...Introduction: Organized crime was characterized, in 1994, as: "group organization to commit crime; hierarchical links or personal relationships which permit leaders to control the group: violence, intimidation and corruption used to earn profits or control territories or markets; laundering of illicit proceeds both in furtherance of criminal activity and to infiltrate the legitimate economy; the potential for expansion into any new activities and beyond national borders; and cooperation with other organized transnational criminal groups."1 ------------------------------------------------- Criminals are on the go up all over the world, and their illegal activities go further than local or national restrictions. This article explores the economic penetrations of criminal enterprises to run their strongly ordered activities. ------------------------------------------------- Generally, illicit activities of a conspiratorial group of criminals are known as Organized Crime (OC). Criminal actions are surreptitiously synchronized through a nexus or syndicate for making money. Structured in a pyramidal hierarchy, criminals employ violence and bribery in carrying out operations. Threats of grievous consequences are made to the targets for internal and external control in their connections. ------------------------------------------------- Among the numerous types of political crimes, secret killing, violent politics, campus violence and militant actions are salient in Bangladesh...
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...B: The fifty-three Africans were arrested on charges of murder and piracy, and they were taken and held in the county jail in New Haven, Connecticut. http://www.hlla.com/reference/lawinamerica.html C: The judge stated that the United States did not have jurisdiction over the murder and piracy charges because the offenses occurred in a Spanish ship, sailing in Spanish waters. They only gave this ruling because the Africans didn’t speak English. Once the Africans found an interpreter and told their horrific story to the judge. After that, the judge ruled that the Amistad Africans were "born free and ever since have been and still of right are free and not slaves." The United States attorney filed an immediate appeal, and the case of the Amistad was destined for the United States Supreme Court. http://www.hlla.com/reference/lawinamerica.html Charles Manson Trial A: With the Charles Manson Trails, there were the four defendants of Charles Manson, Patricia Krenwinkel ("Katie"), Leslie Van Houten and Susan Atkins (aka Sadie Mae Glutz) http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/manson/mansondefendants.html B: Charles Manson, Patricia Krenwinkel ("Katie"), Leslie Van Houten and Susan Atkins (aka Sadie Mae Glutz) were all charged with the murders of the Tate/LaBiana Trial of Sharon Tate, Jay Sebring, Voytek Frykowski, Abigail Folger, and Steven Parent. Leno and Rosemary LaBianca were then the next two to be murdered....
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...Ending Modern-Day Slavery: Using Research to Inform U.S. Anti-Human Trafficking Efforts by Maureen Q. McGough NIJ study examines the challenges facing the criminal justice system when combating human trafficking. T rafficking in persons is modernday slavery and exists in virtually every country in the world — and the United States is no exception.1 Almost 150 years after the 13th Amendment abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, there are still men, women and children enslaved into labor and commercial sexual exploitation in the U.S. (see sidebar, “Understanding ModernDay Slavery,” on page 27). In recent years the worldwide human trafficking problem has attracted significant political and social attention. Awareness-raising initiatives such as the United Nation’s Blue Heart Campaign2 encourage involvement and action to fight human trafficking on a global scale. In the U.S., the Department of Homeland Security’s Blue Campaign unites anti-human trafficking programs and offers resources for law enforcement and the public to help raise awareness and provide muchneeded training.3 Despite growing awareness of the issue and an influx of resources from such influential bodies as the United Nations and other intergovernmental organizations, foundations, nongovernmental organizations and the U.S. government, the field is still hampered by its inability to measure the size and scope of trafficking.4 The data used to estimate the prevalence of human trafficking in the U...
