...War of Independence 1857 and the Role of Urdu and Persian Newspapers Dr. Seemi Naghmana Tahir ∗ & Dr. Munir Ahmed Baloch ∗∗ Abstract Much has been written on the causes and consequences of the War of Independence 1857, as one of the most significant events of the history of Subcontinent. Both historians and fiction writers have drawn conclusions from diverse perspectives of the War. But still many of its facets seem to be enveloped in ambiguity. The role of press during the War is one of those dimensions which still need further exploration and analysis by the researchers and historians of today. This paper seeks to develop a causal relationship between the difference in Hindu-Muslim stance during the War and the role of Urdu and Persian newspapers in shaping the public opinion in general, and of Muslims of India in particular. The paper would also focus on the British attitude and actions against the ‘Native Press’ during and after the War, as one of the indicators of the impact and strength of this press. The reflections of the contents of some important newspapers would also be included to help in analyzing this press as main representative or spokesman of the Muslims of Subcontinent. ∗ ∗∗ Professor of Mass Communication & Dean, Faculty of Education and Humanities, University of Balochistan, Quetta. Professor of History & Director, Area Study Centre for Middle East, University of Balochistan, Quetta. 26 Pakistan Journal of History and Culture, Vol.XXX, No.1, 2009 ...
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...The Battle of the Alamo in 1836 is an important battle in Chicano history from the Texas Revolution. The battle was a conflict between both Mexico and the colonists in Texas that altered the future of Mexico, Texas, and the United States of America. The chain of events and tensions between the two forces led to the Battle of the Alamo and created a different environment for both the US and Mexico. Events That Led to the Battle of the Alamo Before the Battle of the Alamo began, there are events and rising tensions that fueled the commencement of the battle. The conflict between both Mexico and the Texas colonists begins with the colonization of Texas, which led to the Texas Revolution and Texas’s independence. Colonization in Texas began...
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...Boston Tea Party: Destruction of Private Property or Justified Act of Defiance Francine Miller HIUS 221 - C03 - 202420 March 25, 2024 1 In the archives of American History, The Boston Tea Party illuminates the act of defiance and resilience, creating the path toward the nation’s identity. This event stands on its own as a crucial moment in history, standing in courage, rebellion, and freedom toward a life of independence. The frustration and infuriation of citizens, fueled by British taxes and demands, culminated in the decisive act that ignited a movement. This pivotal moment created a ripple effect shaping the course of a revolution. The enduring significance of the Boston Tea Party is evident by the justified defiance expressed through the...
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...In 1776 one of the most famous documents in American History was signed: The Declaration of Independence. One of the Massachusetts representatives to sign, along side his second cousin, was Samuel Adams. Why is he so important? Adams’ significance to the signing of the declaration can date back to his college days when he wrote a controversial thesis through the Stamp Act and the Tea Act that took place on the road to America’s Independence. Adams started his college career at fourteen when he attended Harvard College in 1736. After he obtained his bachelor's degree, he went on to get his Masters degree in 1743. That year he wrote a controversial thesis stating "Whether it be lawful to resist the supreme magistrate, if the commonwealth cannot be otherwise preserved?" (1). Restated, Adams is questioning the...
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...America started out with freedom by declaration of independence. The declaration of independence started out when America declared freedom from the British. America made a treaty before The Declaration Of Independence but they rejected that treaty. Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, John Adams, and Robert R. Livingston wrote The Declaration Of Independence. This helped out America a lot and without the Freedom, America would be tons different and there may even be slavery still. On April 14 1865 the day Abraham Lincoln got shot. Abraham Lincoln got shot in the head by John Wilkes Booth. John Wilkes Booth killed Abraham Lincoln in the Ford Theater. Abraham Lincoln died in a bed at 7:22 am the next day. A flag was put over...
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...significant event in American history when the colonists in the thirteen colonies rebelled against Britain for their independence. It marked the beginning of a new country with a new government and constitution. However, the official date of when the move toward independence for Americans began is debated. The date that best describes the beginnings of American independence is 1765 because rebellions and boycotts protesting taxation by Britain, like the Stamp Act and Currency Act, fully began around that time. To begin, 1765 was the year that rebellions and resistance against Britain fully began and became apparent. In 1764, some of the first hated taxes were passed. The Sugar Act was passed, taxing sugar and products with sugar in them. Britain also passed the Currency Act that barred colonists from using their own issued money to pay taxes or debts. Then in 1765, the Stamp Act was passed, leading to the colonists calling for the taxes to be repealed because they did not have representation in Parliament or for their independence. The battle against Britain began at this point because when the Stamp Act was passed in 1765, official struggles against Britain began with the issuance of the Declaration or Rights and Grievances in...
