...be seen all over the globe, but the most striking examples are that the annual amount of insolation in the Arctic region, located 66° north of the equator, is 75 W/m2 however it is 275 W/m2 in Egypt, located 26° north of the equator. Latitude holds such a large effect on insolation because a variation in latitude means variations in the altitude of the sun. Altitude of the sun affects insolation because as the angle of the sun in the sky decreases and becomes more oblique, the land area to be heated up by the rays and the depth of atmosphere they must travel through increase. Therefore the amount of insolation lost through absorption, scattering and reflection increases. Areas in lower latitudes have higher temperatures than those in higher latitudes, because the sun is at a higher angle of incidence. One might expect the highest amount of insolation to be found on land directly below the equator, due to the sun’s highest angle of incidence being located here, meaning the equator receives more energy as solar radiation strikes the Earth head-on. However, as a...
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...Climate Technologies The Climate Technologies segment supplies compressors, temperature sensors and controls, thermostats, flow controls and remote monitoring technology and services to all areas of the climate control industry, including residential heating and cooling, commercial air conditioning, commercial and industrial refrigeration and marine controls. 2015 vs. 2014 - Sales for Climate Technologies were $4.0 billion in 2015, a decrease of $98 million, or over 2 percent due to unfavorable foreign currency translation ($112 million). Underlying sales were up slightly ($14 million) as an increase in the global refrigeration business was essentially offset by a decrease in air conditioning. The temperature controls and sensors businesses were flat. Air conditioning sales in the U.S., Europe and China decreased while the rest of the world had strong growth. Global refrigeration was up modestly with growth in the U.S. and Asia and weakness in Europe. Overall, underlying sales were flat in the U.S., down 2 percent in Asia (China down 12 percent) and decreased 1 percent in Europe. Latin America was down 4 percent, Middle East/Africa was up 26 percent and Canada increased 13 percent. Earnings of $698 million decreased $39 million and margin declined 0.5 percentage points primarily due to unfavorable mix. Growth investments, and higher rationalization and unfavorable foreign currency transactions of $6 million each, were more than offset by cost reduction savings. Global demand...
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...conclusion as to the ultimate determining factor. The climate or average weather conditions in Britain for a protracted period of time can be classified as ‘Temperature Maritime’. This is the climate typical of the west coasts at middle latitudes of most continents, and generally features warm summers and cool winters, with a relatively narrow annual temperature range. In 2014, the UK mean temperature for summer was 14.8°C and in the winter the mean temperature was 5.2°C. In the UK, the average rainfall in the lowlands is a lot lower than the average rainfall in the highlands. the overall total rainfall for 2014 was 1300mm, 113% of the 1981-2010 average. Highland Britain, lies north of Tees-exe line, is usually colder, in both winter and summer than lowland Britain Manchester is located in highland Britain and is much colder than Brighton, which is located in lowland Britain. The mean maximum temperature in summer between 1981 and 2010 in the UK’s lowlands was 20°C, and the minimum mean temperature was 11°C. In the highlands however, the mean maximum temperature was 15°C and the mean minimum temperature was 8-9°C. in the summer, it was the coldest in the Scottish midlands with a temperature of 5°C. These 4 sets of data show that over a 29 year period, there has been a significant difference in the temperatures of highland and lowland Britain. Precipitate, both rain and snow. is much greater in highland Britain than lowland Britain. Cardiff is known as Britain’s wettest...
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...Do the arrows show that material transported by the water will curve to the right or to the left as it approaches the shoreline? B) It will curve to the left 7. As the waves approach from the southwest, will the long shore drift in this figure be east-to-west or west-to-east? B) The long shore drift will move from west to east 8. Does the wave energy diverge or converge at embayments? What about at headlands? C) wave energy diverges at embayment and converges at headlands 9. Judging by the divergence or convergence of wave energy, are embayments areas of erosion or deposition? What about headlands? D) Embayments are areas areas of deposition and headlands are areas of...
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...strong impact on its popular culture and architecture. Approach – The approach is to examine how the flow of knowledge affected urban design and architecture before the emergence of rampant globalisation. The changes in Bushehr are interpreted in the light of Deleuze and Guattari’s rhizomatic view of knowledge as being unstructured, cross-disciplinary and serendipitous. For example, it is suggested that the encroachment of modernist architecture has not completely destroyed the rhizomatic nature of Bushehr because the ‘asignifying rupture’ ensures that the city continues to grow and develop along new and existing lines. The position of Bushehr as a trading port and information hub led to its adopting architectural styles from east Africa, the hinterland of Iran...