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...June 02, 2015 There are many theories of behaviorism that started in the year of 1920 and continued through the 1950’s. Behaviorism is a scientific study of behaviors when in the midst of thinking or feeling where explanations of behaviors are the focus. The main focus is to observe behaviors with a common denominator of stimulus-response for individuals to learn. John B. Watson is remembered for his views and theories of behaviorism. The focus for his study was on the behaviors alone and not combining the mind, body, or consciousness. John B Watson had theories that were referred to as “learning through stimulus substitution.” The theory of John B Watson was to use substitution of one stimuli for another stimuli. John B Watson believed that behaviors can be trained, measured, and changed regardless of personality or traits. He was the Father of psychology. Behavioral theories are behavior observations that are brought upon by conditioning which happens through human interactions with the environment. The most famous research study done by John B Watson was the study of enabling a child to fear the white rat. This was a conditioned experiment where a loud clanging noise would emit whenever the white rat was brought into notice. Edward Thorndike is famous for his study in psychology of learning that was later developed as operant conditioning within behaviorism. Operant conditioning is learning an objective that becomes a product from a consequence...
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...What it is about HIPAA that make a health care worker pause and/or cringe when it is mention? It usually because he or she is about to commit or committed a HIPAA violation. Health insurance portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 arise from the Privacy Rule issued by the U.S. Department of Health Human Services. HIPAA set the guidelines for usage, release and protection of individuals’ identifiable health information in any various forms such as electronic, paper or oral. Any HIPAA violation will results in fines, loss of job and possible criminal prosecution. The severity of punishment and ease of committing a HIPAA violations should intensify health care workers every actions. Yet, that is not the case because handling of patient health information on a daily basis have lead many health care worker to become complacent. If I would to guess the most common HIPAA violation is conversation about a...
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...Introduction to Criminal Justice 100-105 Case Study Research Paper DRUG DISTRIBUTION March 09 2014 Introduction In today’s world many people are convicted for lots of different crimes and face the consequences for those crimes. For example, Unless a longer term of imprisonment or death is the prescribed penalty and notwithstanding any provision that establishes a shorter term of imprisonment, a person who has been convicted of committing or attempting or conspiring to commit any violent or aggravated felony and who has previously been convicted on separate occasions of two or more violent or aggravated felonies not committed on the same occasion shall be sentenced to imprisonment for life and is not eligible for suspension of sentence, probation, pardon or release on any basis except that the person may be eligible for commutation after the person has served at least thirty-five years. Also a person convicted of a first or second offense for the personal possession or use of a controlled substance must be placed on probation unless the person is also convicted of a violent offense. Incarceration may not be imposed as an initial condition of probation for a first offense. If a person convicted of a first offense is found to be in violation of probation or an act in violation of an order of the court related to drug treatment, the person may be incarcerated upon reinstatement of probation. Participation in an appropriate...
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...There are many risks for a company in the legal realm and it is important for them to minimize their tort and regulatory risks. A company should have a risk plan in place that can help them succeed. This plan can be a continuously changing plan depending on needed improvements on the plan. A risk plan can be developed easily when you look at the Alumina Inc. case as an example. A company such as Alumina can manage their risks through three basic measures which are preventative, detective, and corrective. Preventative measures are the easiest for a company to control and change. These can include anything from the company’s internal laws to the education of these laws. Freedom of speech is a civil right given to people and in cases such as Alumina vs. Kelly Bates; preventative measures could have helped controlled the case. Even though a citizen’s speech may be considered as disparagement, damage to the company can still occur. A major risk for a company in a situation like this is if they were to harm their own customers and alienate their business. This can really damage their reputation and that is why the CEO Roger Lloyd of Alumina was so concerned. They have a Duty of Care that they must ensure that they are protecting these individuals and are not guilty of negligence. A company can have a legal department that is proactively researching potential problems and ensuring their corrective measures are in place. This can help solve a problem quickly with minimal damage...
