...Denise Albina Assignment: SCI203 Phase 1 Lab Report Title: Human Impacts on the Sustainability of Groundwater Instructions: You will need to write a 1-page lab report using the scientific method to answer the following question: * If current human development does not change, will groundwater sustainability be affected? When your lab report is complete – submit it in the classroom. Part I: Using the time progression of industrialization and human development, fill in the data table below to help you write up your lab report. Time Period | Impact to Forest | Groundwater Levels | Saltwater Intrusion | Farming | Industrial development | Population | 1800s | Large forest | Lots of groundwater | No salt water intrusion | Small farms | No cities | Limited housing | 1900s | Decreased by 50% | Decreased by 50% | Ocean moved into ground-water | Farms are larger, but there are fewer | Exceptional growth of cities and industrial development | Substantial increase in housing | 2000s | Decreased by 90% | Decreased by 90% | Greater movement of ocean into ground-water | Same number of farms but size decreased by 20% | Industrial development decreased by 10- 15% | Housing development decreased by 10- 15% | Part II: Write a 1-page lab report using the following scientific method sections: * Purpose The purpose of this lab report is to see will groundwater sustainability will be affected if human development does not change. * Introduction A ground-water...
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...Instructor’s Name: Assignment: SC Lab Report Title: Human Impacts on the Sustainability of Groundwater • If current human development does not change, will groundwater sustainability be affected? Part I: Time Period |Impact to Forest |Groundwater Levels |Saltwater Intrusion |Farming |Industrial development |Population | |1800s |Large forest |Lots of groundwater |No salt water intrusion |Small farms |No cities |Limited housing | |1900s |Decreased by 50% |Decreased by 50% |Ocean moved into groundwater |Farms are larger but they are fewer |Exceptional growth of cities and industrial development |Substantial increase in housing | |2000s |Decreased by 90% |Decreased by 90% |Greater movement of ocean into ground water |Same number of farms but size decreased by 20% |Industrial development decreased by 10-15% |Housing development decreased by 10-15% | | • Purpose The purpose of this lab is to answer the question”If current human development does not change, will groundwater sustainability be affected? “ • Introduction In this lab groundwater was measured from the 100s to 2000s. Humans actions, like irrigation, alter the regular flow of water. All water that that we use has to come from somewhere human activities affect the quantity and how fast the water moves • Hypothesis/Predicted Outcome • A large amount of our food is produced as a result of irrigation. So if groundwater use continues at the current rate food production could be reduced. ...
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...Promotion and Microfinance of Kanchan™ Arsenic Filter in Rural Terai Region of Nepal Water is the most precious of all the elements, Just as gold is the most valuable of all goods, And just as the sun shines brighter than any star. (Greek poet Pindar) Final Report July 2005 Majka Serafini Abbreviations and Acronyms ADBN Agricultural Development Bank of Nepal CMF Centre for Microfinance CRM Cause Related Marketing GBB Grameen Bikas Bank GBR Grameen Bank Replicator GNP Gross National Product H/H Household INGO International non governmental organization KAF™ Kanchan Arsenic Filter NRCS Nepal Red Cross Society NDM 2005 Nepal Development Marketplace 2005 NGO Non-government Organization RMDC Rural Microfinance Development Centre Ltd. RDB Rural Development Bank SACCO Savings and Credit Cooperative Society SFCL Small Farmer Cooperative Ltd. SFDP Small Farmer Development Program SOS Share Our Strength organization SROI Social Return on Investment TP Total Population TW Tube Well UC User Committee VDC Village Development Committee Country Profile Economic and Social Context Average GNP per capita Population Population density Literacy Rate % Approx. $240 25.3 million (est.) 172 inhab/km2 (est.) 53.74 (est.) Inflation 2004 2005 4.0% 5.5% 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS A. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................5 POVERTY IN NEPAL ................................................
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...Water drainage techniques, materials, processes and maintenance (Name of Student) (Name of Institution) Water drainage techniques, materials, processes and maintenance Under ordinary conditions rain water seeps into the ground and forms underground water. Most of the water that falls as rain soaks into the ground or gets carried away by rivers. But in urban areas, the built environment alters the natural drainage of water, with hard surfaces increasing both the rate and amount of rainwater that turns into run-off. And it has to go somewhere. Traditional piped ‘drains’ have a limited capacity to cope with the high levels of surface water generated by extreme rainfall events. And, when the capacity of one or more parts of the drainage system is exceeded, the worst happens. For example, in the floods of June 2007, extreme rainfall in the Midlands and the north of England led to large-scale urban flooding, with over 55,000 properties affected: two thirds of these were from surface water run-off overloading drainage systems. In addition to flood risk, large amounts of surface water run-off can cause water quality problems. As water runs over hard urban surfaces, it picks up pollutants that are washed into water courses. For example, run-off from roads contains heavy metals and hydrocarbons which can seriously impact on water quality. A well planned drainage infrastructure helps to manage water run-off by preventing domestic...