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...AS GEOGRAPHY UNIT 1 WORLD AT RISK WORLD AT RISK GLOBAL HAZARDS Hazard – Potential threat to human life or property Natural Hazards – Caused by natural processes e.g. lava flow from volcanic eruption Hydro-meteorological Hazards – Caused by climatic processes (droughts, floods, tropical cyclones and storms Geophysical Hazards – Caused by land processes (volcanic eruptions, earthquakes) Disaster – When a hazard seriously affects humans Risk – Likelihood that humans will be seriously affected by a hazard Vulnerability – How susceptible a population is to the damage caused by a hazard. Disaster Risk Equation Risk (R) – Hazards (H) * Vulnerability (V) / Capacity to Cope (C) Risk increases if: * Frequency or severity of hazards increase * People vulnerability increase * Capacity to cope decreases (Capacity to cope is the ability to deal with the consequences of a hazard) e.g. people in remote areas are further from help in central areas, so have lower capacity to cope) * Global Warming – greatest global hazard * Recent increase in average global temp – climate change * Causes other types of climate change * Context hazard – global in scale (affects all parts of environment) – potential to trigger other hazards or make them worse * Chronic Hazard (Long term) * People who aren’t causing the problem are mostly affected * Difficult to find solutions * Hydro-meteorological hazards becoming more frequent ...
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...yet is surrounded by sea. These locational characteristics mean that the UK is subject to weather determined by five major air masses travelling from all different directions over both the sea, and the land. Air masses are bodies of air which pick up the characteristics of the area that they have come from in terms of the temperature, moisture content and pressure. The air masses which play the biggest role in determining the weather in the UK are the Polar and Tropical maritime air masses. These come to the UK from over the Atlantic Ocean and are thought to influence up to 80% of the weather that we receive. The first of these is the Tropical continental air mass which travels over the Atlantic Ocean from the south west of the UK. During the winter, when we are affected by this particular air mass, we can expect conditions to be relatively mild and often rainy. This is due to the fact that this maritime air mass travels to the UK over sea therefore gradually warming and picking up moisture on its way. Stratus clouds are often found therefore indicating reduced visibility and sometimes fog around coastal areas. Throughout the summer however, temperatures are warmer and winds are moderate. Despite the fact that the lower layers of the mass tend to be stable as a result of its passage over cooler waters, when it’s forced to rise over hills,...
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...by Stephen Oppenheimer In all our cells we have genes. Genes are made up of DNA, the string-like code of life that determines what we are, from our fingernails to our innate potential for playing the piano. By analysing genes, we can trace the geographic route taken by our ancestors back to an ultimate birthplace in Africa, at the dawn of our species. Further, if we take any two individuals and compare their genes, we will find that they share a more recent ancestor - living, in all probability, outside Africa. What is more, I believe that we can now prove where those ancestors lived and when they left their homelands. This remarkable proof has become fully possible only within the last decade, as a result of pioneering work by a number of people. Many of us have wondered what we would find if we could perhaps board a time machine and travel back through the generations of our ancestors. Where would it take us? Would we find ourselves to be distantly related to some famous or notorious person? How many generations would we pass through before we arrived at the first humans? Does our line continue back to monkeys, and beyond to worms and single-celled creatures, as Darwin maintained? We know from dry biology lessons at school that this ought to be so, but as with the uncertainty of what happens to us after we die, it is hard to fully grasp. We are now so used to the pace of technical advances that the sense of wonder fades with each new one. Yet, until very recently,...
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...distribution of fresh water is uneven, leading to a ‘water gap’. Water stress is when demand for water exceeds supply, and is quickly becoming a global issue. Water scarcity is a more extreme version of water stress. Physical water scarcity is when a country is utilising more than 75% of the water available to them. Some countries suffer from economic water scarcity. This is when a country is using less than 25% of the water available to them. Greater demand for water than supply of water can cause physical water scarcity because there simply isn’t enough water in specific locations such as North Africa, middle east, California and south east Australia. Places which don’t suffer from physical water scarcity are places such as western Europe, Scandinavia and Canada. Physical water scarcity is caused by a variety of factors. Demand is outstripping supply because there is a higher population now than 100 years ago. In the last 100 years population has almost quadrupled in size. Increased population growth also means a larger supply for food and agriculture. Californias population is at 37.7 million, containing the megacity of los angeles. The drought from 2000 to 2007 caused major food shortages. In 2008 the government lmitied purchases of flour, rice, and cooking oil as demand outstrips supply on the west coast. Economic growth has also increased the demand. Countries require water for economic growth. Economic growth also brings infrastructure, which attracts people, adding...
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...gradient force and Coriolis forces. * When forces balance, air moves at right angles to the pressure gradient, parallel to the isobars, as the geostrophic wind * Winds that move bulk of our air mass around the planet * Heavy lifting of moving heat Global Circulation at Upper Levels * General pattern global circulation at upper levels * Bands of equatorial easterly winds (result of downward air) * Bring air into the equator * Found at higher latitudes * Tropical high-pressure belts * Zone of westerly winds – come from est and blow to east * Polar lows * Lack of land mass and lack of friction fast winds speeds in southern hemisphere Jet Streams and the Polar Front * Jet streams are streams of fast-moving air at high altitudes that occur where atmospheric temperature gradients are strong * Each hemisphere normally exhibits westerly polar and subtropical jet streams. * An easterly jet occurs in summer over Asia and Africa * Polar jet located between 35 and 65 latitude in both hemispheres * Boundary between cold polar air and warm subtropical air * Altitudes of 10 to 12 km (about 30,000 to 40,000 ft) Disturbances in the Jet Stream * Broad wavelike undulations called Jetstream disturbances or Rossby waves * Occurs from heating and cooling * The flow of...
