...TECHNICAL MANUAL For IDEal micro irrigation systems INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ENTERPRISES WATER & FOOD CGIAR Challenge Program on TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction................................................................................................................. 1 2. Advantages of IDEal Micro Irrigation...................................................................... 2 3. Basic Components of IDEal Drip System................................................................. 3-5 4. Basic components of IDEal Sprinkler System.......................................................... 6-8 5. Types of IDEal Micro Irrigation System................................................................... 9 5.1 IDEal Drip Systems................................................................................................ 9-11 5.2 IDEal Sprinkler Systems........................................................................................ 12-14 6. Customization of IDEal Micro Irrigation System.................................................... 15 6.1 Adjusting Length of Lateral Pipe........................................................................... 15 6.2 Connecting Additional Drip Kits to the Same Source........................................... 15 6.3 Designing a Customized System Using Simple Rules.......................................... 16 6.3.1 Design Inputs..............................................................
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...Special Stationery Requirements: Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Fluids, GFC Rogers and YR Mayhew. Only School approved calculators are allowed. Use a separate answer book for each section. If you submit answers to more questions than specified, final marks for the examination will be determined using the best marks which satisfy the rubric. - 1 ___________________________________________________________________________ SECTION A A1. (a) Define what is meant by a streamline, a pathline, a streakline and a streamtube. When are the streamlines, pathlines and streaklines identical? [25%] Write down Bernoulli’s equation and define all the terms that appear in the equation. [20%] Water flows vertically upwards through a pipe which tapers from a cross-sectional area of 0.3 m2 at section A to 0.15 m2 at section B. Section B is located 6 m above section A. At A the flow velocity is 1.8 m/s and the static pressure is 117 kN/m2. Neglecting all losses, determine: (i) (ii) (iii) The water volumetric and mass flow rates. The velocity of water at section B. The water static pressure at section B. [15%] [15%] [25%] (b) (c) DATA Gravitational acceleration g = 9.81 m/s2 Density of water = 1,000 kg/m3 - 2 ___________________________________________________________________________ A2. (a) Write the Continuity Equation for a steady, one-dimensional flow and define each term in the equation. If the flow is incompressible what is the simplified form of the equation...
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... System design for transport of limestone to feed a cement plant at the foot of the Himalayas | Assignment 3Parviz Raminzad | 49316 materials handling System design for transport of limestone to feed a cement plant at the foot of the Himalayas | Assignment 3Parviz Raminzad | Contents Q2) Relevance of System Engineering to bulk materials handling and this project 3 Q3) Alternative Systems 4 Rail and Road 4 Aerial Ropeway 4 Building the Cement Plant near the Mine Site 4 Pipeline 4 Q4) Discuss the purpose of the items in Figure1 5 Q5) Discuss the purpose of Rheological and Flow test 15 Purpose of Rheological and Flow Tests. 15 Importance of Pilot Plant Tests 16 Q6) Design Selection 17 a. Delivery Pipeline 17 Quantity to Be Pumped 18 Size of Pipeline 19 Friction Head Hf for the Pipeline 19 Loss in Discharge Pipe Enlargement 20 Loss at Pipe Discharge 20 Loss of Head at Entrance to Suction Pipe 20 Total Dynamic Head on the Pump [Hm] 21 Equivalent Water Total Dynamic Head [Hw] 21 b. Warman Pump Selection 21 Piston Pumps and Pipe Validation 22 a. Piston Pumps 22 b. Pipe Design Parameters 23 8) Design Parameters of the main pipeline 23 Q9) Alternative Systems 26 References: 27 Q2) Relevance of System Engineering...
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...3.4 Coolant Piping System The cooling water piping system was modelled by applying fluid dynamic principles. Figure 3.4 – Schematic of system 3.4.1 Coolant Piping, Fittings, Valves, and Surge Tank The resulting pressures are determined by using the modified Bernoulli’s equation, Equation (16). The dimensionless factors are used to determine the head losses within the piping system. The dimensionless friction factors used to develop the model, for 90 degree bends, 45 degree bends, valves, and the TCV are shown in Table 3.1. Table 3.2 – Dimensionless Friction Factors K90 K45 Kvalve KTCV 0.2 0.14 6.0 8.0 Along with the fitting friction factors, the friction factor due to the pipe roughness must be considered. The...
