Harvard Referencing
Electronic Sources
How do I cite electronic sources?
Citations for electronic sources are usually based on the same principles as citations for print sources like books and jounrals. The Harvard System requires two parts: you should have both in-text references and a list of references at the end of your work. 1. Within the Text—In-text Citations The Harvard referencing system requires you to include specific information about a source within the text of your work. This information is: • the name of the author or authors the year of publication While the page number is usually included for print materials, many electronic resources don’t have page numbering. Only include page numbers where applicable.
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What are Electronic Sources?
Electronic sources include: • web sites
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emails films, videos or dvds podcasts and radio broadcasts journal articles published on the Internet journal articles retrieved from the full text databases available from the Library CD ROMs

2. At the End of the Text—List of References At the end of your assignment, you must include a List of References, a list of all the books, journal articles and other sources of information you have used to research your assignment.

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What information should I include?
Referencing electronic resources can be confusing. It can be difficult to know which information should be included or where to find it. However, as a general principle, provide as much information as possible concerning the authorship and the location and availability of electronic sources. Electronic citations require much of the same information as print sources (author, year of publication, title, publisher). However, some extra details are required:
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You must identify that you accessed the source in an electronic format You must provide an accurate access date for online sources (that is, identify when a source was viewed or downloaded). You must provide the location of an online source (for example, an electronic database or web address)

Some documents are published in both paper and electronic formats. You should cite according to the format you accessed. Unlike printed material, internet sources can easily be changed, or dissapear altogether, so full and accurate citation information is essential.

About this Guide
Please Note: this brochure provides a modified version of the author-date system presented in: Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, 6th edn, rev. Snooks & Co., AGPS, Canberra. Methods for citing electronic sources are changing rapidly and do not always keep pace with the development of new technologies. As the Style manual offers only a few examples, The Learning Centre has adapted and modified the existing information. Where no Harvard style options were available, citations are based on APA style. Always check with your lecturer or tutor about their preferred referencing method. Many UNSW faculties and schools have style guides and The Learning Centre strongly suggests you check with them about which methods to use.

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Table of Electronic Citations
To cite a website In text Cite the name of the author/ authoring body and the date created or last revised): (International Narcotics Control Board 1999) List of References International Narcotics Control Board 1999, United Nations, Vienna, accessed 1 October 1999, . 1. author (the person or organisation responsible for the site) 2. year (date created or last updated) 3. name of sponsor of site 4. place of sponsor of site (if available) 5. accessed day month year (the date you viewed the site) 6. URL or Internet address (between pointed brackets) If possible, ensure that the URL is included without a line-break.

To cite a document or page within a website Information should include author/ authoring body name(s) and the date created or last revised: (Winston 1999) or: (United Nations 1999) Winston, J 1999, A look at referencing, AAA Educational Services, accessed 20 October 2002, . United Nations Web Services 2006, History of the Charter, The United Nations, accessed 6 June 2007, . Include the following information: 1. author (the person or organisation responsible for the site) 2. year (date created or last updated) 3. title (in italics) 4. name of sponsor of site 5. accessed day month year (the date you viewed the site) 6. URL or Internet address (between pointed brackets) If the author’s name is unknown, cite the website/ page title and date: (Land for sale on moon 2007) If there is no date on the page, use the abbreviation n.d. (no date): (ArtsNSW n.d.) ArtsNSW n.d., New South Wales Premier’s Literary Awards, NSW Department of the Arts, Sport and Recreation, accessed 19 June 2007, . Land for sale on moon 2007, accessed 19 June 2007, .