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...candidates claiming to build a wall on the Mexican border if they receive the power of running the country. Looks of disgust and assumptions towards cultural holidays. Celebrations such as the Day of the Dead, Day of Independence –in Mexico- and issues with immigration have various stereotypes placed upon them. Are they true? The misconceptions of this celebrations and reasons behind these actions do not signify or give the correct information of these events.The main three points would be the more popular assumptions made towards Mexican people and cultural...
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...The independence movement in Spain In its long history as a unified country, Spain is currently immersed in one of the strongest independent movements, that does not only affect the social life but has generated an unstable political sphere. In the moment this paper was written, the current government of Spain is “in functions” and has little to no power in taking decisions, what consequently generates a big loss to the Spanish economy. Spain’s political sphere is divided between 4 major political parties, Popular Party (PP) and Ciudadanos (translated as “Citizens”) on the right wing and Socialists (PSOE) and Podemos (translated as “We Can”) on the left wing. As of early 2016, PSOE and Ciudadanos have signed a coalition but the other two major political forces, PP and Podemos, have refused to join the accord, what leaves the coalition in a situation where they still do not have the majority of seats necessary to govern1 . In this essay, I will illustrate how the Catalonia's independence movement has created a political and economic instability. In order to understand the current political crisis, it's necessary to examine the recent history of the country. In 1975, after the death of dictator Franco, Spain found itself in a desperate rush to become a free and democratic state, as not only the Spaniards were eager to move on ...
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...The Power of History: If we look at the United States history archives, it would be deeply written that the so founder of North America became known as Christopher Columbus. How Columbus set foot in soon the be named “The New World.” He became cherish by many and hated by others. As Trouillot claims, a professor of Anthropology and social sciences at the University of Chicago, history is a form of power and mostly a story of those who won. In this instance, Columbus expansion became a story of bravery that brought forward a New World that will eventually bring freedom and a pursuit of happiness. This story illustrates a main point in Trouillot main thinking, to what happened to what is said to have happened is not usually cleared. To expand...
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...What was remembered selectively and what was easily forgotten to suit a certain set of beliefs at that time? What rules, regulations, rituals, practises were used to ensure continuity of the national past? Conclusion – What have we learned from sources regarding Irish Nationalism and the continuity? Compare evidence, and conclude. I am going to discuss how selective Irish nationalists had to be to establish continuity. Firstly the Irish Nationalists are a broad group who assert the view that the rule of the London government was the damage of Irish tradition. One very important factor is the invention of tradition, throughout this essay I will be discussing ways in which Irish nationalists used this to ensure certain parts of past history were remembered by inaccurate telling’s and how these traditions were passed down throughout generations, I will be looking at several sources and analysing ways in which Irish Nationalists were selective in order to get a bias representation on how they wanted the Irish public to view Ireland as a nation, Irish nationalists believed that the only way forward was a completely independent Ireland. From Hobsbawms inventing traditions we can see throughout this text how Irish Nationalists were...
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...Contrasting the Declaration of Independence vs. Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen World of History after 1500 July 5, 2015 Comparing and Contrasting the Declaration of Independence vs. Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen Throughout the course of the week we were asked to compare and contrast the two given documents titled, The Declaration of Independence & Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. Before we begin to discuss the difference and similarities, we must first understand what each Declaration stands for. The Declaration of Independence is defined as, “The formal statement written by Thomas Jefferson declaring the freedom of the thirteen American colonies from Great Britain.” (LoveToKnow, 2015). The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen is defined as, “One of the basic charters of human liberties, containing the principles that inspired the French Revolution. Its 17 articles, adopted between August 20 and August 26, 1789, by France’s National Assembly, served as the preamble to the Constitution of 1791.” (Britannica Inc., 2015). Now that we have a better understanding of both Declarations, we can begin to compare and contrast. After reading both Declarations I found various differences and similarities. These Declarations were both pushing the rights of freedom & equality within almost the same decade of the 1700’s. This is supported strongly through the Declaration of Independence; stating that the people of the...