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...Question 1: The constant head tank preserves the volume by allowing the water in the reservoir to overflow into the discharge tank, when the water flow is kept constant. This ensures to that the flow is constant. The effects of small changes in fluid level and volume when overflowing are considered negligible. This constant volume tank represents a pressurized hydraulic reservoir, with constant pressure, making the manometer fluid levels constant and accurate during the readings. If the water levels in the constant head tank were to drop suddenly whilst taking the readings, the pressure will drop and the readings on the manometer would be inaccurate. Question 2: The Hydraulic grade line is a plot of the hydraulic head (which is the head...
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...Irrigation Systems Irrigation systems are a huge part of our society with farming, cities, or professional parks including golf courses. The term irrigation literally means to supply the land or crops with water by means of pipes, sprinklers, ditches, or streams. An irrigation system is suppose to apply the water without causing any soil erosion, excessive water loss, or reduction in water quality. There are many different kinds of irrigation systems that perform different tasks and that apply water differently to the land. One type of system is called a Ditch Irrigation. This is more of a traditional method by using ditches to channel the water through pipes to water the crops. That’s just one of the many different kinds that I will get to later. The science behind an irrigation system is incredible. When we use water in places like an industry or even our homes, about 90% of the water used is eventually returned to the environment where it replenishes water sources and can be used for other purposes. However, when water is used in an irrigation system, only about half of the water can be reused. The other half is lost due to evaporation, evapotranspiration, or is lost due to leaking pipes. “For 2005, total irrigation withdrawals were about 128,000 million gallons per day or 144,000 thousand acre-feet per year”(IrrigationWaterUse). The definition of an irrigation system is “a sprinkler irrigation system is a planned system in which all necessary components have been installed...
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...A…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..7 Appendix B 10 Introduction The objective of this lab is to calculate the mass flow rates across an annubar by measuring the pressure losses through the straight length of pipe and various fittings at different gas flow rates. The gas used in this experiment is air. The elbow meter was also calibrated and the fanning friction factor across the pipe was calculated. The friction loss due to the velocity head through the straight pipe and other fittings was also calculated. Theory and Nomenclature To measure the gas flow in a pipe, an annubar is used. An annubar is a set of Pitot tubes mounted across a pipe. It measures the differential pressure between the static pressure and the full pressure of the stream. The Pitot tube’s full pressure chamber opening is facing against the stream so that is allows for conical aerodynamics. Applying Bernoulli’s principle and varying the pressure difference calculated the volumetric flow. The following equations were used to calculate the answer for the experimental objectives: Mass flowrate is calculated using the calibration constant where is the mass flow rate (kg/s), ρ is density (kg/m3), and ΔP is the pressure drop in cm of water across the annubar. The velocity of the airflow in the pipe can be calculated as where u is the velocity (m/s), is the...
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...NE 402 Laboratory Pressure Losses in Pipes and Fittings Objective: The Cussons Hydraulic Bench is to be used to measure friction factors and local loss coefficients in selected piping arrangements. These include sudden expansions, sudden contractions and bends. Other flow components to be studied in this lab include a Venturi flow meter and an Orifice flow meter. The theory for using Venturi tubes and orifice plates for flow rate measurement will also be verified. The hydraulics bench can be operated in both the laminar flow (Re < 2300) and turbulent flow regimes by adjustment of the fluid velocity. At low flows, the velocity is controlled by maintaining level (and therefore pressure) in two constant head tanks. The flow rates are most easily measured in this arrangement by timing liquid accumulation in calibrated beakers. An alternative method (and likely more accurate) is to weigh the mass accumulated during a given time interval. This eliminates uncertainties in the calibration of the beaker. Higher mass flow rates can be obtained by pumping through a feed block and measuring the volume of liquid via the volume gauge mounted on the hydraulics bench. Care should be taken to take data at Reynolds numbers far from the Critical Region in both the laminar and turbulent flow regions. Theory: The frictional pressure drop in a straight pipe segment can be correlated in terms of the Darcy friction factor according to the equation ∆Pf = fL ρv 2 De 2 gc (1) where: f = L = De =...
