...inclusive Wealth report 2012 measuring progress toward sustainability Summary for DeciSion-makerS unu-iHDP Secretariat of the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change conTriBuTorS Science Advisor Partha Dasgupta – university of cambridge Report Director anantha Duraiappah – iHDP executive Director Science Director Pablo muñoz – iHDP academic officer Report Authors matthew agarwala – London School of economics and Political Science Giles atkinson – London School of economics and Political Science/centre for climate change economics and Policy edward B. Barbier – university of Wyoming elorm Darkey – university of Bonn Partha Dasgupta – university of cambridge anantha Duraiappah – iHDP Secretariat Paul ekins – university college London Pablo fuentenebro – iHDP Secretariat Juan Sebastian Lozano – The nature conservancy (colombia) kevin mumford – Purdue university Pablo muñoz – iHDP Secretariat kirsten oleson – university of Hawaii Leonie Pearson – university of melbourne charles Perrings – arizona State university chris Perry – un-Water Decade Programme on capacity Development (unW-DPc) Steve Polasky – university of minnesota Heather Tallis – Stanford university Stacie Wolny – Stanford university Report Review Board John agnew – university of california, Los angeles Peter Bartelmus – Bergische universitaet Wuppertal/columbia university Julia Bucknall – World Bank Dabo Guan – university of Leeds michael Harris – university of Sydney...
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...International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 5, No. 2; February 2015 Assessment of National Poverty Reduction Programmes in Nigeria: A Study of National Poverty Eradication Programme (Napep) Ebonyi State Onwe, Sunday Onwe (Ph.D, Fcai) Nwakamma Michael Chibuzor Department of Public Administration Ebonyi State University Abakaliki Nigeria Abstract The paper sought to assess the National Poverty Reduction Programmes in Nigeria with specific focus on NAPEP Ebonyi State. The study became imperative based on the debilitating effects of poverty which often manifests in loss of hope, aspirations, malnutrition and sometimes sudden death. The startling 69% national poverty level and 73.6% rate in Ebonyi state is a clear indication that poverty is still very high in Nigeria. The study therefore evaluated NAPEP’s performance in the area of human capital development, infrastructure facilities, access to safe drinking water, sanitation and access to basic education which are some of the parameters for measuring poverty level. A descriptive survey design was adopted with a sample population of 400 which spread across the six local governments studied. The major instrument for data collection was a structured questionnaire, which was distributed to the respondents and a total number of 380 questionnaire were duly filled and returned representing 95% of the sample population. The data collected was analyzed with statistical tables, percentage calculations...
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...Nigeria, located in West Africa, is Africa’s most populous country with the recent estimate at 170 million. In spite of possessing huge human capital, fertile soils and being oil-rich, Nigeria can teach the mineral rich world a lesson or two about what not to do. Corruption, political instability, pollution and poor management are some of the reasons Nigeria has not been able to rise and gain the status it should have in the African continent. Macro-economic factors • Gross Domestic Product (GDP) A look at the real GDP growth of Nigeria shows that it has ranged between 6.4% and 7.8% from 2007-2013. It reached its peak of 7.8% in 2010 and is forecasted to be 6.4% in 2012 as compared to the world average of 2.2% and 3.9% for Sub-Saharan Africa. Economists say that it is in fact the non-oil sector that has pushed the economy forward, and will continue to do so. Growth can largely be attributed to activities in telecommunications followed by building and construction, and the services sector in general. Regulatory body, the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC) was established in 1992, and commenced full market liberalization and reform in 2000. It is sensed that investment in telecom has triggered off an economic chain which has positively impacted other sectors of the economy. GDP growth has not improved the living standards of the Nigerian people. They continue to be inundated with increased unemployment, poverty, poor healthcare among various others. As seen below...
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...Q. How is GDP measured and what are its limitations as a measure of the quality of life? A. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) can be defined as the annual value of output produced by factors of production within a nation’s border. In other words, it is the sum of all incomes earned by the country’s residents when producing goods and services with resources located inside that country. GDP is not to be confused with Gross National Product (GNP), which measures the flow of output produced with resources, which are owned by the nation wherever they might be located. The difference between GDP and GNP is net property income from abroad. The word “gross” in both of these measures of national income, indicates that no account has been taken of depreciation. There are 3 methods of calculating GDP: the product/output method, the income method and the expenditure method. In theory, because they all claim to measure the same aggregate, they should all give the same total. This is shown below in the circular flow of income: However, in practice, this is unlikely to be the case. This is because extremely large sums arising out of millions of transactions paid over different time periods are being dealt with and it would therefore be very unlikely if all 3 measures coincided. The first way of measuring GDP is to add up annually all the value of the goods and services produced in the country, industry by industry. This is known as the output or product...
