...to choose food with a low glycemic index. Some low glycemic foods are: Peanuts, Soybeans, Cashews, Butter beans. Some high glycemic foods are: whitebeard, baked potatoes, Cornflakes. *Added Sugars are sugars and syrups used as an ingredient in the processing and preparation of foods such as bread, cakes, beverages, jellies, and ice cream as well as sugars eaten separately or added to foods at the table. Some other names for added sugars are: sucrose, invert sugar, corn sugar, corn syrups and solids, high-fructose corn syrup, and honey. * The DRI suggests that no more than 25% of the diet should come from added sugars, while the WHO and FDA suggest that no more than 10% of the diet should come from added sugars. *High-fiber foods-especially whole grains-plays a key role in reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes. When soluble fibers trap nutrients and delay their transit through the GI tract, glucose absorption is slowed, which helps to prevent the glucose surge and rebound that seem to be associated with diabetes onset. *Increasing Dietary Fiber- 1. Increase fiber gradually over several weeks to gives the GI tract time to adapt. 2. Drink plenty of liquids to soften the fiber as it moves through the GI tract. 3. Select fiber-rich foods from a variety of sources-fruits, veggies, legumes, and whole-grain breads and cereals. *The recommended range of dietary fiber daily, by the American Dietetic Association is 20-35 grams. *Artificial sweeteners: Equal=Aspartame, Splenda=Sucralose...
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...diet: heart disease, malignant neoplasm, cerebrovascular diseases, DM, aspiration pneumonia Nutrient- substance obtained from food that is needed by the body for growth, maintenance, and/or repair Energy providing nutrients (provide calories): * Carbohydrate – 4 Kcal * Protein – 4 Kcal * Fat – 9 Kcal *alcohol – 7 Kcal Non energy providing nutrients (just as important): * Vitamins * Minerals * Water Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI): * Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)- 2 % margin of error, used as a goal for individual, intake sufficient to meet/exceed nutrient requirement for 98% of healthy ppl in a particular stage of life and gender group * Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)- highest amount of nutrient intake that will not pose a risk for adverse health effects, higher doses likely to cause toxicity, not available for every nutrient * Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) – level that indicates that the needs for 50% of those consuming that amount will be met; needed to set RDA * Adequate Intake (AI) – average amount a group of healthy ppl consume, not scientifically based, cannot provide EAR or RDA Dietary guidelines for Americans – based on ages 2 +, promote health and prevent chronic diseases. Done by the ISDA and USDHHS every 5 years 6 principles to diet planning (ABC, DMV) * Adequacy * Balance * kCalorie control * nutrient Dense – more nutrient dense than calorie dense * Moderation * Variety Healthy People- guide...
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...Whurr Publishers Limited. This publication is sold subject to the conditions that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed upon any subsequent purchaser. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 1 86156 216 0 Printed and bound in the UK by Athenaeum Press Ltd, Gateshead, Tyne & Wear. Contents Series Preface Introduction Background Current health targets – Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation Nutritional issues highlighted in Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation Contents Chapter 1 A healthy diet Dietary reference...
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...------------------------------------------------- Overview[edit] Nutritional science investigates the metabolic and physiological responses of the body to diet. With advances in the fields of molecular biology, biochemistry, genetics, the study of nutrition is increasingly concerned with metabolism and metabolic pathways: the sequences of biochemical steps through which substances in living things change from one form to another. The human body contains chemical compounds, such as water, carbohydrates (sugar, starch, and fiber), amino acids (in proteins), fatty acids (in lipids), and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). These compounds in turn consist of elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, iron, zinc, magnesium, manganese, and so on. All of these chemical compounds and elements occur in various forms and combinations (e.g. hormones, vitamins, phospholipids, hydroxyapatite), both in the human body and in the plant and animal organisms that humans eat. The human body consists of elements and compounds ingested, digested, absorbed, and circulated through the bloodstream to feed the cells of the body. Except in the unborn fetus, the digestive system is the first system involved in obtaining nutrition. In a typical adult, about seven liters of digestive juices enter the digestive tract.[citation needed] These break chemical bonds in ingested molecules, and modulate their conformations and energy states. Though some molecules are absorbed into the bloodstream...