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...19468 • (610) 948-3800 • Fax: (610) 948-5300 www.gormanrupp.com GL-05303 © 2003, The Gorman-Rupp Company. All rights reserved. Printed in the USA The purpose of this manual is to give you information needed to select the correct pump for the job in simple terms. This manual contains: Types of pumps in use today How to read a pump performance curve Figuring pump applications How to select the correct pump for the job Friction loss tables Useful information Where to use pumps Pages 1-4 Pages 5-6 Pages 7-8 Pages 9-10 Pages 10-11 Pages 12-14 Page 15 Index TYPES OF PUMPS IN USE TODAY STANDARD CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS The simplest of all types, it has been in use since the 1700’s. This pump operates on the centrifugal force principle, which can be seen in operation every time you drive your car on a wet road. The tire picks up water and throws it by centrifugal force against the fender. This AMT high head centrifugal pump is ideal for chemical processing, liquid transfer, heating and cooling and sprinkler/fire protection systems. SELF-PRIMING PUMPS This type of pump does a good job as long as the supply of liquid flows to the pump. Put the “Standard Centrifugal Pump” above the liquid, and problems can arise, as it does not have the ability to create a vacuum and prime itself. Should it pump the hole dry and air enter the pump, it will stop pumping and become airbound. A centrifugal pump operates on...
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...venturi meter allows the flow rate in a pipe to be determined from a pressure differential. A venturi narrows the diameter of the pipe for a short duration, converting pressure head to velocity head. Through this pressure differential, Bernoulli’s equation, and the known dimensions of the venturi, the flow rate of the incompressible fluid can be determined. I h1 hthroat ntroduction Q Figure 1: Venturi Meter Concept Pressure is measured at the point h1 and hthroat. As seen in Figure 1, the point hthroat is known as the vena contracta – this is where the velocity is at its maximum. Listed in Table 1 are the venturi dimensions. Athroat is the cross-sectional area of the throat, where hthroat is measured; A1 is the area at the point where h1 is measured. Table 1: Venturi Data A1 (d1) | Athroat (dthroat) | 0.0021 m2 (0.026 m) | 0.00080 m2 (0.016 m) | Because the amount of energy in the flowing fluid must be conserved, the pressure drop occurring is easily used to measure the velocity of the fluid in the throat. This is converted to volumetric flow rate by multiplying the cross-sectional area. Procedure The venturi meter experiment is initiated by closing the valves on the hydraulic bench, turning on the pump, and slowly opening them to ensure that water is flowing. Open the air valve atop the manometer bank and adjust the flow control valve and/or the air valve to develop a difference of at least 100 mm of head between manometers A and D. Place weight...
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...investigate the loss coefficient of fluid through 90 degree elbow. The apparatus was placed on bench. The inlet pipe was connected to bench supply while the outlet pipe into volumetric tank. Pump supply was started up when bench valve was fully closed and the discharge valve was fully opened, then bench valve was slowly opened until it is fully opened. The reading on manometers (A-J) was recorded and the flowrate was measured. The steps were repeated for different rotameter. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objectives 3.0 Theory 4.0 Diagram and Description of Apparatus 5.0 Experimental Procedures 6.0 Results and Discussion 7.0 Sample calculations 8.0 Conclusions and Recommendations 9.0 References 10.0 Appendices INTRODUCTION In the industries, flow meter is used to measure the volumetric flow rate of fluids by introducing a constriction in the flow. The pressure difference caused by the constriction is correlated to the flow rate using Bernoulli’s theorem. In this experiment, SOLTEQ model FM101 is used to measure the different of pressure across the venture and orifice plate flow meter by measuring the value of indicated by the multi-tube manometer meniscus from A to J. if constriction is placed in the pipe carrying the fluid stream, there will be increase in kinetics energy at the point of constriction. Thus, the change of the fluid velocity will effect the pressure drop in the pipe, this pressure change...