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...more parties of ideas or interests. In the context of this essay, conflict occurs when there is a disagreement such as different views, clashes of interest and different views on ideology between the countries. While there is an inevitable fact that cooperation exists within SEA, the impacts that conflicts leave on the history of the region is far more significant than those of cooperation. In the next few paragraphs, I will be going in depth into how conflict has left a deeper indentation on the history as well as more current affairs of SEA. Some countries have conflicts with other in their history, before they learn from their mistakes and work together to reach the level of agreement they have now, such as Indonesia and Malaysia. One major conflict between them is the Konfrontasi, where Indonesia had carried out attacks on Malaysia and there was high tension between these two countries. In December 1962, a revolt had broken out in Brunei to oppose Brunei from joining the Federation, and instead proposed a separate union of Brunei, Sarawak and Sabah (Borneo territories). This revolt had fitted Sukarno’s (former Indonesia’s president) beliefs that independence should only be gained through revolutionary struggle, thus he had publicly supported it. Another trigger cause is the formation of the Federation of Malaysia, in which Indonesia disapproved because Malaysia had retained the boundaries that the British had set. Indonesia viewed this as Malaysia helping to continue the...
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...History of the Indian Frontier Wars In today’s world, Americans aren’t known to “take over” Indians land. Why so? It has been done in the early revolution dating back to the year of 1622. Before 1622, North America was mainly claimed by the Indian folk. However, the settlers that ventured into North America believed that the Indians had no right claiming the land, and soon took over, as time progressed. As the years went on, disagreements amongst the English men and Indians grew. In the year of 1622, Indian’s lives changed forever and became an important role in Indian history. Hearts and souls of the Indian people were poured into the Indian Frontier Wars, believing their way of living would be given back to them. Little did they know, they would be stripped of their land and forced to move elsewhere. Before 1622, Indians welcomed the settlers who ventured their way to North America. Although the English men weren’t interested in intertwining with the Indians, eastern Indians were welcoming and felt as though the luxuries of the settlers would benefit their lifestyle. According to Eric Fosner’s Give Me Liberty!: An American History,” Woven cloth, metal kettles, iron axes, fishhooks, hoes, and guns were quickly integrated in Indian life.” (56) As the 17th century went along, more and more settlers invaded Indians land in North America, which soon became a problem. Settlers believed that North American land wasn’t officially claimed by the Indians because of the lacking...
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...The history of the United States includes a number of names and events that are little known among the general public and are directly related to the significant legacy of Hispanics in this country. The Hispanic history of the U.S. was forged by courageous figures such as Soto, Ponce de León, Coronado, Menéndez de Avilés and many others. It is time to highlight the events and honor the people who contributed to our rich culture and to explain the importance of the Spanish, and by extension, Hispanic role in the history of the United States. George Washington himself recognized the Spanish contribution when he wrote to King Carlos III of Spain after the War of Independence to thank him for the aid he had received from Spain during the fight for freedom. Washington was well aware that the Spanish Crown held a vast amount of territory throughout the Americas, from Patagonia to Alaska, and that the Spanish had been present in the New World for centuries. Washington understood that not only had Spanish explorers and missionaries shed their blood and made great sacrifices during those years, but that Spain had also contributed money and manpower to the American Revolution. The revolt against the British Crown was possible thanks, in part, to the funds sent by Spain and the participation of the Spanish in the New World. There were Spanish settlements from Mexico to Alaska, including many in what are today the states of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and California, to name just a few. Spain...
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...adopted on 26 January 1950 with a democratic government system, completing the country's transition toward becoming an independent republic. 26 January was selected for this purpose because it was this day in 1930 when the Declaration of Indian Independence (Purna Swaraj) was proclaimed by the Indian National Congress. It is one of three national holidays in India, the other two being Independence Day and Gandhi Jayanti. Contents [hide] 1 History 2 Celebrations 2.1 Delhi Republic Day parade 2.2 Beating Retreat 3 Gallery 4 Chief guest 5 See also 6 References History[edit] President Rajendra Prasad (in the horse-drawn carriage) readies to take part in the first Republic Day parade on Rajpath, New Delhi, in 1950. India achieved independence from British rule on 15 August 1947 following the Indian independence movement noted for largely peaceful nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience led by Mahatma Gandhi. The independence came through the Indian Independence Act 1947 (10 & 11 Geo 6 c 30), an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that partitioned British India into the two new independent Dominions of the British Commonwealth (later Commonwealth of Nations): India and Pakistan.[2] India obtained its independence on 15 August 1947 as a constitutional monarchy with George VI as head of state and the Earl Mountbatten as governor-general. The country, though, did not yet have a permanent constitution; instead its laws were based on the modified colonial Government...
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