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...The U.S. Geological Survey is near the midpoint of a complex undertaking to survey the quality of the nation’s largest drinking-water resource. From 2012 – 2023, the USGS is assessing groundwater throughout the country through extensive sampling. The latest results from four regional aquifers have become available today and add to previously released results for five other regional aquifers. About half of the nation’s population relies on groundwater for drinking water. As the nation’s population grows, the need for high-quality drinking-water supplies becomes even more urgent. Groundwater – the Invisible and Vital Resource Graphic The USGS has identified 68 principal aquifers, or regionally extensive aquifers that can be used as a source...
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...11/4/2013 Well Integrity: Hydraulic Fracturing & Well ConstructionWhat are the Factual Risks? George E. King Apache Corporation SPE Webinar 5 November 2013 History • Invented in era of 1943 to 1947 by Standard Oil of Indiana (Stanolin => Pan American => Amoco). • Fully commercial by 1954. • First multi-fractured deviated wells in 1975. • Million pound sand jobs in mid 1970’s • Million gallon fracs in mid 1980’s. • Horizontal multi-fractured shale wells in 1988. • Over 1 million jobs completed by mid 1990’s. • About 2 million jobs completed by 2012. 1 11/4/2013 Oil and Gas Development – The Stages 1. Assessment – is it worth drilling? • Seismic, outcrops, lab work, etc. 2. Exploration - initial drill, well construction, limited fracs • Identify what cannot be assessed in laboratory. 3. Development / Construction / Stimulation • Main development – drill, construct, fracturing 4. Operations / Production – the work • Flow – maintenance, operation styles, 5. Reclamation – Restore surface & seal old well Red Flags to the Community • • • • • • Trucking – congestion, accidents, road damage. Chemicals – unidentified, misidentified, no info. Perception of high water usage Influx of workers Spills Lack of contact from the developers! • Hysteria Sources: Bloggers, slanted “university studies” “documentaries” some “environmentalists”, media, rumor mills….. Definitions • Fracturing Operations – – – – – ...
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...| Air and Water Pollution | Environmental Science | | Air and water pollution has become a very important problem that has to start being resolved. Although this isn’t something that can be resolved over night it is a problem that can slowly but surely improve a little at a time. The two types of air pollutants I have chosen are carbon monoxide and lead. These are both pollutants that harm our air majorly and need to be reduced. The two types of water pollutants I chose are surface water and groundwater pollution. All of these pollutants need to be more well-known that way each individual can do their part to help protect our environment. One type of a common air pollutant is carbon monoxide (CO). This is the type of pollution that occurs when combustion process. Carbon monoxide is a colorless and odorless gas that is more common in urban areas. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, “CO can cause harmful health effects by reducing oxygen delivery to the body's organs (like the heart and brain) and tissues. At extremely high levels, CO can cause death.” [ (Carbon Monoxide, 2012) ] This pollutant can be modified as either a primary or secondary pollutant. It is a primary because it can directly enter the air as a harmful substance. It can also be a secondary because it can also be created by the combustion process. Air pollution has a lot to do with greenhouse gases and our environment. When fuels are burned some of the pollutants...
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...Legal Issues In Hydraulic Faulting Jesus Flores DeVry University Prof. Hostetler Abstract This paper is a report which primarily focuses on legal and environmental issues raised by hydraulic faulting. It will be able to distinguish state and federal laws and regulations. It will help to understand the place of hydraulic faulting of oil and gas. It will form and state my own opinion on what hydraulic fracturing laws and regulations should be put in place. It will also discuss the place of hydraulic fracturing of oil and gas in meeting US energy needs. Table of Contents Body of the Report 3 Summary or Conclusion 6 References 7 Legal Issues in Hydraulic Faulting Body of the Report Hydraulic fracturing is the procedure of creating fractures in rocks and the rock formation which is done by injecting a mixture of sand and water into the cracks which allows forcing underground to open further. The larger fissures allow more oil and gas to flow out of the formation and into the well bore from where it can be extracted. The first use of hydraulic fracturing was in 1947 but there was one more modern technique called horizontal slick water flacking which makes the extraction of shale gas economical and was first used in 1998. This energy forms the injection of highly pressurized fluids which creates new channels in the rocks by which extraction rates increases and it ultimately recovers all the hydro carbons. Hydraulic fracturing performs and enables...
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...A Linear Dynamic Programming Approach to Irrigation System Management with Depleting Groundwater The Southern High Plains area of the United States has little rain fall. Farmers in these areas such as Texas rely most on irrigation systems. The main source of their water comes from the Ogallala Aquifer. With little rain fall and no one refilling the aquifer, it poses a threat of running dry. Many theoretical models have been created to solve this problem but are not realistic. An applied model called the recursive linear programming (RLP) technique great but does not provide information as to the optimal temporal pattern of investment and the use of stock resources. A planning method such as the linear dynamic programming formulation will help solve many of the issues the RLP technique could not. Some of these issues include: availability of underground water, the area developed for irrigation, design of the system, water requirements, irrigation capacity, and the expected annual water level decline. The linear programming formulation is used to figure out how much money goes into irrigation systems. It includes the amount of water used and how much money is spent on irrigation. This formula is used to maximize resource plans and to help profit. This is done by looking at the type of irrigation system, the pumping capacity (how much ground water is being taken out), and the surrounding land. The linear dynamic programming formulation is a combination of parametric...
