steps in order to ensure correct working of the microscopes in the observation of our sample. For this practical we examined bacteria and fungi microscopically following a series of preparation and staining techniques...
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...In 1884, Hans Christian Gram developed the Gram staining method when trying to discover the cause of pneumonia. While looking at lung tissues, he discovered that the staining method was adhering better to some bacteria than others. (Allen , Anderson , Nester , & Salm , 2016) This led to the discovery that two different types of bacteria were causing the pneumonia. By discovering that the staining method showed two different types of bacteria, the technique became the Gram Staining method. The technique allowed for the bacteria to either show results for gram positive or gram negative. To determine the different characteristics between Gram Positive and Gram-Negative, we start by using the differential stain that is the gram stain, The gram stain helps differentiate between bacteria’s by identify what color they would become. The Gram positive would stain blue or purple in color where the negative results would be pink to red in color. These colors allow scientist to categorize based off the cell wall of the bacteria. If a bacterium is determined to be a gram positive the cell wall will have a thicker layer of peptidoglycan outside the plasma membrane compared to the negative bacteria will have a thinner peptidoglycan layer between the plasma membrane...
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...Task 4 A. Describe the differences between gram-positive and gram-negative cell walls. The difference is the outer casing of the bacteria. Gram positive cell wall consists of a smooth and thick wall. A gram positive bacteria will have a thick layer of peptidoglycan (a sugar-protein shell) that the stain can penetrate and teichoic acids. In this case the lactobacillus and staphylococcus are gram positive. A gram negative cell wall is wavy and much thinner and has a couple of layers of peptidoglycan. This is enclosed by an outer membrane made of phospholipids other substances. The outer membrane prevents the initial stain from penetrating. The Escherichia coli has a gram negative cell walls dye (Levinson, 2014). B. Explain what causes gram-negative bacteria to stain pink. Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet dye in the Gram stain procedure. The crystal violet dye is washed by acetone and counter stain stick on its cell wall. The cells appear pink because of the color of the counterstain (safranin) (Levinson, 2014). In this case, it applied to the Escherichia coli bacteria since the thinner peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall did not allow for the stain to retain. C. Explain what causes gram-positive bacteria to stain purple. The iodine binds the crystal violet stain in the cell wall preventing counter stain from sticking onto the wall...
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...Discussion In order to figure out what family an organism belongs to all the way down to the species, a scientist will perform many tests. Each test done will help to eliminate other bacteria. Once a scientist knows the species, the right steps can be taken to help out people if they get contaminated with the bacteria. When I received my unknown bacteria, I started of doing a Gram Stain. This test revealed to me that I had a Gram negative bacilli in a random arrangement. This step is very important to figure out what type of family the bacteria belongs to. Gram negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and a waxy outer layer. This is important to know when it comes down to giving antibiotics. Most bacteria are susceptible to antibiotics...
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...utilized is called Gram staining. Gram staining is a type of differential staining method meaning that the stains will react differently depending on the bacteria present. This is a good starting point for identifying specific bacteria. In our scenario, Bacillus, Escherichia, or a Mycoplasma is expected to be found. Bacillus bacteria are rod-shaped and may appear in pairs or chains. They are characteristically Gram positive but may become Gram negative with age. Bacillus bacteria is aerobic in nature meaning that it uses oxygen. A unique feature of Bacillus is its...
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...Hardik Raval (0165421) MG 670 – 102 October 29, 2015 'The Labor Debate:’ The American Dream Revisited Immigration is one hot topic in modern day conversation. Many believe that immigrants coming to the United States are taking many well-needed jobs away from able-bodied Americans. On the other hand, there are still those that believe that the jobs being taken away are not ones that Americans would perform due to the terrible working conditions, low pay, and lack of medical coverage. The immigration problem has come to a point where the United States must make a decision to spend a lot of money to curtail the amount of immigrants using force and funds of an overbearing amount, or to just let the immigrants continue to go about their business in trying to find a way into a country where they are mildly welcome. The article 'The Labor Debate'; discusses both the pros and cons of immigrants, both legal and illegal alike, taking jobs of their own in a country where they might not be welcome. I believe that the immigrants are not necessarily taking jobs away from the American worker. Those occupations that the immigrants possess are truly illegal for any employer to employ any American. The job sites include unsanitary conditions, dangerous equipment use without proper safety precautions, extremely long working days, and less than minimum wage for average pay. There is not one citizen in this country that would stand for such an outrageous environment to work in. Many...