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...due to misinformation and stigmas. Even though marijuana is stigmatized as a gateway drug that leads children to harder drugs, marijuana should be legalized for medicinal use because it is incredibly expensive to keep marijuana illegal and adults deserve freedom to use marijuana as medicine without having to deal with the criminal element or fear of being unjustly prosecuted. The gateway effect states that marijuana acts as a stepping stone, or a gateway, that leads people to harder drugs. They support their argument with statistics that show that most people who use hard drugs have tried marijuana before (http://www.mjlegal.org/gateway.html). What though is the gateway theory? Is it based on facts brought to light by years of scientific study? No, in fact the gateway theory does not explain anything at all. It is simply an observation that has been vague at best and dispersed by media outlets and the governing body. It is true that many people that use hard drugs such as heroin, cocaine, or LSD did in fact use marijuana before they tried the harder drugs. The true reason for this is marijuana is much more accessible due to its popularity than other illicit drugs (http://www.mjlegal.org/gateway.html). In fact the Institute of Medicine agrees that the marijuana gateway theory is misleading and was quoted as saying: "In the sense that marijuana use typically precedes rather than follows initiation of other illicit drug use, it is indeed a "gateway" drug. But because underage...
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...Child Abuse What is it.. what child abuse exactly? many ask. What does it actually entail? According to the Canadian Red cross definition Child abuse "is any form of physical, emotional and/or sexual mistreatment or lack of care that causes injury or emotional damage to a child or youth. The misuse of power and/or a breach of trust are part of all types of child abuse." ( Canadian Red Cross, 1999-2015) Yet many wonder what is the exact nature of child abuse. Child abuse according to one study results anywhere from ten to twenty percent of women who have been victimized this way during their own childhood and adolescence, while 1 to 3 percent of men have had the same experience. ( Deviant Behaviour ,120: 2) Honestly these numbers appear very large due to the fact that this happened from childhood to about the teen years in these children's lives that's about an 18 year abuse span. (Deviant Behaviour, 121: 1) My paper will prove that Child abuse is an important topic to discuss due to the fact that it is sometimes neglected or overlooked due to its reality. Deviance is defined by relativistic and pathological behaviours. When deviance is expressed a pathological behaviour, it looks at people who are sick or with a mental disease. While when deviance is expressed as a relativistic behaviour it is seen as someone failing to obey group or society rules. This person can be seen as a threat to society because they do not comply with the rule of law. In term of my topic...
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...Samaritan Law" is the legal term that refers to someone who renders aid in an emergency to an injured person on a voluntary basis. The Good Samaritan laws offers legal protection to the person that gives reasonable assistance to another person who is injured, ill, or otherwise incapacitated. They made this law to encourage people to offer assistance without the fear of being sued or prosecuted for unintentional injury or wrongful death (Good Samaritan law, 2009). Most overdoses occur in the presence of other people and take several hours to cause death. However, research finds that in up to half of cases, no one calls for help. 911 calls are also often delayed as witnesses try ineffective methods of reviving people such as slapping them or dousing them with cold water. The most common reason given for not calling 911 or for delaying help seeking is fear of arrest and prosecution (Szalavitz, 2011). Who Does It Protected Most of the Good Samaritan laws are specifically made for the public and each law protects different individuals. A person will be protected under the Good Samaritan laws as long as he or she has good intentions to aid the victim to the best of his or her ability during a medical emergency. Under some Good Samaritan Laws, as long as medical personnel, such as doctors, nurses, or medical responders, are following normal procedures they also are protected under the Good Samaritan laws (HeartSafe America Inc, 2009). Under the Good Samaritan laws which grant...
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...Ethical Case Study Reflection Paper Do we, as parents, have the right to decide if we will let our child die from a treatable illness? Do we, as a society, have the right to decide if we will allow other people's children to die? Suppose an Atheist judge rules that a Christian mother has to seek medical treatment for her child, is this a moral concern? In 46 states, parents can withhold traditional medical care for their sick children in favor of prayer or faith healing with no fear of prosecution. The state of Minnesota passed a law in 1994 that requires parent and guardians to contact child protective services if a child has been endangered by withholding medical treatment, none have been reported. The state of Colorado will not hold parents legally responsible so long as the faith-healing treatment is recognized by the Internal Revenue Service and insurance companies. This same law has been rescinded in Oregon, South Dakota, Hawaii, Maryland and Massachusetts. (htttp://www.religioustolerance.org). The winds are changing though, in recent years more parents are perhaps not being convicted, but are being charged for neglect or manslaughter. In 2008 Carl and Raylene Worthington of Oregon, were charged with manslaughter in the death of their 1-year-old daughter, who died from pneumonia. (http://www.cbsnews.com). Mr. Worthington was found guilty of second degree criminal mistreatment and received a sentence of 60 days in jail, 5 years probation and a court order...