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...CHAPTER !: 1- HDI stands for Human Destiny Index. False 2-Ethiopia is located in Middle East. False 3-Yemen is relatively affluent country. True 4-The historical pattern of land ownership is a factor which influences a country's income distribution pattern. Tue 5-The disintegraation of Soviet bloc and the fall of many dictatorships throughout the Third World in recent decades suggest that authoritarian regimes are often fragile in the short run, but stable in the long term. False CHAPTER2: 6- Prior to its wave of military take over in 1960's and 1970's Africa had enjoyed the Third World strongest democratic tradition.True 7-One of the prerquisites for democrtizaton of a society is a substatial size of lowerclass and poor.True 8-Nigeria, the most populated country in Africa, has both extensive petroleum reserves and a tradition of deep government corruption has never been under military government. True 9-One problem in many new and reestablished democracies is a national legislature dominance over executive branch. True 10-A number of democracies emerged during third wave of democratization, but there has been no"reverse wave,' no widespread reversion authoritarianismcomparable to what followed the first and second waves.False CHAPTER 3: 11-As discussed in the text, Jeudism is identified as great religion of the Third World. True 12-According to Donald Smith in Church religio-political system there is weak or...
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...FEDERAL UNIVERSITY KASHERE P.M.B 0182, GOMBE FACULTY OF HUMANITIES, MANAGEMENT AND SOCIAL SCIENCE COURSE CODE; 4303 COURSE TITLE; DEMOGRAPHY ASSIGNMENT QUESTION; Brief Explanation of Demographic Transition Theory GROUP (5) MEMBERS FUK/HMSS/12B/SOC/1042 FUK/HMSS/12B/SOC/1043 FUK/HMSS/12B/SOC/1044 Course lecturer; PROF. UMAR BAPPAH TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Demographic transitional theory 3. Stages of demographic transitional theory 4. Criticisms of demographic transitional theory 5. Summary of demographic transitional theory 6. References INTRODUCTION Demographic transition (DT) refers to the transition from high birth and death rate to low birth and death rates as a country develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system. This is typically demonstrated through a demographic transition theory. The theory is based on an interpretation of demography history developed in 1929 by the American demographer Warren Thompson (1887–1973) Thompson observed changes, or transitions, in birth and death rates in industrialized societies over the previous 200 years. Most developed countries are in stage 3 or 4 of the model; the majority...
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...Chapters 1-3 Quiz 1.Which group of people living in LDCs have the greater amount poverty, and fewer resources and opportunities. Urban derllers Military Rural Folks Factory Workers 2. According to Handelmann, an underdeveloped country must become a substantive democracy for it to make progress in development. True False 3. The HDI (Human Development Index) is a measure of which of the following? A country's potential for providing its citizens with personal growth, learning, and productivity A country's ability to provide clean water and sanitary conditions. A composite measure of literacy, health, and schooling rates. A composite measure of literacy rates and income. (Pg.8) None of the above. 4. A country is considered underdeveloped/third world/developing if it has a low ranking in which of the following areas? Political development Social Development Economic Development All of the above Economic Development Only 5. Which of the main world religions has the most influence on politics and therefore, development? Islam Buddhism Hinduism Fundamentalism Catholicism 6. According to your textbook, what was the reason that a revolution occurred in Iran in the 1970s A group like Al-Queda terrorized the Shah and killed him and instated Shariah law. The religious leader Khomeini led a resistance to secular modernization and the imposition of foreign powers in Iran's domestic matters. The Iranians revolted in order to instate a democracy. The...