To cite a journal article from full text database In the text Cite as you would a article: (Nicholls 2006, p. 171) (Holmes 2004) Articles retrieved from databases are usually in pdf form and have page numbers. List of References journal Nicholls, D 2006, ‘Does the meaning mean a thing?’: Johnny Young’s hit songs of the 60s-70s, Australian Cultural History, No. 24, pp. 163-183, accessed 11 May 2007 from Informit Full Text Database. Holmes, S 2004, ‘But this Time You Choose!’: Approaching the ‘Interactive’ audience in reality TV’, International Journal of Cultural Studies, No. 7, pp. 213-231, accessed 3 March 2007 from Sage Journals Online. Cite the article as you would the same article in a print publication, listing: 1. author(s) name and initials 2. title of the article (between single quotation marks) 3. title of the journal (in italics) 4. any publication information (volume, number etc.) 5. page range 6. accessed day month year (the date you accessed the article) 7. from name of database
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To cite online journals accessed via the web Cite the author name and date: (Morris 2004) Morris, A 2004, ‘Is this racism? Representations of South Africa in the Sydney Morning Herald since the inauguration of Thabo Mbeki as president’, Australian Humanities Review, Issue 33, August - October 2004, accessed 11 May 2007, . Cite the following information: 1. author(s) name and initials 2. title of the article (between single quotation marks) 3. title of the journal (in italics) 4. all publication information (issue number, volume number etc.) 5. accessed day month year (the date of viewing) 6. URL or Internet address (between pointed brackets) To cite an e- book Cite in-text as for a book (if page numbers are available: Lloyd (2005, p. 262) or (Lloyd 2005, p. 262). Accessed online Lloyd, CB (ed.) 2005, Growing up global: The changing transitions to adulthood in developing countries, e-book, accessed 5 May 2007, . Include the following information: 1. author/ editor name(s) 2. date of publication 3. title of e-book (in italics) 4. format (e-book) 5. accessed day month year (the date of viewing) 6. URL or Internet address (between pointed brackets) Accessed via a database Woodham, JM 2004, A dictionary of modern design, e-book, accessed 25 July 2007 from Oxford Reference Online Database. To cite an ebook accessed via an ebook reader In Text Include author/ date: (Zinn 2010) or Zinn (2010) states that… E-books often lack page numbers (though PDF versions may have them). If page numbers are not available on ebook readers, use the chapters instead for indicating the location of a quoted section: List of References Include: 1. author name and initial 2. year (date of Kindle Edition) 3. title (in italics) 4. the type of e-book version you accessed (two examples are the Kindle Edition version and the Adobe Digital Editions version). 5. accessed day month year (the date you first accessed the ebook) 6. the book’s DOI (digital object idenitifer) or where you downloaded the e-book from (if there is no DOI). For example: Smith, A 2008, The Wealth of Nations, Kindle version, accessed 20 August 2010 from Amazon.com. Smith, A 2008, The Wealth of Nations, Adobe Digital Editions version, accessed 20 August 2010, doi:10.1036/007142363X.

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To cite a newspaper article from an electronic database In the text If the article has a named author: (Pianin 2001) No named author: (The Illinois Gazette 1830) List of References Pianin, E 2001, ‘As coal’s fortunes climb, mountains tremble in W.Va; energy policy is transforming lives’, The Washington Post, 25 February, p. A03, accessed 8 March 2001 from Electric Library Australasia. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. author (if available) year of publication article title (between single quotation marks) newspaper title (in italics) date of article (day, month, page number—if given—and any additional information available) 6. accessed day month year (the date you accessed the items) 7. from name of database 8. item number (if given) Article without a named author If there is no named author, list the article title first. ‘On Liberty and Slavery’, The Illinois Gazette, March 20, 1830; Issue 45; col A, accessed 12 April 2007 from Infotrac Database. ‘Amending the Constitution’, New York Daily Times, 16 October 1851, p. 2, accessed 15 July 2007 from ProQuest Historical Newspapers database. To cite an Online Newspaper Article In the text, cite the author name and year: (Coorey 2007) Coorey, P 2007, ‘Costello hints at green safety net’, Sydney Morning Herald, 10 May, accessed 14 May 2007, .

To cite a Film, Video, and Television or Radio program Include the full title and date of production: (My Brilliant Career 1979) (Four Corners 9 July 2001) My Brilliant Career, 1979, motion picture, New South Wales Film Corporation, distributed by Australian Video, Australia. Going backwards: Four Corners 2001, television program, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Sydney, 9 July. Include the following details in the List of References: 1. title (if part of an ongoing series, list the episode title, then the series name) 2. year of recording 3. format 4. publisher/ distributer 5. place of recording 6. date of recording (if applicable) To cite a Web Video In Text In the Overlander’s (2007) short film ... The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1919) is a German expresionist classic from the silent era ... List of References The Overlander 2007, Overlander.tv: Aboriginal tent embassy, Canberra, online video, accessed 31 July 2007, . The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, 1919, online video, accessed 20 June 2007, .