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...so great. It turns out that the picture is more complicated than that. The digestive system handles all carbohydrates in much the same way—it breaks them down (or tries to break them down) into single sugar molecules, since only these are small enough to cross into the bloodstream. It also converts most digestible carbohydrates into glucose (also known as blood sugar), because cells are designed to use this as a universal energy source. Fiber is an exception. It is put together in such a way that it can’t be broken down into sugar molecules, and so it passes through the body undigested. Fiber comes in two varieties: soluble fiber dissolves in water, while insoluble fiber does not. Although neither type nourishes the body, they promote health in many ways. Soluble fiber binds to fatty substances in the intestines and carries them out as a waste, thus...
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...Chapter 10 – Nutrients, Physical Activity, and the Body’s Responses Chapter Learning Objectives 10.1 Discuss the short-term and long-term benefits of achieving cardiorespiratory fitness. 10.2 Explain how the fitness pyramid can be incorporated into anyone’s lifestyle. Suggest simple ways to increase activity level throughout the day. 10.3 Explain why it is important for an athlete to maintain blood glucose levels before, during, and after vigorous exercise. 10.4 Describe how an elite athlete’s body uses dietary protein during and after strenuous exercise. 10.5 Discuss which vitamins and minerals are essential for optimal athletic performance and why they are important. Discuss some reasons why female endurance athletes may be vulnerable to iron deficiency 10.6 Evaluate whether conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and other ergogenic aids are useful for obtaining an ideal body composition for sports. Comprehension-Level Multiple-Choice Items 1. Which of the following is not a component of fitness? a. flexibility b. muscle strength c. balance d. muscle endurance e. cardiorespiratory endurance 2. Which of the following enhances flexibility? a. weight training b. aerobic activity c. calisthenics d. stretching 3. Muscles respond to the overload...
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...forward............................................................................... 48 Annexure.................................................................................................. 66 Acknowledgements................................................................................ 76 Glossary....................................................................................................77 About FICCI..............................................................................................80 Foreword Ajit Singh Chairman- FICCI Task Force on Nutraceuticals Chairman- ACG Worldwide (formerly Associated Capsules Group) President- Health Foods and Dietary Supplements Association (HADSA) Dear reader, Nutraceuticals as they are called in industry parlance cover a basket of products from dietary supplements to probiotic and energy drinks to cholesterol and fat free foods among others. Increased discretionary spending, changing lifestyles and growing awareness among Indians about healthy living are accelerating the growth of this Industry. Despite the huge potential, India’s share, with reference to the global Nutraceuticals market is still minimal. FICCI is one of the apex...
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...Osteoporosis Author's Name Institutional Affiliation Osteoporosis Introduction Osteoporosis is a bone disease whereby the bone is prone to fracture. The name “osteoporosis”comes from a Greek word that means “ bone pore” (Rubenstein, et al 2007). What happens here is the bone mineral density (BMD) starts to reduce. The microarchitecture also reduces in the bone prompting the protein variety to be changed. WHO (1994) defines this condition as having a BMD of 2.5 standard deviation from the normal bone mass. Typically, there two types of osteoporosis namely: type 1 and type 2 .Type 1 osteoporosis mainly occurs in women after menopause. It is also referred to as “postmenopause osteoporosis”. Type 2 often happens after the age of 75. The latter affects men and women in the ratio of 1:2 respectively. There is also secondary osteoporosis which occurs in both men and women of all ages. This type of osteoporosis is rare as it is mostly as a result of lifestyle (Rubenstein, et al. 2007). Lifestyle change is key in the reduction of secondary osteoporosis (Calvert & Old, 2004). Diet change is essential in keeping the disease away. This entails a more healthy diet full of nutrients and loads of water. Exercise is also important but one has to keep in mind that the exercise regime has to be safe. By doing this one avoids fractures. History of Osteoporosis A biologist called Astley Cooper was the first to discover the existence of this condition. Nevertheless, Jean lobstein a...
