...Consumer Traits and Behaviors PSY/ 320 Consumer Traits and Behaviors Consumer traits and behaviors, what are they? Consumer traits and behaviors could be defined as the conducts and characteristics that consumers show in searching for, purchasing, using, evaluating, and disposing of products and services that they hope will satisfy their different needs (Schiffman & Kanuk, 2010). Consumers are influenced by different factors on what, when, where, how and why they buy a product or service. Some aspects influencing consumer traits, behaviors and how messages are received are psychological, social and culture process. Aspects as personalities, age, interest, believe, cultural background, social classes, among others are important elements to keep in mind when developing a marketing communication plan to reach the desired segment more effectively and motive decision making on customers. Consumer behavior focuses on how individual consumers and families or households make decisions to spend their time, money, and effort on consumption-related items. How they evaluate a product or service after the purchase, the impact of such evaluations on future purchases, and how they dispose of them (Schiffman & Kanuk, 2010). There are different motivations for what consumers make their purchasing decisions on and these are basically based on their innate and acquired needs. These needs stimulate people’s feelings and actions toward a product or service. We will be then identifying...
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...Organizational behavior is an academic discipline concerned with describing, understanding, predicting, and controlling human behavior in an organizational environment. Organizational behavior has evolved from early classical management theories into a complex school of thought—and it continues to change in response to the dynamic environment and proliferating corporate cultures in which today's businesses operate. "The task of getting organizations to function effectively is a difficult one," wrote David A. Nadler and Michael L. Tushman in Hackman, Lawler, and Porter's Perspectives on Behaviors in Organizations. "Understanding one individual's behavior is a challenging problem in and of itself. A group, made up of different individuals and multiple relationships among those individuals, is even more complex…. In the fact of this overwhelming complexity, organizational behavior must be managed. Ultimately the work of organizations gets done through the behavior of people, individually or collectively, on their own or in collaboration with technology. Thus, central to the management task is the management of organizational behavior. To do this, there must be the capacity to understand the patterns of behavior at individual, group, and organization levels, to predict what behavior responses will be elicited by different managerial actions, and finally to use understanding and prediction to achieve control." The Behavioral Sciences Organizational behavior scientists study four...
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...Organizational Behavior BA323 | 138074 Tsabedze mzwandile | The importance of understanding the study of organizational behavior | Assignment 1 | The importance of organizational behavior 0rganisational behavior is defined as a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structures have on behavior within the organization. Put differently organizational behavior is the study of human behavior in an organizational setting. It is the study of how individuals and groups behave within the organization as well as how members of the organization interact with the external environment. Gibson defines organizational behavior as a field of study that draws on theory, methods, and principles from various disciplines to learn about individuals perceptions, values , learning capacities, and actions while working in groups and within the organization and to analyze the external environment’s effect on the organization and its human resource, missions, objectives, and strategies. Organizational behavior is a still-emerging discipline which seeks to enable managers to understand people better to enhance them improves their management practices to increase productivity, customer satisfaction, and better competitive position. Due to the changing trends in the global or external environment, organizational structure, incentive systems, leadership styles, and organizational processes that worked in the past might not work well in today’s vibrant environment. Emphases...
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...studies behavior and mental processes THEORY—a set of hypothesized statements about the relationship among events PURE RESEARCH—research conducted without concern for immediate applications APPLIED RESEARCH—research conducted in an effort to find solutions to particular problems INTROSPECTION—deliberate looking into one’s own cognitive processes to examine one’s thoughts and feelings STRUCTURALISM—the school of psychology that argues that the mind consists of three basic elements—sensations, feelings and images—that combine to form experience FUNCTIONALISM—the school of psychology that emphasizes the uses or functions of the mind rather than the elements of experience BEHAVIORISM—the school of psychology that defines psychology as the study of observable behavior and studies relationships between stimuli and responses REINFORCEMENT—a stimulus that follows a response and increases the frequency of response GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY—the school of psychology that emphasizes the tendency to organize perceptions into wholes and to integrate separate stimuli into meaningful patterns PSYCHOANALYSIS—the school of psychology that emphasizes the importance of uncontious motives and conflicts as determinants of human behavior BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE—the approach to psychology that seeks to understand the nature of the links between biological processes and structure such as the functioning of the brain, endocrine system and heredity, on the other hand, and behavior and mental processes, on...
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...and Biological Foundations of Behavior What will the Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior section test? The Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior section asks you to solve problems by combining your knowledge of foundational concepts with your scientific inquiry and reasoning skills. This section tests your understanding of the ways psychological, social, and biological factors influence perceptions and reactions to the world; behavior and behavior change; what people think about themselves and others; the cultural and social differences that influence well-being; and the relationships between social stratification, access to resources, and well-being. The Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior section emphasizes concepts that tomorrow’s doctors need to know in order to serve an increasingly diverse population and have a clear understanding of the impact of behavior on health. Further, it communicates the need for future physicians to be prepared to deal with the human and social issues of medicine. This section is designed to • • • • • test psychology, sociology, and biology concepts that provide a solid foundation for learning in medical school about the behavioral and sociocultural determinants of health; test concepts taught at many colleges and universities in first-semester psychology and sociology courses; test biology concepts that relate to mental processes and behavior that are taught at many colleges...