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To cite a Media Release In the text, cite the author and date: Prime Minister Howard (2007) announced plans for further welfare reform ... Office of the Prime Minister 2007, Welfare Payments Reform, media release, , accessed 25 July 2007, . Include the following information: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. author or authoring organisation date the title form (media release) date accessed the source

To cite a Thesis accessed online Cite author, date, page number: (Lee 2005 p. 78) To cite Online Images In the text Mention the image in the text and cite the author and date: The cartoon by Frith (1968) describes ... If the image has no named author, cite the full name and date of the image: The map shows the Parish of Maroota during the 1840s (Map of the Parish of Maroota, County of Cumberland, District of Windsor 1840-1849) List of References Frith J 1968, From the rich man’s table, political cartoon by John Frith, Old Parliament House, Canberra, accessed 11 May 2007, . Include the following information: 1. author (if available) 2. year produced (if available) 3. title of image (or a description) 4. Format and any details (if applicable) 5. name and place of the sponsor of the source 6. accessed day month year (the date you viewed/ downloaded the image) 7. URL or Internet address (between pointed brackets) If there is no named author, put the image title first, followed by the date (if available): Khafre pyramid from Khufu’s quarry 2007, digital photograph, Ancient Egypt Research Associates, accessed 2 August 2007, . Map of the Parish of Maroota, County of Cumberland, District of Windsor 1840-1849, digital image of cartographic material, National Library of Australia, accessed 13 April 2007, . To cite Online Images/ Diagrams used as Figures Figures include diagrams, graphs, sketches, photographs and maps. If you are writing a report or an assignment where you include any visuals as Figures, you must include a reference. If you include Figures in your work, they should be numbered and labelled with captions. Captions should be very simple and descriptive and be followed by an in-text citation. Figure captions should be directly under the image. Cite the author and year: Figure 1: Khafre pyramid from Khufu’s quarry (Ancient Egypt Research Associates 2007) List of References Provide full citation information: Khafre pyramid from Khufu’s quarry 2007, digital photograph, Ancient Egypt Research Associates, accessed 2 August 2007, . Lee, C 2005, ‘Beyond the Pink: (Post) Youth Iconography in Cinema’, PhD thesis, Murdoch University, accessed 15 June 2007 from Australian Digital Thesis Program Database.

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To cite Online Data in a Table Caption If you reproduce table data found online you must include a reference. All tables should be numbered and table captions should be above the table. Table 2: Agricultural water use by state 2004-05 (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006) List of References Include the name of the web page where the table data is found. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006, Water Use on Australian Farms, 2004-05, Cat. no. 4618.0, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra, accessed 4 July 2007 .

A CD-ROM In the text Cite the CD title and year : (Australia through time 1994) List of References Australia through time 1994, CD-ROM, Random ROM in assoc. with the ABC, Sydney. The bibliographic details are the same as those required for films, videos, DVDs, television and radio programs. Include: 1. title (in italics) 2. year of recording 3. format 4. publisher 5. place of recording