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...A new technology known as hydraulic fracturing—or fracking—has made it possible to extract natural gas from "unconventional" resources trapped in rock formations thousands of feet underground. While this can help provide energy for America's future, it also poses a new dangerous threat to wildlife and the environment.Toxic chemicals are used during fracking that can infiltrate and contaminate habitat, waterways, and even the drinking water that people and wildlife depend on. There are several evidences that I found to address the problem of water quality and quantity caused by drilling and hydraulic fracturing. First of all, there have been reports of flammable methane migrating into local drinking water supplies, and spills of drilling fluids and contaminated water are believed to have killed livestock, fish and other aquatic life in ponds and streams. Fracking operations can also require several million gallons of water, which must be withdrawn from nearby wells, lakes, rivers or industrial or municipal systems, leaving insufficient water for other important uses. Moreover, Shortly before midnight, April 19, 2011, residents near Leroy Township, Pennsylvania, were jolted by a frenzy of activity. A natural gas well on a nearby farm had blown out, spewing thousands of gallons of toxic water and chemicals over fields and into a tributary of the Susquehanna River. Nearby families evacuated as first responders scrambled to rebuild a failed earthen berm and mobilize a fleet...
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...brings, the water shortages and pollution are having severe effects on the local people and environment. Such water issues are particularly devastating in India as the country already suffers from water pollution and severe droughts, in both urban and rural areas. Most affected are the marginalized and low-income communities, landless agricultural workers and women. Coca-Cola’s unsustainable mining leaves little water for locals, and the little water that villagers are able to access is often polluted, either directly or via contaminated vegetation and soil. The locals are often left with water that is of inferior quality in terms of taste and smell. Over 50 Indian villages are experiencing severe water shortages as well as contaminated groundwater and soil and Coca-Cola’s excessive water consumption leaves aquifers and springs dry,...
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... v. Cannot be polluted because they are sealed w. Always flow to the surface x. None of the above 7. Center-pivot irrigation: y. Has made it possible to farm soils that cannot be conventionally irrigate z. Is causing the depletion of many aquifers {. Is very distinctive seen from the air |. All the above 8. Infiltration capacity is the: }. rate at which a stream erodes ~. distance a stream flows from its source to the ocean . maximum rate at which surface materials can absorb water . vertical distance a stream can erode below sea level . variation in flow velocity across a stream channel 9. Which of the following is an example of deposition by groundwater? . karst...
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...Organization Ken Vought XMGT/216 August 2, 2013 Dr.Vera Gill Organization Dear Senior Management, It has been brought to my attention that during the unionized strike one or more employees have sabotaged a machine within the bottling plant. The infraction came from an unknown chemical, which was put into the machine. This has now contaminated 120,000 bottles of our spring water. From what we have found the chemical is very minute and will cause no harm to consumers unless the water is drank in excess. This has caused a huge dilemma for us as a company on the financial end. Recalling 120,000 bottles of natural spring water will be costly as well as desterilizing the machine again. However, we have built our pride and reputation on having pure natural spring water and in my opinion I would say we have to recall the contaminated water no matter how minute the contamination is. If even only one person got sick or suffered a long term illness due to this it could close us down all together. With that being said, I would advise that we get the recall notice out in a rush, and a cleaning crew in to clean that machine and check the others before we resume daily operations of production. I understand this putting us in a financial crunch and may take a while to recover from. The fact is, we sell only pure natural spring water and this is not pure so we cannot sell it or we cannot claim to sell pure water. Not to mention, if there is any risk of someone becoming ill from our...
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...Hydrofracking in Marcellus shale: The Consequences of America’s Gas Rush Introduction Demand for fossil fuels in America has led to a flurry of unorthodox methods for the extraction of natural gas. Fracking or hydrofracking in the U.S.A has proven to be an efficient way of extracting natural gas from permeable rock. A new large scale hydrofracking operation has been proposed in the eastern states of Ohio, Pennsylvania and New York. This method of extraction is highly controversial, and is thought to have severe environmental and potential health consequences. This essay will provide further insight into the practice of Fracking in an area of shale known as Marcellus shale, and help to expose the environmental and human implications. What is Hydrofracking? Hydraulic Fracturing is an un-conventional process used in the extraction of gas in permeable rock (David 1973). A horizontal well is drilled into permeable rock such as shale and is injected with millions of gallons a high pressure fluid known as frac-fluid, this fluid is a mixture of sand, water, and an array of lubricating chemicals (Deutch 2011). The high pressure frac-fluid forces open fishers (cracks) within the rock which are kept open with sand granules; this allows pockets of gas to flow more easily from the shale (David 1973). Once the well is depleted all fluid that can be recycled is extracted, and the well is capped to stop any unused gas escaping (David 1973). The process of fracking is expensive and requires...
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