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...CULTURAL DISTANCE | KENYA | UGANDA | NIGERIA | Diversity | 13 ethnic groups and 27 sub groups. | 3 Major Etnic Tribes: Baganda, Basoga and Bagisu. | 3 Major Ethnic Tribes: Yoruba, Hausa-Fulani and Igbo | Language, Religion, Ethnicity | The Most Spoken Languages are English and Swahili. | The Most Spoken Languages are English, Swahili and Arabic. | Over 250 languages. English is the official language | Gender | 1.02 Males/Female | 1.03 Males/Females | 1.031 Males/Females | Inequality (GINI) | 47.7 % | 44.3% | 42.9% | Individualism | Collectivist Society | Collectivist Society | Collectivist Society | Quality of Life (Interpersonal Relationship Vs Material Aspect) | Interpersonal Relationship are Valued. Influence of “Ubuntu” | Interpersonal Relationship are Valued. Influence of “Ubuntu” | Interpersonal Relationship are Valued. Influence of “Ubuntu”.Concept of extended family.“Male egotism “ | Long Term or Short term orientation | Long Term Orientation | Long Term Orientation | Long Term Orientation | Asian Paints should take into account the diversity of Kenya & Uganda while selling different shades of its products. The major implication will be in the marketing communication where language has to be kept in mind. Packaging & designing the product has to be as per the ethnic color preferences. Since interpersonal relationships are family time is valued – Asian paints should push more pastel shades in the market. Long term orientation implies that more...
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...ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT CHILD HEALTH in ZAMBIA “…Our worst crime is abandoning the children, neglecting the fountain of life. Many of the things we need can wait. The child cannot." - Gabriela Mistral, a Chilean Poet - Notes to the grader ✓ If not cited as a footnote the data (ex; 102) used for analysis is from the World Development Indicators Database. When data belongs to the WHO database (http://www.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select.cfm), the sentence indicates this but a footnote is not added to save space. Not all the data used for analysis is included in the tables on the first page of this paper. ✓ If you would like to request a Data CD which includes all the data tables used please e-mail: mervy19@gmail.com ✓ Bold phrases show the application of theory from the textbook (Todaro). ✓ Regression analysis can be done to predict which one of the variables is better in predicting child health. However few data recordings for many indicators do not allow such analysis for Child Health in Zambia. This paper will analyze the trends in Child Health in Zambia observed in the past 25 years as well as recommending ways to achieve sound policy-making. Given the scarcity of data and the lack of a holistic measure for child health due to high multicollinearity between variables, there are limitations in assessing the changes. Although there are many indicators of child health presented in the World Health Organization...
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...DEMOCRATIZATION PROCESS It has been known that the most of the period since independence in 1956 is military-dominated. This is because more than three-fourths of the total independence period, around 35 out of 45 years was under the domination of three military rulers, which are the Abboud regime (1958-1964), the Nimeiri regime (1969-1985) and the Bashir regime (1989). Based on overall performance measured by macro-economic fundamentals, namely, growth rate, savings and investment rates, balance of payments, foreign exchange reserves, inflation and unemployment, the decade of 1980s seems to be the worst. While the performance during the initial two decades after independence in the mid-1950s to the mid 1970s was not as worse as the 1980s, and the decade of the 1990s started showing signs of improvements, in general. With this in mind, we will now analyze how this macro-performance being measured in the most pragmatic sense of fulfilling both social rights (health and education) and economic rights (real purchasing power) has implications for achieving economic democracy proxied by socio-economic rights (SER) and political democracy proxied by civil-political rights (CPR). Socio-economic rights (SER) determines the rights of any individual to basic needs together with the access to minimum level of health, education, shelter and basic public utilities, while civil-political rights (CPR) includes the rights to live in a civil society concomitant with the rights to exercise...
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...introduction The major objectives of planned development have been increased national income, rural development, self-sufficiency in food, and increased industrial production. However, progress in achieving development goals has been slow. Political turmoil and untamed natural hazards of cyclone and flooding have combined with external economic shocks to persistently derail economic plans. In 1991, with the reinstitution of elected government, a new economic program was initiated that included financial sector reform and liberalization measures to encourage investment, government revenue improvement efforts (realized largely through implementation of a value-added-tax), and tight monetary policy. Income transfer measures, Food-for-Work, and other programs were also implemented to help protect the poorest segments of the population from the transitional effects of structural reform. Fiscal year 2000 was marked by a sharp increase in monetary expansion due to unprecedented borrowing from the banking sector (though the sale of treasury bills) to cover budget shortfalls due. Domestic borrowing increased primarily due to the reduced availability of external concessional financing. For 2001/02, however, the IMF predicted a sharp decline to around 3.5% due to the global economic slowdown and the contractions after the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 on the United States. Economic Environment During the early 1990s, Bangladesh made considerable progress in stabilizing and...
