...Introduction, Classification, Kingdom Cyanobacteria Principles of Biology II Laboratory: BSC 1011L Professor Pamela L. Pannozzo Microscopy • Compound Light Microscope – Pass light through a specimen – Magnification 400-2000X • Dissecting Microscope/Stereoscope – Pass light under and on top of a specimen – View specimens in 3-D – Magnify surface features – Magnification 20-40X • Electron Microscope – Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) • Magnification 25,000x • Photomicroscopy – Camera attached to compound light microscope – Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) • Magnification 50,000X The Microscope Procedure for using the Microscope • • • • • Turn on light Always begin with 4X objective lens Lower stage to lowest position below objective lenses Insert slide Raise stage using coarse adjustment to find specimen, scan slide using slide adjustment knobs • Use fine knobs to achieve sharp focus • Adjust light through condenser height and diaphragm • Never use the coarse adjustment knob while using the 40X objective lens Procedure for Storing the Microscope in this Laboratory • • • • • • Turn light OFF Remove slides Raise stage Turn objective to the lowest (RED) power Wrap cord around microscope base Return microscope to appropriate cabinet Systematics • Study of biological diversity • Phylogeny = evolutionary history of a group of related organisms • Taxonomy = branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying biota into categories based on similarities and differences...
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...mind free of the scientific dogma of his day, Leeuwenhoek succeeded in making some of the most important discoveries in the history of biology. It was he who discovered bacteria, free-living and parasitic microscopic protists, sperm cells, blood cells, microscopic nematodes and rotifers, and much more. His researches, which were widely circulated, opened up an entire world of microscopic life to the awareness of scientists. Leeuwenhoek was born in Delft on October 24, 1632. (His last name, incidentally, often is quite troublesome to non-Dutch speakers: "layu-wen-hook" is a passable English approximation.) His father was a basket-maker, while his mother's family were brewers. Antony was educated as a child in a school in the town of Warmond, then lived with his uncle at Benthuizen; in 1648 he was apprenticed in a linen-draper's shop. Around 1654 he returned to Delft, where he spent the rest of his life. He set himself up in business as a draper (a fabric merchant); he is also known to have worked as a surveyor, a wine assayer, and as a minor city official. In 1676 he served as the trustee of the estate of the deceased and bankrupt Jan Vermeer, the famous painter, who had had been born in the same year as Leeuwenhoek and is thought to have been a friend of his. And at some time before 1668, Antony van Leeuwenhoek learned to grind lenses, made simple microscopes, and began observing with them. He seems to have been inspired to take up microscopy by having seen a copy of Robert...
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...Kingdom Cyanobacteria Principles of Biology II Laboratory: BSC 1011L Professor Pamela L. Pannozzo Microscopy • Compound Light Microscope – Pass light through a specimen – Magnification 400-2000X • Dissecting Microscope/Stereoscope – Pass light under and on top of a specimen – View specimens in 3-D – Magnify surface features – Magnification 20-40X • Electron Microscope – Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) • Magnification 25,000x • Photomicroscopy – Camera attached to compound light microscope – Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) • Magnification 50,000X The Microscope Procedure for using the Microscope • • • • • Turn on light Always begin with 4X objective lens Lower stage to lowest position below objective lenses Insert slide Raise stage using coarse adjustment to find specimen, scan slide using slide adjustment knobs • Use fine knobs to achieve sharp focus • Adjust light through condenser height and diaphragm • Never use the coarse adjustment knob while using the 40X objective lens Procedure for Storing the Microscope in this Laboratory • • • • • • Turn light OFF Remove slides Raise stage Turn objective to the lowest (RED) power Wrap cord around microscope base Return microscope to appropriate cabinet Systematics • Study of biological diversity • Phylogeny = evolutionary history of a group of related organisms • Taxonomy = branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying biota into categories based...
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...Brief History Optical microscopy, as discussed in the introduction of the previous lab, uses a system of lenses to magnify and resolve image details usually invisible to the naked eye. Reflected light microscopy relies on the observed specimen to have a highly reflective surface, while other light microscopy techniques employ a different fundamental system. [1][10][11] In this lab, we make use of transmitted light microscopy – a practical and common technique made possible by sample illumination using a light source on the opposite side of the specimen from the objective. [2] Relatively, this technique was discovered only very recently and has by and large become just as heavily used as reflected light microscopy. The chronology of the transmitted light microscope is rooted in the evolution of the optical microscope, but branches off in 1893 when August Kӧhler began to work with sample illumination and made use of light that interfered with the sample, rather than the light being absorbed and reflected.[3] Transmitted light microscopy is heavily favored to observe biological sample and in Figure 1, we can see how light is transmitted through the sample and into an eyepiece, instead of being reflected off the surface.[4] Figure 1 Unstained (left) and stained (right) biological sample. In 1953, this technique saw a crucial jump in development and began exploring phase contrast techniques.[5] Bright-field and dark-field techniques also allowed for contrast between specimen...