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...Dietary Intake and Risk Factors for Poor Diet Quality Among Children in Nova Scotia Paul J. Veugelers, PhD1 Angela L. Fitzgerald, MSc, PDt2 Elizabeth Johnston, PhD, PDt, FDC3 ABSTRACT Objective: Public health policies promote healthy nutrition but evaluations of children’s adherence to dietary recommendations and studies of risk factors of poor nutrition are scarce, despite the importance of diet for the temporal increase in the prevalence of childhood obesity. Here we examine dietary intake and risk factors for poor diet quality among children in Nova Scotia to provide direction for health policies and prevention initiatives. Methods: In 2003, we surveyed 5,200 grade five students from 282 public schools in Nova Scotia, as well as their parents. We assessed students’ dietary intake (Harvard’s Youth Adolescent Food Frequency Questionnaire) and compared this with Canadian food group and nutrient recommendations. We summarized diet quality using the Diet Quality Index International, and used multilevel regression methods to evaluate potential child, parental and school risk factors for poor diet quality. Results: In Nova Scotia, 42.3% of children did not meet recommendations for milk products nor did they meet recommendations for the food groups ‘Vegetables and fruit’ (49.9%), ‘Grain products’ (54.4%) and ‘Meat and alternatives’ (73.7%). Children adequately met nutrient requirements with the exception of calcium and fibre, of which intakes were low, and dietary fat and sodium...
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...claims. According to one definition, fad diets claim to be scientific but do not follow the scientific method in establishing their validity. What is a fad diet? There are many different definitions of what a fad diet consists of. One definition is any weight loss plan that quickly gains popularity and may become unpopular just as quick. A more specific definition is any weight loss program or aid that promises to produce dramatic weight loss in a very short amount of time. Each type of fad diet varies in the amount of food that is restricted and what types of foods may be restricted. Are fad diets healthy? The basis of these diets is usually a very restricted diet that may even eliminate certain food groups all together. Research has shown that in order to obtain the amount of nutrients our body needs on a daily basis we must consume a balanced and varied diet. Fad diets do not allow consumers to eat a well-balanced diet in most cases which causes the lack of nutrients to the body. In particular, the diets that eliminate certain foods from a person’s diet completely put the person at risk for nutrient deficiencies. Many of the diet authors will suggest that consumers take daily supplements to make up for the lost nutrients; however supplements do not provide all the plant chemicals and nutrients that our bodies need to function properly. Another risk of these diets is that they produce rapid weight loss but do not teach the person about long-term weight management. There...
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...Vitamin From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A bottle of high potency B-complex vitamin supplement pills. A vitamin (US /ˈvaɪtəmɪn/ and UK /ˈvɪtəmɪn/) is an organic compound and a vital nutrient that an organism requires in limited amounts.[1] An organic chemical compound (or related set of compounds) is called a vitamin when the organism cannot synthesize the compound in sufficient quantities, and must be obtained through the diet; thus, the term "vitamin" is conditional upon the circumstances and the particular organism. For example, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is a vitamin for humans, but not for most other animal organisms. Supplementation is important for the treatment of certain health problems, but there is little evidence of nutritional benefit when used by otherwise healthy people.[2] By convention, the term vitamin includes neither other essential nutrients, such as dietary minerals, essential fatty acids, or essential amino acids (which are needed in amounts greater than are vitamins) nor the great number of other nutrients that promote health, and are required less often to maintain the health of the organism.[3] Thirteen vitamins are universally recognized at present. Vitamins are classified by their biological and chemical activity, not their structure. Thus, each "vitamin" refers to a number of vitamer compounds that all show the biological activity associated with a particular vitamin. Such a set of chemicals is grouped under an alphabetized vitamin "generic descriptor"...