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...Airmass : Meaning and Characteristics “An air mass may be defined as a large body of air whose physical properties, especially temperature, moisture content, and lapse rate, are more or less uniform horizontally for hundreds of kilometres.” According to A N Strahler and A. H. Strahler: “a body of air in which the upward gradients of temperature and moisture are fairly uniform over a large area is known as an air mass.” * An air mass may be so extensive that it may cover a large portion of a continent and it may be so thick in vertical dimension that it may vertically extend through the troposphere. An air mass is designated as cold air mass when its temperature is lower than the underlying surface while an air mass is termed warm air mass when its temperature is higher than the underlying surface. * The boundary between two different air masses is called front. Source Regions * The extensive areas over which air masses originate or form are called surface regions whose nature and properties largely determine the temperature and moisture characteristics of air masses. * An ideal source region of air mass must possess the following essential conditions: * There must be extensive and homogenous earth's surface so that it may possess uniform temperature and moisture conditions * There should not be convergence of air; rather there should be divergence of air flow so that the air may attain the physical properties of the region...
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...Tropical Rainforest are home to over half of the world's species, all squeezed into a narrow strip of equatorial land. The tropical rainforest is a forest of tall trees in a region of year-round warmth. The temperature rarely gets higher than 90 F or drops lower than 68 F. It has high humidity averaging between 75 and 90%, and rainfall is often more than 100 inches a year. Almost all rainforest lie near the equator, with the world’s largest tropical rainforest located in South America, Africa and Southeast Asia. The combination of warmth, humidity and moisture makes the tropical rainforest a suitable environment for many plants, trees and animals. It’s also an ideal environment for bacteria and other micro-organisms. Scientist have...
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...Features-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------pg. 5 Gulf Stream function------------------------------------------------------------------------------------pg. 6 Influence in the dissemination of seeds & fruits----------------------------------------------------pg.7 Upwelling zone------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------pg. 7 Conclusion------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------pg7-8 References------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------pg. 9 Abstract The Gulf Stream is one of the most significant and influential currents in the world. It changes in temperature over the ocean, varying climate conditions and typical weather of the North Atlantic area. It extends from Florida to the coast of Nova Scotia, moving a hundred miles in a day. This boundary also changes physical and chemical properties of the ocean water. It reaches a depth of up to 2 kilometers. Also,...
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...SOUTH AFRICA 756 SOUTH AFRICA SOUTH AFRICA 1. GENERAL INFORMATION 1.1. General Overview The Republic of South Africa occupies the southernmost part of the African continent (see Figure 1), stretching latitudinally from 22° to 35° S and longitudinally from 17° to 33° E. Its surface area is 1 219 090 km². It has common boundaries with the republics of Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe, while the Republic of Mozambique and the Kingdom of Swaziland lie to the northeast (Figure 2). Completely enclosed by South African territory in the southeast is the mountain Kingdom of Lesotho. FIG. 1. African Continent To the west, south and east, South Africa borders on the Atlantic and southern Indian oceans. Isolated, 1 920 km southeast of Cape Town in the Atlantic, lie Prince Edward and Marion islands, which became part of South Africa in 1947. South Africa has a lengthy coastline of about 3 000 km. This coastline is swept by two major ocean currents – the warm south-flowing Mozambique-Agulhas current and the cold Benguela. The SOUTH AFRICA 757 former skirts the east and south coasts as far as Cape Agulhas while the Benguela current flows northwards along the west coast as far as southern Angola. The contrast in temperature between these two currents partly accounts for important differences in climate and vegetation between the east and west coasts of South Africa. It also causes big differences in marine life, the cold waters of the west coast being much richer in oxygen...
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...APPLYING THE DRYING CURVE TO YOUR DRYING PROCESS Darren A. Traub A Mass Drying Rate / Temperature s I explained in my coluct increases from the feed temperaAs the drying process proceeds umn last month, the initure (most commonly ambient temperthrough to the falling rate period, the tial and constant drying atures) to approximately the wet bulb moisture content progressively rates may affect the temperature during the constant rate reduces and the rate of moisfalling rate ture removal decreases FIGURE 1. TYPICAL DRYING CURVE and offer benefits or markedly. The product advantages as well as limitemperature starts to Inlet Temperature tations. Most commonly, increase more rapidly Co the elapsed time for this because the effects of -Cu rren r tD rye falling rate period is freevaporative cooling are rye tD T Counter r ren Cur quently directly dependreduced. As a result, Drying Rate tern Cou ent on the drying criteria temperature-sensitive Exhaust Temperature achieved during the conproducts become in danT Counter Exhaust stant rate period. That is, ger of thermal degradaTemperature if materials are dried raption. The falling rate Product idly in the high moisture period is dependent on Temperature % Mo range, they may continue the desired final moisture isture to dry relatively quickly in content and is typically Initial Constant Rate Falling Rate the low moisture range. longer than the constant Period Period ...
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