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...Organizational behavior is an academic discipline concerned with describing, understanding, predicting, and controlling human behavior in an organizational environment. Organizational behavior has evolved from early classical management theories into a complex school of thought—and it continues to change in response to the dynamic environment andproliferating corporate cultures in which today's businesses operate. "The task of getting organizations to function effectively is a difficult one," wrote David A. Nadler and Michael L. Tushman in Hackman, Lawler, and Porter's Perspectives on Behaviors in Organizations. "Understanding one individual's behavior is a challenging problem in and of itself. A group, made up of different individuals and multiple relationships among those individuals, is even more complex…. In the fact of this overwhelming complexity, organizational behavior must be managed. Ultimately the work of organizations gets done through the behavior of people, individually or collectively, on their own or in collaboration with technology. Thus, central to the management task is the management of organizational behavior. To do this, there must be the capacity to understand the patterns of behavior at individual, group, and organization levels, to predict what behavior responses will be elicited by different managerial actions, and finally to use understanding and prediction to achieve control." The Behavioral Sciences Organizational behavior scientists study four primary...
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...include path-goal theory (House & Mitchell, 1974), LMX theory (Graen & Cashman, 1975), and normative decision theory (Vroom & Yetton, 1973). Since the late 1980s, theories of transformational and charismatic leadership have been ascendant. Versions of transformational leadership have been proposed by several theorists, including Bass (1985, 1996); Bennis and Nanus (1985), Burns (1978), Sashkin (1988), and Tichy and Devanna (1986, 1990). Building on the ideas of Weber (1947), refined versions of charismatic leadership have been proposed by several theorists, including Conger (1989), Conger and Kanungo (1987, 1998), House (1977), and Shamir, House, and Arthur (1993). Unlike the “traditional” leadership theories, which emphasized rational processes, theories of transformational and charismatic leadership emphasize emotions and values. The newer theories also acknowledge the importance of symbolic behav* Direct all correspondence to: Gary Yukl, Management Department, SUNY, Albany, NY 12222; email: G.yukl@albany.edu. Leadership Quarterly, 10(2), 285–305. Copyright ©...
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...is the science of behavior and mental processes. 2. Industrial/organizational psychology is often referred to as I/O psychology and is the focus of the work staffs mental and physical wellbeing to increase productivity. 3. Conscious processes are processes a person makes and is conscious of it. 4. Clinical psychology is the assessment and treatment of mental illness, abnormal behavior and psychiatric problems. 5. Psychiatry is the assessment and treatment of mental disorders by the use of medical drugs. 6. Distinction between psychology, psychiatry, and psychoanalysis psychology is a science of human behavior and mental processes, psychiatry is a medical professional concerned with the treatment of mental disorders with prescription drugs, and psychoanalysis is the study of a person’s unconscious mind. 7. Empirical investigation the factual recording of information that is observed. 8. Hypothesis is a predicted outcome based on information that is most likely to happen and is part of the scientific method. 9. Independent variable is when a researcher gives one group a stimulus and the other a placebo the stimulus group is the independent variable and the placebo group is the dependent because the participants are measured by their responsiveness. 10. Experimental group and control groups are different in the way that the experimental group is the group that is given a stimulus...
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...Positive characteristics of Human Behavior in Organization Interdisciplinary field of study Although it draws most heavily from the psychological and sociological sciences, it also looks to other scientific fields of study for insights. One of the main reasons for this interdisciplinary approach is because the field of organizational behavior involves multiple levels of analysis, which are necessary to understand behavior within organizations because people do not act in isolation. That is, workers influence their environment and are also influenced by their environment. Table 1.1. Toward on OB discipline |Behavioral Science |Contribution |Unit of analysis |Output | |Psychology |Learning, |Individual |Study of the Organizational | | |Attention, | |Behavior | | |Aptitude, | | | | |Motivation, | | | | |Personality, Perception, | | | | ...
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...Chapter 7 Social Processes People’s relations w/ one another may be analyzed in various ways: Relation by status- linkage of social positions; relation of position or standing that individuals occupy in reference to one another; “a static concept” Relation by roles- functional, reciprocal interaction that occurs when people pursue their social roles together; expectations of social thought & behavior; mechanism thru w/c people carry on their mutual behavior Relation by process- few basic, typable forms of social interaction that cut across all the numerous social roles people enact; a repetitive series of operations Meaning & nature Humans are interdependent & interrelated Social processes- patterned forms of social interaction; forms of interaction that are repeated 2 diff. meanings: particular patterns among humans or groups w/c may be described in general terms generalized sequence of social development or changes George Simmel (founder of formal school of sociology)- “patterned elements of conflict, cooperation & competition in social relationships..” Basic social processes: cooperation, accommodation, assimilation, conflict, contravention & competition Other processes: amalgamation & acculturation Fichter- “social process is more than a link b/w 2 statuses or roles…both the process relation & role relation involve patterns of interactional behavior by 2 or more persons..process of competition or contrainvention transcends the role of the salesman who engages...
