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History of Intellectual Assessment Paper

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History of Intellectual Assessment Paper
Georgiana Jackson
PSY/300
April 30, 2012
Dan Erickson, Ph.D.

Abstract
Georgiana will discuss the history of intellectual assessment. She will also discuss how intellectual functioning can have an impact on your personal success. Some of the key figures in intellectual assessment will be discussed in this such as Alfred Binet, Jene Piaget, David Wechsler, Lewis Terman, and Jack Neglieri

History of Intellectual Assessment Paper The assessment of intelligence started a long time ago in the BC era as time went by the development of intelligence testing increase and some are well respected. Intelligence tests are measures designed to assess the level of cognitive capabilities of an individual compared to other people in a population (Kowalski, R. & Westen, D., 2001). Although the different psychologist had different point of view about how to measure intelligence, they all made a impact on intelligence testing in their time period.

The history of intellectual assessment can be trace back over 200 years in an era called foundation by psychologist ranging from Plato 347 BCE to Itard 1838 they formed the foundation for other to explorer in modern intelligence. The next era was called modern foundation the psychologist ranging from Locke to Darwin to Charcot continue to influence the study of intelligence. The third era which was called “The great school” made an impact of the study of intelligence. The psychologists Wundt to Cattell to Edison explorer other countries to profile intelligence and came back to the United States to have a big influence. As this era continue to grow the assessment of intelligence started to develop with a psychologist by the named of Alfred Binet. Alfred Binet describes intelligence as “It seems to us that in intelligence there is a fundamental faculty, the alteration or the lack of which, is of the utmost importance for practical life. This faculty is judgment, otherwise called good sense practical sense, initiative, and the faculty of adapting one’s self to circumstances. A person may be a moron or an imbecile if he is lacking in judgment; but with good judgment he can never be either. Indeed the rest of the intellectual faculties seem of little importance in comparison with judgment” ( Binet & Simon 1916, 1973, pp.42-43 cite in PluckerJ.2003). The French psychologist Alfred Binet was assessing children to determine who will do well and who will need addition help in school. In 1908 Binet and Simon came up with some questions that include memory, attention and problem skills this process help Binet to come up with the concept of mental age to determine the intelligence level of children. This assessments was the first intelligence test done, they called it Binet –Simon scale. The purpose of this scale was to compare normal peers with children with mental disabilities. Binet believe that there were other things to consider among children intellect, the first test he later fell had limitation.

In 1916 a psychologist at Standford University by the name of Lewis Terman Revised the Binet – Simon scale to become the Standford – Binet scale that turn out to be one of the best intelligence test available. The measurements of Intelligence has the formula IQ= mental age / chronological age x 100. The Standford – Binet scale is still one of the popular assessment tool used today. In 1917 there were two tests the army used by the name of Army Alpha and Beta test, it was develop by psychologist Robert Yerkes. These types of intelligence test was establish to help the army place solder in certain positions during World War I. During this time the army was face with screening millions of army recruit. After the war these tests remain useful outside of the army.

The psychologist David Wechsler is known for developing several intelligence scales that are widely use. He joined the army and participated in the Army Alpha test. While volunteering in this department he came in contact with some key people in the field of intelligence like Charles Spearman and Edward Thorndike just to name a few. In 1918 the army sent Wechsler to work with some other intelligence specialist. In 1940 Wechsler use the Stanford-Binet scale for adults who score poorly, unhappy about the limitation he develop the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) in 1955.

The psychologist Jean Plaget contribution to intelligent was totally different from all the other testes that were in use. He believed that the current way of testing was dull, he felt that interaction was more interesting. Plaget thought that the other psychology was going about testing the wrong way it is not what they get wrong but how they get it wrong. He believe in the theory of genetic Epistemology is that increasingly complex intellectual processes are built on the primitive foundations laid in earlier stages of development (Pucker,J., 2003). He also point out another condition to his theory that was genetic constrain inherent in humans.

There is several ways intellectual functioning has impacted Georgiana personal success. Intelligence has different components in the mind and she continues to foster them. Her verbal intelligence is use on a daily basic at work speaking to the children and parents in the recovery resident program. The daily crossword game and the daily use of the computer when she log into her online class enhancing the verbal area completely. Her creative intelligence continues to grow by the day; she is a very creative person with arts and crafts. She uses her spatial intelligence to observe the behavior of the people around her this makes her alert of her surrounding. Her logical intelligence helps her to solve problems at work and home. It continues to grow as she maintains her relationship with her family and friends. Her social intelligence advance above all the rest because learning psychology has open her mind to new and inventive way of understanding people. If Georgiana do not have intellectual function in her personal life her brain would not be working on full capacity, she would not remember things from her life, she would not know how to communicate or solve problems. Having intellectual functioning allows Georgiana to fulfill her dreams of having a B.A in Psychology and having a healthy family life.

Intelligence tests were design to assess an individual cognitive skills compare to other. The beginning purpose for this assessment was to identify children that had learning disabilities. Through all the other psychologist who influence intelligence testing made such a big impact to where they are widely use all over the world. There is good news a person can enhance their intelligence at any age through brain exercise involving different parts of the brain. Learning to enhance the brain in areas of verbal, spatial, emotional, social, logical, and creative helps Georgiana succeed in her personal life.

Reference:
Plucker, J. A. (Ed.) (2003) human Intelligence: Historical influences, current controversies, teaching resources Retrieved (4/29/2012) from http;//www.indiana.edu/~intell

Kowalski, R., & Westen, D. (2009). Psychology (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley

https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content/eReader.aspx

Jaksch, M. (2008) 9 Ways to Develop your Intelligence at any age Retrieved from

http://goodlifezen .com/2008/09/02/9-ways-to-develop-your-intelligence-at age

Cherry, K. (2012) History of Intelligence Testing Retrieved from

http://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/a/introopcond.htm

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