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Historic View of Turkish-German Relations

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HISTORIA
La historia entre estas dos naciones, lleva siglos de existir, sin embargo no fue hasta después de la segunda guerra mundial que se hizo oficial. Este año se celebran los 50 años de la llegada de los migrantes turcos a Alemania.
Alemania ha estado en contacto con los turcos desde los siglos XVII Y XVIII, cuando los Turcos Otomanos intentaron ampliar su territorio. Al término de estos conflictos fueron muchos los turcos musulmanes que se quedaron en Alemania para convertirse en residentes de este país. Como fueron transcurriendo los años, se hizo necesario construir un cementerio turco/musulmán en Berlín. Poco a poco se tenía mayor comunicación entre los Estados Otomanos y Alemania.
Después se incrementó la llegada de turcos por los difíciles momentos que se estaban pasando allá a causa del desempleo masivo. Desde la década de 1960 se inició la inmigración de trabajadores debido a la demanda de trabajo que existía en el noroeste de Europa. Pero ahora se crea el Muro de Berlín en 1961llevando a Alemania a una crisis laboral por la restricción de inmigrantes de Alemania del Este. Turquía tiene problemas con la creación de este muro ya que sus trabajadores no se pueden mover fácilmente. No había como solucionar estos problemas hasta que el Departamento de Asuntos Exteriores Alemán llegó a negociaciones con Turquía.
Gracias a estas negociaciones que se logró el 31 de octubre de 1961 un total de 7,000 turcos emigraron a Alemania como trabajadores invitados. Los turcos tenían en mente el hecho de solo ganar dinero para posteriormente regresar a Turquía y construir una mejor vida. Alemania se estaba dando cuenta que ya eran muchísimos turcos en su país y debía de hacer algo. Intentaron ofreciendo bonos económicos a los turcos que se regresaras a su patria, pero solo muy pocos lo hicieron.
Posteriormente se vino la caída del Muro de Berlín en 1989 lo cual produjo la reunificación de Alemania Oriental y Occidental. A causa de este suceso se empieza a hablar sobre la identidad nacional y la ciudadanía, preocupándose por la pérdida de ella por la existencia de tantos turcos. En este tiempo todavía no existen leyes de ciudadanía que establezcan la elegibilidad de acuerdo con su lugar de nacimiento. Sin embargo, un gran número de turcos han optado por la nacionalidad alemana y tienen mayor participación.
Los turcos pasaron puras muchas discriminaciones como el que hubiera letreros en cafés que decían “No se admiten turcos”. La población turca carecía de lugares donde reunirse después de las horas de trabajo. Varios años después consiguieron el permiso para abrir locales como las “Kahvehanes” y cafeterías.
Turquía sufrió un terremoto en 1999, en el cual se ofrecieron varios países europeos a ofrecer ayuda con la inmigración. El ministro alemán Joschka Fischer comento que algunas víctimas turcas del terremoto podrían obtener visas para entrar en Alemania más rápidamente. Muchos critican al gobierno Alemán por no reconocer las grandes contribuciones que han llevado los turcos. Es por esto que Turquía le pide apoyo a Alemania para ser parte de la Unión Europea al estar conscientes de los beneficios que se obtienen siendo parte.
Alemania tiene una baja tasa de natalidad, lo cual convierte a la inmigración extranjera bienvenida. El Estado tiene que trabajar para que no se pierda la población natural alemana. Actualmente la integración exitosa de inmigrantes extranjeros que viven en territorios alemanes son los que llevan a un mejor futuro. El número de turcos supera al total de extranjeros procedentes de la Unión Europea y triplica al segundo grupo de extranjeros, el de los yugoslavos. A pesar de las dimensiones, los turcos que son la comunidad más numerosa son discriminados por las reformas migratorias. Desde el 2000, los hijos de inmigrantes que nacen en Alemania son reconocidos como ciudadanos. Un gran problema que se tiene es que han perdido un poco de su identidad como lo es el que no hablen todos su propio idioma. Algunos líderes políticos turcos les dicen a los inmigrantes que deberían aprender la lengua turca ante que alemán. Consideramos que es necesario saber tu idioma de origen pero también es de suma importancia saber el idioma de residencia. Recientemente, una escuela de Wedding1 ha dicho que organizará clases al 50% entre alemanes y no alemanes. La idea de esta escuela trajo muchas controversias, ya que
1 Localidad ubicada en Berlín muchos padres prefirieron sacar a sus hijos por el miedo de que “se quedaran retrasados o fueran marginados”. Con este ejemplo podemos observar claramente lo difícil que todavía es convivir con otra cultura. Aunque se han mejorado las relaciones entre turcos y alemanes todavía no se logra definitivamente. Actualmente la cultura turca se está haciendo escuchar más a base de manifestaciones o hasta por parte del primer ministro turco Recep Tayyip Erdogan. Durante una visita a Alemania propuso abrir colegios turcos en tierras alemanas con profesores de Turquía. En otra ocasión menciono el que no deben de adaptarse demasiado a Alemania asegurando que “la asimilación es un crimen contra la humanidad”. Estas declaraciones provocaron grandes replicas en el ámbito político, el cual considero inadecuadas sus palabras. Muchas otras declaraciones se han dado como “La integración presupone, naturalmente, que también existe una predisposición a compenetrarse con la forma de vida de un determinado país en el que se vive ya por cuarta, quinta o sexta generación”, señaló la canciller Angela Merkel2. Ella comento que no significa que no puedan tener su propia cultura pero le deben una gran lealtad al Estado alemán. Otro político Turco , Lale Akgün, considera que no se le da a los hijos de inmigrantes nacidos en Alemania la sensación de que ésta es su patria. Alemania al saber que cada vez los turcos forman gran parte de su Estado ha realizado algunas mejoras. En el 2000, Alemania cambió sus leyes para que la naturalización sea más fácil. Se han logrado cambios políticos como lo es en el que en un partido político este a cargo de Cem Özdemi3. Los políticos tienen que reconocer las grandes contribuciones que hacen los inmigrantes turcos para la economía 2 Angela Dorothea Merkel, es una política alemana, canciller de su país desde 2005. 3 Legislador de origen turco en el Parlamento de Alemania en 1994 de Alemania. Los turcos se han convertido parte del país alemán.

• Böer, Ingeborg; Haerkötter, Ruth; Kappert, Petra; Adatepe, Sabine (2002), Türken in Berlin 1871-1945: eine Metropole in den Erinnerungen osmanischer und türkischer Zeitzeugen, Walter de Gruyter
• Duvier, Janine (2009), Immigration and Integration in Germany and England], http://www.lse.ac.uk/: London School of Economics
• Gülçiçek, Ali Riza (2006), The Turkish presence in Europe: Migrant Workers and New European Citizens, http://assembly.coe.int/: Parliamentary Assembly
• Raesfeld, Lydia y Bertels, Ursula (2007) Multiculturalidad y educación intercultural en la Europa actual. El caso de Alemania. En Entre lo emergente y lo posible” Desafíos compartidos en la investigación educativa, Mexico Pp. 255-279

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