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...globally as one major factor that is responsible for the wealth of nations. According to Smith (1776) and Folloni & Vittadini (2010), human capital refers to the acquired and useful abilities of all the inhabitants or members of the society. Without adequate investment in developing the human capital which is the process of increasing knowledge, skills and the capacities of people in the country, the possibility of sustainable development might be minimal. Investment in the human resource determines the type, quality, availability and productivity of the nation’s manpower. It involves the socio-economic development strategies (European Commission, 2007) critically needed to facilitate sustainable development. One major challenge facing Nigeria as a nation within the global community, is how to achieve sustainable development. According to the IMF (2002), sustainable development is made of three pillars. They are economic development, social development and environmental development. The essence of these pillars are to maintain and enhance the capacity and capability of future generations while meeting the needs of the present generation. To accomplish these multi-dimensional tasks, human capital should be strategically cultivated and positioned for the preservation of both the present and the future economic growth and development of a nation. Thus, according to Lyakurwa (2007) human capital development has the capacity to enlarge people’s choices and opportunities, improve healthy...
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...EC2B02U DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS 1. a) b) c) What is a paradigm? It is a diagram of development. It is the way development takes place. It is a thinking model providing a holistic picture of a process involving a network of interrelationships. 2. a) b) c) Paradigm thinking is necessary to avoid dealing with isolated factors of development help analyzing cause and effect of phenomena identify urgent action 3. Economic growth is not a sufficient condition of development, because a) it does not help poverty reduction b) a country must also have an educated workforce c) there are several other aspects of development 4. a) b) c) Economic growth is pivotal, because it is easier to achieve than the other aspects of development it has a symbiotic link with the other aspects of development it helps generate savings for investment 5. a) b) c) GDP is not a sufficient indicator of development because, some economic activities are left out of the calculation large countries have bigger GDP it does not reflect how income is distributed 6. a) b) c) GDP per capita is a useful indicator because, it helps inter country comparison of living standards it helps to understand what each individual earns in a country it is a better indicator than total GDP 7. a) b) c) To make GDP per capita internationally comparable, they must be calculated in US$ they should be calculated in the strongest international currency ...
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...HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2004 Cultural Liberty in Today’s Diverse World Accommodating people’s growing demands for their inclusion in society, for respect of their ethnicity, religion, and language, takes more than democracy and equitable growth. Also needed are multicultural policies that recognize differences, champion diversity and promote cultural freedoms, so that all people can choose to speak their language, practice their religion, and participate in shaping their culture— so that all people can choose to be who they are. 65 108 166 55 34 82 3 14 91 51 40 138 29 62 6 99 161 134 114 66 128 72 33 56 175 173 130 141 4 105 169 167 43 94 73 136 144 168 45 163 48 52 30 32 Albania Algeria Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo Congo, Dem. Rep. of the Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic 17 154 95 98 100 120 103 109 156 36 170 81 13 16 122 155 97 19 131 24 93 121 160 172 104 153 115 23 38 7 127 111 101 10 22 21 79 9 90 78 148 28 44 110 135 50 80 Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea...
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...Human Development Report 2014 Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience Empowered lives. Resilient nations. The 2014 Human Development Report is the latest in the series of global Human Development Reports published by UNDP since 1990 as independent, empirically grounded analyses of major development issues, trends and policies. Additional resources related to the 2014 Human Development Report can be found online at http://hdr.undp.org, including complete editions or summaries of the Report in more than 20 languages, a collection of papers commissioned for the 2014 Report, interactive maps and databases of national human development indicators, full explanations of the sources and methodologies employed in the Report’s human development indices, country profiles and other background materials as well as previous global, regional and national Human Development Reports. Human Development Report 2014 Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience Empowered lives. Resilient nations. Published for the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Human Development Reports 1990–2014 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007/2008 2009 2010 2011 2013 2014 Concept and Measurement of Human Development Financing Human Development Global Dimensions of Human Development People’s Participation New Dimensions of Human Security Gender and Human Development Economic...
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