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...Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes Vol. 86, No. 1, September, pp. 99–130, 2001 doi:10.1006/obhd.2001.2974, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on Mood and Emotions in Small Groups and Work Teams Janice R. Kelly Purdue University and Sigal G. Barsade Yale University Affective influences abound in groups. In this article we propose an organizing model for understanding these affective influences and their effects on group life. We begin with individuallevel affective characteristics that members bring to their groups: moods, emotions, sentiments, and emotional intelligence. These affective characteristics then combine to form a group’s affective composition. We discuss explicit and implicit processes through which this affective combination occurs by examining the research on emotional contagion, entrainment, modeling, and the manipulation of affect. We also explore how elements of the affective context, such as organizationwide emotion norms and the group’s particular emotional history, may serve to constrain or amplify group members’ emotions. The outcome, group emotion, results from the combination of the group’s affective composition and the affective context in which the group is behaving. Last, we focus on the important interaction between nonaffective factors and affective factors in group life and suggest a possible 2001 Academic Press agenda for future research. During the past century, a tremendous amount of research attention...
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...Chapter 1 The Origins of Psychology A. The Definition of Psychology – the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. B. The Influence of Philosophy and Phsiology – the earliest origins of psychology can be traced back several centuries to the writings of the great philosophers. C. Wihelm Wundt Founder of Psychology—use scientific method to study fundamental psychological processes. Founder of pshyc. German opened the 1st building for psychology in germany. D. Edward B. Titchener: Structuralism – Astablish the 1st major school of thought called structuralism. E. William James: Functionalism – school of functionalism adapt to environment stressed how we learned. F. Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalysis – Most concept there of pshy. Father of psychonaly is study of unconice with sex and aggression. G. John B. Watson: Behaviorism – emerged as a dominating force. Emphasis on consciousness promoted by structuralism and functionalism. (Behaviorism – school of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasizes the study of observable behaviors, especially as they pertain to the process of learning) H. Carl Rogers: Humanistic Psychology – good self a steam tell them they can be anything. Study concent experience develop human potential humanism (Humanistic psychology – School of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasizes each person’s unique potential for psychological growth and self-direction). Contemporary Psychology A. Major...
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...populations. These norms are stable and last long because these are continuously transmitted to new cultural members of the group through different means. Apparently different psychological needs and their consequences led to the creation of cultural norms. There are different perspectives; one aspect is that culture emerged to serve as a psychological buffer against existential anxiety. Another approach suggests that culture arises in part from an epistemic need for verifiable knowledge, and for certainty and confidence in our perceptions of the world around us. The creation of a shared reality, a common set of beliefs, expectations and rules for interpreting the world, helps fulfill this need to validate one’s own construction of reality. A very different perspective on the origins of culture implies that cultures and the specific norms that define these cultures emerge as unintended byproducts of interpersonal interaction. The contents of these communications and interactions are constrained by psychological considerations and thus exert consequences on culture. As social influence attends any act of communication and because individuals communicate more regularly with others who are closer to them in geographic or social space, a dynamic process is set in motion in which neighboring individuals mutually influence each other on a wide variety of beliefs and behaviors. In addition, people differ in their ability to influence others. As people communicate with their neighbors and others...
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...1041–1059. GROUP LEARNING JEANNE M. WILSON The College of William & Mary PAUL S. GOODMAN Carnegie Mellon University MATTHEW A. CRONIN George Mason University We clarify the construct of group learning, encouraging new directions for research. Definitions of group learning vary considerably across studies, making it difficult to systematically accumulate evidence. To reconcile disparate approaches, we first present a set of features for distinguishing group learning from other concepts. We then develop a framework for understanding group learning that focuses on learning’s basic processes at the group level of analysis: sharing, storage, and retrieval. By doing so, we define the construct space, identify gaps in current treatments of group learning, and illuminate new possibilities for measurement. • In an eight-person product development team, one member from Engineering learns a new method for three-dimensional graphing and starts using it in her rough product designs. As a result, the team’s development costs decrease. • Based on its experience with the Love Me cybervirus, a national internet security team agrees that, in the future, the team should wait to send out alerts until it has a tested fix to recommend. Seven weeks later, when the Me Too bug strikes, the team delays sending out an alert for an extra four hours while it develops a patch. This response is roundly criticized in the internet security community. Does either of these examples represent group learning...
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...Dramatic effects might not have been due to EMDR but to people’s desire to overcome their problems or perhaps their desire to prove her right The ruling out process leads to the next step in critical thinking: conducting scientific research What additional evidence would help to evaluate the alternatives?- The ideal method for collecting further evidence would be to identify three groups of people with anxiety- related problems who were alike in every way except for the anxiety treatment they received What conclusions are most reasonable?- The research evidence collected so far hasn’t yet ruled out alternative explanations for the effects of EMDR Only reasonable conclusions EMDR remains a controversial treatment It seems to have an impact on some clients Further research is needed in order to understand it Critical Thinking helps by prompting you to do some research on each of your options For psychologists: Researching means using scientific methods to gather information about behavior and mental processes Critical Thinking and Scientific Research Psychologists clarify their questions about behavior and mental...
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