...Esteban Salazar Professor Lucker HSCS-3302 April 11, 2016 Kidney stones Kidney stones have plagued men throughout recorded history; the problem has even been “diagnosed” in Egyptian mummies that date back some 7,000 years1. At present, kidney stones have sent most three million Americans to the doctor each year, including 500,000 trips to emergency rooms1. Men are more likely to form stones than women at the ages of 20-50, with a peak of 30, but the ones that are in higher risk are those who already suffered from a stone and have a 50 % chance of forming more stones later in life1. Caucasian males are affected more commonly than African-American males, although African-American males have a higher incidence of associated infection with kidney stones whereas females of all races have been noted to have a higher incidence of hydronephrosis2. There are causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic procedures and treatments, and preventions strategies for kidney stones. Causes of Kidney stones Kidney stones, also known as renal calculi, are commonly composed of calcium (75%), struvite (15%), uric acid (6%) and cysteine (2%)2. Kidney stones are prevalent in hot climates, and it effects about 10% of people over their lifetime3. Kidney stones arise in the kidney when urine becomes supersaturated with a salt that is capable of forming solid crystals2. Although the urine may look like a simple fluid, it’s actually a complex liquid that contains hundreds of chemicals and minerals1...
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...people go to emergency rooms for kidney stone problems. It is thought that one in ten people will have a kidney stone at some time in their lives. The number of people in the United States with kidney stones has been increasing over the past 30 years. In the late 1970s, less than 4% of the population had kidney stones; by the early 1990s, more than 5%. The rates are continuing to increase. The peak age for stones is between 20 years and 50 years. White Americans are more prone to develop kidney stones than African Americans, and men are much more likely to develop stones than women. Other disease like high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, osteoporosis, chronic diarrhea, or kidney cyst might increase the risk of stones. Diabetes increases the risk of developing kidney stones, especially in younger women. Only about 25% of kidney stones occur in people with a family history of stones (Finkelstein, 2006). A kidney stone is a solid mass made up of tiny crystal. One or more stones can be in the kidney or ureter at the same time. Kidney stones can form when urine contains too much of certain substances. These substances can create small crystals that become stones (Cameron, 2007). The biggest risk factor for kidney stones is dehydration. Kidney stone are common. A person who has had kidney stones often gets them again in the future. Some types of stones tend to run in families. Certain kinds of stones can occur with bowel disease, ileal bypass for obesity, or renal...
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...Kidney Stones This is a research paper on Kidney Stones, also called nephrolithiasis. Kidney Stones are apart and family of the Excretory system. This can happen to anyone and may or may not affect you or your loved ones one day. This may be deadly for some people so I am here to inform you of ways to treat it and avoid it in any possible way. Anything helps when you are desperate with painful stones in your body. There are certain ways to get kidney stones and certain ways to treat them as well. They are treatable. This is not something you have to live with your whole life living in when having quick access to medical treatment. Kidney stones is a painful disease to have. Sometimes the stone is too big to pass so they have to break it up...
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...Urolithiasis: Renal Stones DEFINITION * Nephrolithiasis refers to renal stone disease; urolithiasis refers to the presence of stones in the urinary system. Stones, or calculi, are formed in the urinary tract from the kidney to bladder by the crystallization of substances excreted in the urine 1. Urinary calculi are stones in urinary tract * a. Nephrolithiasis: stones form in kidneys * b. Urolithiasis: stones form in urinary tract outside kidneys 2. Highest incidence in * 3. Males more often affected than females (4:1) * 4. Most common in young and middle adults B. Risk factors * 1. Majority of stones are idiopathic (no demonstrable cause) * 2. Prior personal or family history of urinary calculi * 3. Dehydration: increased urine concentration * 4. Immobility * 5. Excess dietary intake of calcium, oxalate, protein * 6. Gout, hyperparathyroidism, urinary stasis, repeated UTI infection ETIOLOGY * METABOLIC * LIFESTYLE * GENETIC FACTORS * DRUGS * OTHERS RISK FACTORS * IMMOBILITY * SEDENTARY LIFE STYLE * DEHYDRATION * METABOLIC DISTURBANCES * HISTORY OF RENAL CALCULI RISK FACTORS * HIGH MINERAL CONTENT IN DRINKING WATER * DIETARY INTAKE * UTI & H/O FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION * PROLONGED INDWELLING CATHETERISATION * NEUROGENIC BLADDER Development and location of calculi within the urinary tract Pathophysiology 1. Factors leading to lithiasis include...