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...bundle of bills for the largest bill, and how much equaled $1,000,000.00 of the largest bill printed. So below, I will outline my research and support my result on a graph for further explanation. 1.) The largest currency circulated to the public is the $100.00 bill. (www.treasury.gov) 2.) A bundle equals 100 of $100.00 bills. (www.answers.com) 3.) It takes 10 bundles of $100.00 bills to make $1,000,000.00. 4.) The weight of a single bill is 1 gram. (www.enchantedlearning.com) 5.) The weight of a bundle of 100-$100.00 bills is 100g. 6.) The weight of 10 bundles of $100.00 bills is 10,000g. 7.) Converting 10,000g to lbs.= 22lb (www.convertunits.com) 8.) The weight of $1,000,000.00 is 22lbs in $100.00 bills. If you follow the graph below it shows the weight of $1,000,000.00 if you were to carry it with the highest currency printed of $100.00 which is a total of 22lbs or 10,000 grams. If you would change your currency to the single dollar it would be a weight of 2207.00 lbs. or 1001073 grams, my assumption would change to no, as I would not be able to lift that much weight. References: www.treasury.gov www.answers.com www.enchantedlearning.com...
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...Introduction Lever is a very simple device that can measure the mass of an object. In this experiment, we are going to make a lever that consists of ruler, 50 gram weight and string that could measure the mass of a battery. We will get the mass by using the formula of moment (moment = distance×force) and based on the data that we obtain from the experiment. Moment is a force that can make object turn around if there is a pivot, for example the see-saw. Objective * To understand the use of moment formula (moment = distance×force) * To use the principle of moment to calculate an unknown weight. Materials * Meter stick × 1 * Battery × 1 * 50 gram weight × 1 * String × 1 * Scissor × 1 * Tape × 1 * Retort stand and clamp × 1 Procedure 1. Cut the string into half with scissor 2. Fold one of the strings into half and then tie a knot at the end of the string. Repeat this for another string. 3. Tape the battery on the string and then tape the 50 gram weight on another string. 4. Clamp the meter stick on the retort stand with clamp on the middle (50cm) of the stick. 5. Hang the battery on one side of the meter stick and the 5g weight on another side. 6. Move the 5g weight to make the meter stick balanced. 7. Loosen the clamp to test if the stick is balanced 8. Find the distance between battery and pivot, and also the distance between 50g weight and pivot. 9. Use Moment = distance × force and Distance1...
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...GOLD BUYING PROCEDURE Undocumented/treasure AU Bars PRIOR OR BEFORE IMPLEMENTATION A TABLE MEETING IS A MUST FOR M.O.A SIGNING BY BUYER & SELLER. For sponsored project (Seller is not the one paying the Contingency Fee/ Intermediary/ies paid the fee ) both Parties have agreed that a day before implementation, First Party (SELLER ) will hand over the _____ grams of sliced gold grams from subject gold bars to Second Party ( BUYER ) as “commitment” and to be given to the buyer’s verifier at the venue a day prior ( before ) to implementation as “COMMITMENT” rest in three MAJOR reasons: Assurance gold slice quantity varies as follows : METRO MANILA 100 grams LUZON 200 grams VISAYAS & MINDANAO 300 grams. 1. Avoid last minute back out. ( pag-urong ng seller sa araw ng bilihan / paglabag sa pinirmahang kasunduan ) 2. Avoid switching ( pagpalit ng item na peke ) 3. Serve as key for the Buyer as assurance for expenses incurred ( in caase of seller’s failure ) ( ang sliced grams of gold ay magsilbing pantapal sa nagastos ng BUYER, kung sakali man magkaroon ng hindi pagkatuluyan sa transakayon sa anumang dahilan nilabag ng SELLER sa araw ng buying/implementasyon. ) MIMINUM BUYING PER IMPLEMENTATION 6.2 KG. ( 5 BARS ) 12.5 KG ( 3 BARS ) 74.6 KG. ( 1 BAR ) Transaction/s wherein the Seller or intermeiaries pays for the Contingency Fee for its implementation...