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...Estimation of optimal serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for multiple health outcomes1–3 Heike A Bischoff-Ferrari, Edward Giovannucci, Walter C Willett, Thomas Dietrich, and Bess Dawson-Hughes Downloaded from ajcn.nutrition.org at UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO SCIENCE LIBRARY on September 23, 2012 ABSTRACT Recent evidence suggests that vitamin D intakes above current recommendations may be associated with better health outcomes. However, optimal serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] have not been defined. This review summarizes evidence from studies that evaluated thresholds for serum 25(OH)D concentrations in relation to bone mineral density (BMD), lowerextremity function, dental health, and risk of falls, fractures, and colorectal cancer. For all endpoints, the most advantageous serum concentrations of 25(OH)D begin at 75 nmol/L (30 ng/mL), and the best are between 90 and 100 nmol/L (36 – 40 ng/mL). In most persons, these concentrations could not be reached with the currently recommended intakes of 200 and 600 IU vitamin D/d for younger and older adults, respectively. A comparison of vitamin D intakes with achieved serum concentrations of 25(OH)D for the purpose of estimating optimal intakes led us to suggest that, for bone health in younger adults and all studied outcomes in older adults, an increase in the currently recommended intake of vitamin D is warranted. An intake for all adults of 1000 IU (40 g) vitamin D (cholecalciferol)/d is needed to bring vitamin...
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...Substances found in plant foods that are not essential nutrients but may have health-promoting properties are phytochemicals 2 Which is NOT an example of moderation in your diet and lifestyle? Going back for seconds on all dinner items, rather than just the item you like best 3 All of the following are macronutrients except vitamins 4 All of the following are macronutrients lipids carbohydrates protein 5 Which of the following statements about proteins is false? Proteins are made of amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. 6 following statements about proteins are true Proteins differ based on the combinations of amino acids used in each type of protein. Proteins are composed of amino acids. Dietary protein from animal sources better matches the amino acid needs of humans compared to dietary protein derived from plants sources. 7 If you know you are going to order dessert at dinner tonight, which of these choices would illustrate the concept of balancing your choices? Choosing a salad with fat-free salad dressing for lunch 8 With the exception of _______, all the classes of nutrients are involved in forming and maintaining the body’s structure. vitamins 9 Gram per gram, ______ provide the most kcalories. lipids 10 A deficient intake of _______ is known to produce osteoporosis. calcium 11 Some nutrient deficiencies occur quickly, whereas others take more time to develop. Which of the following nutrient deficiencies are listed in the order...
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...among High School Students Chapter One Introduction of the Study Chapter one is divided into five parts: (1) Background and Theoretical Framework of the Study, (2) Statement of the Problem and Hypothesis, (3) Significance of the Study, (4) Definition of Terms, and (5) Delimitation of the Study. Part One, Background and Theoretical Framework of the Study, presents the rationale and the reasons why the study is being conducted. Likewise, it describes the theoretical basis of the study as well as the conceptual framework. Part Two, Statement of the Problem and Hypothesis, describes the general goal of the study and the specific questions to be answered in the study with corresponding hypothesis to be tested. Part Three, Significance of the Study, enumerates the different beneficiaries and corresponding benefits that they can derive from the results of the study. Part Four, Definition of Terms, lists alphabetically technical terms used in this study. These terms are defined conceptually and operationally. Part Five, Delimitation of the Study, identifies the scopes and limitations encountered during the conduct of the study. It identifies the variables, the subjects, research designs and statistical analysis procedures used in the study. Likewise, it specifies the location and time of the conduct of the study. Background and Theoretical Framework of the Study Soft drinks and sodas could damage a person. Every person must remember and know that it has a lot...
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...believed that certain foods can increase the risk for developing this urinary disorder. Changes in dietary lifestyles have been shown to help prevent the recurrence of kidney stones. During the acute phase of kidney stones, patients may experience certain symptoms such as painful urination, blood in their urine, or have sharp pains in their lower back, flank area, or lower abdomen. In order to diagnose kidney...
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