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...not effectively meet this new requirement. We Energies evaluated several options for addressing the new operating regime including spilling the required low flow when necessary, installation of a minimum flow turbine-generator unit, and conversion of one of the propeller units to full adjustable blade Kaplan operation. The Kaplan conversion was chosen as the most effective option to improve the operating efficiency and flexibility of the plant while achieving the required low flow operating capability. This paper describes the Owner’s planning process that resulted in the decision to convert the unit from fixed to adjustable blade operation. The conversion not only replaced the turbine runner but required the integration of a blade control system to work with the existing governor. In addition, the mechanical and electrical capabilities of the existing generator were evaluated to address the increased turbine output and higher overspeeds. The hydraulic and mechanical design aspects...
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...lead by Mr.Halil. Besides that, details calculation will be done in order to approve the existing pump suitable or not. Discussion about the project will also be done and some recommendation will be list out if the existing pump is not suitable. Lastly, I hope that this project will achieve the target and will bring benefit to the future research in solar power pump area. Abstract This project serves the purpose of being a validation to the existing solar powered water pumping system installed in Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN). The solar powered pump is an effort of UNITEN’s collaboration with an agency that are investing in providing the solar powered water pumping system in rural areas in eastern Malaysia namely Sabah and Sarawak where electricity availability is very scarce. In practice, the pump will be used to suck water into a storage tank from a nearby water source. The pump in turn will be powered by a solar panel which captures the solar energy from the sun. The water pumping system will be built by materials...
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...STUDENT RESEARCH PROJECT SAND FILTERS. COMPARISON OF THE MOST IMPORTANT OPERATION PARAMETERS María Graciela Vela Domínguez MSc. Study Program WASTE Supervisor: Martina Barabosz Examiner: Heidrun Steinmetz June 2013 INDEX Introduction……………………………………………………........ 2 1. Sand Filtration……………………………………………..…... 3 1.1 Slow Sand Filtration………………………………………..…. 6 1.1.1 Filter Description…………………………………………..… 6 1.1.2 Operational Parameters…………………………………….. 8 1.1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages……………………….…. 11 1.2 Rapid Sand Filtration………………………………………..… 14 1.2.1 Filter Description……………………………..........................14 15 1.2.2 Operational Parameters………….….................................... 1.2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages……………………….….. 23 1.2.4 Rapid Sand Filtration Classification………………………. 23 1.2.4.1 Continuous Rapid Sand Filtration………………………. 24 1.2.4.1.1 Filter Description…………………………………………. 24 1.2.4.1.2 Filter Operation..………………………………………… 25 27 1.2.4.1.3 Operational Parameters………………………………..………… 28 1.2.4.1.4 Advantages and Disadvantages…………………………. Conclusion……………………………………………………….…. 29 Bibliography………………………………………………….…….. 31 1 Introduction Sand filtration is a technology that has been used for wastewater treatment since a long time. Bed of granular material over a gravel bed is used to treat water. This process imitates a natural treatment that occurs as water runs through the soil. During the pass through, several processes such as...
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...ABSTRACT Pumps are an essential part of any system where the movement of fluids is needed. In this experiment, pump curves, pumps in parallel and series as well as the phenomenon of cavitation were investigated. The objectives for the experiment were: to determine a characteristic pump curve of a single centrifugal pump and compare it to the manufacturer’s pump curve; to confirm that the overall pump curve for pumps in series and parallel can be obtained from the individual pump curves and finally to demonstrate the phenomenon of cavitation and determine the effects of volumetric flow rate and suction static head on cavitation. These were achieved by making use of a centrifugal pump apparatus and adjusting valves accordingly to focus on specific...
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