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...D: 00147829 | 1/15/2016 | This assignment is being submitted January 15, 2016 for Dr. Leyland Lucas’s ENTR.664 Entrepreneurship course being offered in Winter 2016 | 1. Discuss the process that Sarah Foster and her partners have gone through to bring to market their medical device. How might they have avoided some of the pitfalls they have encountered? Even though Sarah Foster and her partner have done an awesome job in coming up with a great product it is however important to get advice and guidance from a professionals in that field in the case we find Sarah and her partner virtually stumbled upon the idea from testing and when they found out that the product could do more in the sense that the baskets could hold the kidney stones rather than just ease urine passage. The importance of involving experts in the project will give them a specialized point of view; provide wealth of experience from past tests and in a sense cut out errors that can cause broader complications in humans testing and ensure that it’s fit for use in the market. Another benefit proper endorsement which will enable Sarah foster can have a product that is endorsed by the national association of urologists or general doctors thereby enabling the product gets greater publicity or increased acceptance. In products testing and problem resolution Sarah and her partner only conducted tests on pigs believing that the pig’s excretory system will function like the excretory system of a human being...
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...Lithotripsy – treatment for your kidney stones This information sheet has been given to you to help answer some of the questions you might have about having lithotripsy to treat your kidney stones. If you have any questions or concerns, please do not hesitate to speak with your doctor or nurse. What is lithotripsy? Lithotripsy comes from the Greek words ‘lithos’ and ‘tripsis’ and literally means ‘stone breaking’. The procedure uses shock waves to break your kidney stones into small sand-like particles that can then pass out of your body through your urine. Why do I need this procedure? Your doctor has found that you have a stone or group of stones in your kidney or ureter (tube that links the kidney with the bladder). Kidney stones can be painful and can cause infection or blood in your urine. If nothing is done to remove them, they may continue to grow and could damage your kidney or block your ureter....
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...Gout Gout is painful swelling that can occur in some of your joints. Gout is a type of arthritis. This condition is caused by having too much uric acid in your body. Uric acid is a chemical that forms when your body breaks down substances called purines. Purines are important for building body proteins. When your body has too much uric acid, it can form sharp crystals that build up inside your joints. This causes pain and swelling. Gout attacks can happen quickly and be very painful (acute gout). Over time, the attacks can affect more joints and become more frequent (chronic gout). Gout can also cause uric acid to build up under your skin and inside your kidneys. CAUSES Gout is caused by too much uric acid in your blood. This can occur...
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...Kidney stones are hard lumps of crystals that form in the kidneys and cause severe pain. They are more common in the everyday working adults than they are in the elderly but can occur at any point in life. Kidney stones are typically more common in men but are increasing in women without a known cause. Nearly 75% of kidney stones are composed of calcium oxalate, and 10-12% are composed of uric acid. Stones can be smooth or rough. Not only are kidney stones incredibly painful, and can also lead to multiple problems, such as urinary tract infections or kidney infections. It is is critical to know the symptoms, treatments, and how to prevent them. The kidneys are bean-shaped organs on each side of our spine that maintain stable volume, electrolyte...
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...The Functions of Kidneys Kidneys perform many functions essential to the bodies functioning. The strain that is put on kidneys opens them up to many problems that can occur. Childhood sicknesses can result in failure of the kidneys to perform dialysis in later years of a person's life. Also, excessive minerals in the blood stream can cause kidney stones, which are very painful. Kidneys perform the basic functions of removing water and waste from the bloodstream, this process is called dialysis. After removing the water and waste from the bloodstream, it excretes them through the urine. The kidney's jobs never ends, whenever you take a drink of water or take a bite of food it will pass through the kidneys and the kidneys will filter out the unneeded particles in the bloodstream ("Body's own filter material replaces kidneys," 171). Childhood sicknesses can scar the kidneys. These scars can slowly deteriorate the kidneys until they cannot function correctly. There is no way anyone can repair the scarring of the kidneys, and it is just a matter of time before they cease to function. Lee Foster, an editor for Reader's Digest, had a childhood sickness and his kidneys eventually scarred over. He now has no use of his kidneys. He has dialysis three times a week for five hours. Before he went on dialysis he was very anemic and could not take twenty steps without resting (Lee, 99). Excessive minerals in the bloodstream can also cause problems. One of these problems that it...
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...Causes for stones in kidney and how to treat the kidney stones - The cause of kidney stone and its cure Kidney stones / kidney stones are very painful if they are not properly treated at the right time. It can also damage your system. Kidney stone is formed by calcium oxalate compound, which is considered to be stored in the mineral's kidney. The function of kidney is to remove impurity from the blood as urine. In the problem of kidney stones, molted minerales, which are present in urine, together form a big stone in the kidney, which does not come out easily by urine and hence the blockage is generated. When a kidney stone / kidney stone is produced then the person does not know that they suffer when the blockage is generated. Extraction...