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...Gram Staining: Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria One of the most important cytological features of bacteria is their reaction to a simple procedure called, after its discoverer, the Gram stain. The cell wall of bacteria shows a characteristic reaction to the gram stain devised by C. Gram. Gram Staining Procedure Gram staining procedure Source: deenahere How Gram Stain works? Gram Staining Principle: Step by step procedure with explanation * Gram Staining Principle: Step by step procedure with explanation Reagent Preparation / Step by step procedure& Principle. The gram staining procedure involves staining cells with the dye crystal violet and all the bacteria will be stained blue. The bacteria are then treated with an iodine solution and decolourized with alcohol. Those bacteria which retain stain are known as Gram positive and those which do not retain the stain are termed as Gram negative. This is the fundamental difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Gram positive Gram negative Difference between Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacterial Cell wall: Bacterial Cell wall Character | Gram positive | Gram negative | Number of layers | One | Two | Thickness | Thick(20-80nm) | Thin (8-10 nm) | Outer membrane | Absent | Present | Periplasmic space | Present in some | Present in all | Chemical composition | Petidoglycan, Teichoic acid and lipotechoic acid | Lipopolysaccharide, lipoporteins and peptodoglycan | ...
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... As I walked into the house, I could almost taste the eggnog that would be waiting for me on the table. Eyeing the plate of cookies, I forced myself to follow my Gram up the stairs to the attic. The cookies could wait. I had come to help my Gram set up her miniature Christmas village. For Christmas each year I would give my Gram a new building, ice skater, or tree to add to her village. Her face would light up as she found the perfect place for the village’s newest addition. About two weeks before Christmas I would arrive at my Grams house to help her set up the village. I would watch in amazement as she placed each individual piece in the same exact place as she had the year before - slightly altering the village to welcome the newest addition. This was my favorite Christmas tradition when I was a child, and I looked forward to it every year. Although I live a distance away from my Gram, I visit frequently and wish I had more time to do so. She has always been completely engaged in my daily life, and it would seem strange to not see her on the first day of school each year, camera in hand, eager to take my picture. My Gram acts as a second mother to me, and I can always count on her for support. I have grown to trust her completely and she always seems to be the person who is there to help me. My Gram is the first person I go to for help and I can talk to her about virtually anything. Regardless of the subject of our conversations, she loves the fact that I talk to...
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... 1 60 12) 0.35 x 2.5 = ________ 7. 0.7 13) How many tablets will be needed to give the following dose? The tablets are labeled 1.2 mg. The order is for 0.6 mg. ________ tablet(s) 14) Reduce the following as far as possible: 124 76 = ___________________________ 15) Express the following division to the nearest tenth: 5.7 1.46 = __________________________ 16) Solve the following equation. Express answer to the nearest tenth. 30 x 50 x 10 x 415 1 550 1250 1 = ____________________ Write the following metric measures using their abbreviations and notation rules. 17) Four hundredth of a gram ___________ 18) One and three tenths milligrams ___________ 19) Three hundred thousand units ___________ 20) Three and a half micrograms ___________ 21) Twenty seven hundred units ___________ Convert the following metric measures: 22) 700 mg = ________ g 23) 0.45 mg = ________ mcg 24) 1 L = ________ mL 25) 10cc = ________ mL 26) 1300mcg = ________ mg...
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