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...time that included an intense four day conference followed by monthly meetings until it was completed in April of 1979. The Belmont Report sets out to define the ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research. The report was established prior to Barney Clark and the artificial heart and therefore was the guidelines that the doctors and researchers had to follow. The report highlights three essential ethical elements that are pertinent in human research and their applications. It was the professional responsibility of the doctors and researchers involved to abide by previously established ethical guidelines. Respect for Persons Respect for the Persons as it relates to the Barney Clark case can be broken down into three important issues. Autonomy The doctors made the assumption that Barney Clark was a fully autonomous person at the time of the artificial heart experiment. In general it is not in doubt that Mr. Clark was an autonomous being, however his terminal condition could have affected his capacity with in the case. While he might have been autonomous in many areas of his life the issue that is relevant to the case was whether he possessed the capacity to make an informed consent. Informed Consent The nine basic rules4 for an informed consent are 1. Identifying the appropriate decision maker 2. Having the discussion at a time when the patient is not distracted or in great pain. 3. Determine that the patient...
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...Anne Frank's quote it said “In spite of everything , I still believe people are really good at heart.” In response to the quote of Anne Frank, people are not good at heart because many do horrible things to innocent people that didn't have anything to do with that person and they always find a way to hide it from others. But many can't keep them in a secret anymore because people will find them...
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...Abstract The aim of this dissertation, which is based on secondary research involving analysing a range of books, journal articles, Government publications, newspaper articles and videos, is to critically examine the position of the victim in the criminal justice system. The paper looks at the role of political interests in establishing victimfocus policies and the direction towards their placement at the heart of the justice system. This includes the managerialistic values, modernization of the Government and covering-up of punitive measures taken against the offender that all point to the political rhetoric around the centeredness of the victim. Furthermore, the view of traditional justice is accounted for in order to get a grasp of the many underlying factors that can be attributed to the so called rebirth and the consequent concentration on the victim. The paper firstly discusses characteristics of victims, the impact of crime on victims and also their needs for a better understanding of who they are and what can be done to help them. Particular attention is drawn to stereotypes associated with victims and constructions of the ideal victim. Secondly, the adversarial nature of English justice and implications for victims are discussed, as well as some tensions between the interests of the offender and the victim, and the opposed nature of the two. Procedural and service rights especially play an important role in defining whether victims are given appropriate...
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...No Peace WiThouT Justice Closing the gap The role of non-judicial mechanisms in addressing impunity Closing the gap The role of non-judicial mechanisms in addressing impunity No Peace WiThouT Justice No Peace Without Justice Copyright 2010 © No Peace Without Justice Via di Torre Argentina 76, I-00186, Roma, Italy www.npwj.org Permission to reproduce and distribute this document is hereby granted provided that this notice is retained on all copies, that copies are not altered and that No Peace Without Justice is credited. This publication is also available at www.npwj.org. No Peace Without Justice is an international non-profit organisation founded by Emma Bonino and born of a 1993 campaign of the Transnational Radical Party that works for the protection and promotion of human rights, democracy, the rule of law and international justice. NPWJ undertakes its work within three main thematic programs: International Criminal Justice; Female Genital Mutilation; and Middle East and North Africa Democracy, including specific work on Iraq. NPWJ is a Member of the TRP Senate, a Member of the Steering Committee of the NGO Coalition for the International Criminal Court and the Italian civil society partner in the Democracy Assistance Dialogue. This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of No Peace Without Justice and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European...
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