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...CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE Helen T. Ocdol, MD, FPCP, FPSN Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a dreaded condition . CKD includes a continuum of kidney dysfunction from mild kidney damage to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Chronic renal disease is interchangeably used for CKD but to be unifom in usage, we will use the term Chronic Kidney Disease or CKD. In the U.S., there are 20 million adults who have chronic disease and over 400,000 persons have ESRD and require dialytic or transplantation therapy. In the Philippines, annually we have about 6,ooo patients started on dialysis most of which are caused by diabetis mellitus. Complications of this condition have also made this the 9th cause of death in our country. This is how important this disease entity has become over the last decade. Each of us has 2 kidneys, one on each side of our flanks. Chronic kidney disease is a permanent damage to both kidneys that persists for at least 3 months. If the kidney damage is temporary and has occurred less than 3 months, this is referred to as acute kidney or renal failure. Acuteness does not refer to the severity of the condition, but to a recent and temporary event, therefore, almost always reversible. Chronicity implies long-term event that is permanent and irreversible. This is probably why most patients fear to hear that they have kidney disease and would need dialysis. CKD has five (5) stages based on the kidney function as estimated by the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).The best overall...
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...Chronic renal failure, or chronic kidney failure, is a very serious and life-threatening disease for those who suffer from it. About 31 million people in the U.S. have this disease among the ages of 40-60, and it’s the 9th leading cause of death in the United States. This disease greatly affects the kidneys and the entire body, and it goes unnoticed. Description of case Chronic renal failure, or chronic kidney failure is described as the gradual loss of the kidney’s function to filter wastes and excess fluids from the blood. Without this function, wastes and fluid continues to build up in your body causing complications. During the beginning of the disease, only a few signs and symptoms are present, but the disease doesn’t become...
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...Chronic Kidney Disease Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the reduction in kidney function over time. Kidneys remove waste and fluids from the blood by way of urine. CKD is measured in stages, the most advanced can cause a buildup of fluids, electrolytes and waste in the body and eventually death. This purpose of this paper is to describe CKD, its presentation, diagnosis and treatment options and discuss what effect patient factors may have. Clinical Presentation In most cases, chronic kidney disease is asymptomatic. When symptoms are present they are generally nonspecific. Detection is usually the result of investigation driven by clinical suspicion. High risk patients are routinely screened for renal failure. Screening is conducted in hospitals, routinely on acutely ill patients, patients with abnormal imaging results such as stones, primary care, patients with co-diseases like hypertension or diabetes and those with family history. By the time CKD shows symptoms the kidney function is already impaired. When symptoms are present they may include: nausea, vomiting, fatigue,...
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...onset. i. ___________ and protein may stay in the urine for months. j. Teach S/S of_________________________. • Malaise, headache, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, decreased output, weight gain. B. Nephrotic Syndrome: 1. Pathophysiology: It’s an inflammatory response in the ________________→ big holes form so protein starts leaking out in the urine (what do we call this? ______________)→ Now the client is hypoalbuminemic (low albumin in the blood)→ without albumin you can’t hold on to fluid in the vascular space→ so where does all the fluid in the vascular space go? ___________________→ Now the client is edematous→ since all the fluid is going out into the tissue what has happened to the circulating blood volume?________→ The kidneys sense this decreased volume and they want to help replace it→ The renin-angiotensin system kicks...
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...Long-term Impact of Lifestyle on Kidneys -- Not Just the Heart Alex R. Chang, MD Authors and Disclosures Posted: 05/17/2011 * Print This * Share | | Hi. This is Dr. Alex Chang from Loyola University Medical Center, Department of Nephrology. I'm here at the National Kidney Foundation meeting presenting Lifestyle Behaviors and Incident Chronic Kidney Disease.[1] The premise for our study was that, as everybody knows, the obesity rates in America have gone up drastically. Nearly one-third of adults in the United States are obese. Nearly one-sixth of children are obese. These increasing rates of obesity are also paralleled by increasing rates of hypertension and diabetes as well. It seems logical that these increasing rates will also affect kidney disease. Our study was designed to look at young adults aged 18 to 30 years, from the CARDIA [Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults] study.[2] The CARDIA study is a longitudinal study. It started in 1985-1986, looking at young adults who were free of diseases. Essentially, they have had up to 25 years of follow-up at this point. In this cohort, we decided to look at lifestyle behaviors and the risk for incident chronic kidney disease. The lifestyle behaviors that we examined were smoking, obesity, diet, and physical activity. We created a diet score using methods similar to those that other researchers have used based on the DASH [Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension] diet. This diet was used in the...
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