Weblog (Blog) Include author name and year of posting: (Bartlett 2006) (Bahnisch 2007) A blog Bartlett, A 2007, The Bartlett diaries, weblog, accessed 22 May 2007, . A blog post If you are citing a group blog, cite the author of the post: Bahnisch, M 2007, ‘The commentariat vs. the people?’, Larvatus Prodeo, weblog post, 11 May, accessed 22 May 2007, . Include: 1. the name (or alias) of the author 2. year of post 3. the title of the posting (if applicable) between single quotation marks 4. the title of the site (in italics) 5. format 6. the date of posting (day month) 7. accessed day month year (the date you viewed the site) 8. the URL of the blog post (between pointed brackets) A Wiki As wikis usually feature usergenerated content, there is usually no named author. Cite the title of the wiki and the date of last revision: (An Essay Evolves 2007) ‘Freud and science’, An essay evolves, wiki article, March 8 2007, accessed 20 May 2007 . Include the following information: 1. article name (between single quotation marks) 2. title of wiki (in italics) 3. format 4. date of last revision 5. accessed day month year (the date you viewed the site) 6. the URL of wiki article page (between pointed brackets)
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Emails In the text Include the abbreviation ‘pers. comm.’ in your in-text reference: (J Smith 2006, pers. comm. 23 July) Note that the initial precedes the surname. If the the form of communication is relevent, mention it in the text: Email confirmation was received (J Smith 2006, pers. comm. 23 July). Electronic mail lists, Usenet groups and bulletin boards In the text Include author name and date of posting: (Wiggers 2006) List of References Wiggers, D 2006 ‘Media and imperialism’, list server, 4 June, H-Net Humanities & Social Sciences OnLine, accessed 12 September 2006, < http://www.h-net.org/~film/> Include the following details: 1. author 2. author’s details (eg.email address) 3. date of posting 4. title of posting (from the ‘subject’ line in the message) 5. format (listserver) 6. name of list owner 7. accessed day month year (the date of viewing) 8. URL or Internet address (between pointed brackets) Podcasts In the text (Lingua Franca 2007) referring to the speaker: Jill Kitson (Lingua Franca 2007) reported that … List of References Lingua Franca 2007, podcast radio programme, ABC Radio National, 28 April, accessed 25 May 2007, . List a podcast as you would a radio program. Include the following: 1. name of the podcast (in italics) 2. year 3. format (podcast) 4. publisher 5. date of podcast (day, month) 6. accessed day month year 7. the URL (between pointed brackets) List of References References to emails are treated as a form of personal communication and are not usually included in reference lists as they cannot be traced by the reader. However, if your tutor or lecturer requests an entry in the List of References, cite emails as below: Smith, J 2006, email 23 July, .

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FAQs & Troubleshooting
I can’t find a guideline for the source I want to cite As information formats and technolgies are changing rapidly, standards and conventions for citing many electronic sources have not yet been formalised by style authorities. If there is no specific guideline for a particular electronic source, base your citation on an existing guideline. What is the ‘accessed’ date? The date on which you viewed or downloaded the source. As web-based materials can change or disappear at any time, you must cite the date on which you accessed the information.

I need to cite a website and don’t know where to look for ‘bibliographic’ information
Finding bibilogrphic information (author, date, publishing information etc) for printed sources like books is relatively easy; the required details are usually on the first few pages. With electronic sources, finding the relevant information is not always so straightforward. You may need to look a little harder and be resourceful. • How do I find the author of a webpage? If authorship of a site or web page is ascribed to an individual, then cite them as author. If you can’t see a specific named author, then identify the organisation that published the information. In such cases, ascribe authorship to the smallest identifiable organisational unit. To find this information: • scroll down to the bottom of the webpage and look at the footer information.
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Look for an ‘about’ link. Look at the page header for organisational logos or other identification. If there is no information on the webpage you want to cite, go to the home page of the website and look for author information there.

• Who is the publisher of a website? The term publisher is used here to cover both the traditional idea of a publisher of printed sources, as well as organisations responsible for maintaining websites. In this case, look for the largest identifiable unit. •
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Finding the date on a webpage The date of publication is often provided in the footer area of the page with the author’s name. If a Web document includes both a creation date and the date it was last updated, cite only the ‘last updated’ date. If a web document has no date, check the site homepage. If a date is available there, cite that. If you are citing a wiki, check the history of the page and cite the date of the most recent revision.

How do I reference a Web page that lists no author? When there is no author for a web page, the title moves to the first position of the reference entry. See the Table of Citations for an example. What if a website has no date? Use the abbreviation n.d. (no date) when the electronic publication date is not available. See the Table of Citations for an example. TIP: If factual or statistical information has no date, don’t use it. What if there’s no author, publisher or date? If you can’t find date, author or publisher information on a specific webpage, use the information from the site’s home page. TIP: In the unlikely event that you can’t find any information, cite the url of the site as the author. However, if the sponsorship and authorship of a site can’t be identified, think twice about using the site for your research.
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What if there’s no page number? Many electronic resources have no page numbers. When they are not available, omit this information from your intext citation. In the case of electronic journal articles (those available in online form only) you can use section or paragraph numbers (please check with your tutor for their preferences). Sections of an article are divided by subheadings. For example: (Morris 2004, sec. 3, par. 2)

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