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...BIOL334 Microbiology & Immunology Textbook Content I. Lecture 1: Syllabus II. Reading Assignments for Chapter 1 A. Lecture 2: 1. Define Microbiology & Microorganisms 2. sec 1-1: pp. 1-4: Members of the microbial world B. Lecture 3: 3. Why is microbiology important? 4. Integrated content of Sec 1.4, pp. 17-19 C. Self-Learning: History of Microbiology 5. Sec1.3, pp. 11-16 please read! III. Chapter 2: All sections will be covered from this chapter but keep in mind, BIOL201 emphasizes ALL microscopes; I will focus on the bright-field light microscope, discuss staining, and then provide a brief overview of other types of microscopes. D. Order of content in lecture: 2.1, 2.2 Light Microscopes emphasizing bright-field microscopy up to p. 26, Staining: 2.3 p. 31-34; Sec 2.2; Other microscopes in sec 2-2 p. 26-31; sec 2.4-2.5. E. This will be covered 8/26, 8/28, and part of 9/2. F. Have a general idea on how all of the microscopes work that I do not cover in depth. My emphasis will be on: Brightfield, fluorescence, and electron microscopy. Cell Structure- Ideal Lecture order: (Chapter 3 &4) DATE | Text Chapter | Lecture Topic | | | Prokaryotic Cell Structure & Function. Ch 3 discusses the structure of Bacteria while Ch 4 discusses Archaea. Note: Ch. 5- Eukaryotic Cell Structure was covered in Biol-201. I will not cover this information but I will...
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...TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATIONS Introduction Technological transformations occur daily, affecting many groups of people. Two groups of people that were most affected before 1900 were farmers and physicians. The advancement in technology for both farmers and physicians has made impact for all. The advancements for farmers helped them to cover more land, producing more goods and at the same time lowering the cost to take care of a farm. Physicians were able to expand their knowledge and give better care to those in need. The machines and tools were able to give them a better idea of what was wrong with a patient. There were many inventions that helped in making everyday tasks that they were performing daily much easier thus opening the door for more advancement in farming and in the medical field. Farming There were many inventions that impacted the work load of farming, one of which was the steel plow. The steel plow was invented by a blacksmith named John Deere. Farmers were not able to use the old style plow which was made of cast iron and was used more commonly in the eastern states. John Deere decided to make steel plows because the cast iron plows would easily break due to the soil being rich and thick in the Great Plains. Farmers were now spending more time harvesting land instead of fixing the cast iron plows. The steel plow had a wooden handle and was attached to a horse. The plow would dig the soil and turn it over in preparation for planting...
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...symptoms. Even though women sometimes do not show or have symptoms of cervical cancer it can be found with a regular Pap test; women should have regular Pap tests done annually, starting at the earliest age of 21. A Pap test is a procedure where cells are scraped from the cervix and looked at through a microscope. Women who have unusual bleeding, post menopausal bleeding, bleeding after intercourse, unusual vaginal discharge, or pain during intercourse should all be examined and tested for cervical cancer because these are all symptoms of cervical cancer. Cervical cancer is usually caused by human papillomavirus infection, also known as HPV. HPV does not always cause cervical cancer but is known to be one of the leading causes. There are two main types of cervical cancer: adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas. Adenocarcinomas makes up for 10 to 20 percent of cervical cancers, and squamous cell carcinomas makes up for 80 to 90 percent of cervical cancers. Each type of cervical cancer is distinguished by the look of cells, taken from abnormal Pap tests, under a microscope. There are many risk factors of cervical cancer besides HPV. Pregnancy, family history, sexual history, smoking, oral contraceptive use, diethylstilbestrol, and a weakened immune system are all risk factors of cervical cancer. Teens under the age of 17 who have had a full term pregnancy, and women who have had three or more full term pregnancies are twice as likely to develop cervical cancer. Women that...
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...proportional to that distance. This law was essential in the creation of portable timepieces and watches. One of Hooke’s many inventions is the air pump, which lead to the creation of the steam engine and the internal combustion engine. He invented the universal joint, which is still used in automobiles today. He also invented to iris diaphragm, which is used in cameras. Robert Hooke was also an author, he wrote one of the most significant scientific books ever written, Micrographia. The book was a showcase for Hooke’s talents. The book explained his understanding of nature and light, his skills in designing and constructing scientific instruments, and his artistic abilities. He improved the microscope by adding the aspect of light. He put a water lens beside the microscope in order to focus light from an oil-lamp to light up the matter under the...
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...Antoinette Watson CJS/215 December 7, 2015 Denise Mowder Forensic Science is the implementation of science and technology in the criminal justice system, which enforced by police agencies. To break down the definition of forensic science, forensic means the key to solving crimes. Science indicates the source of technology that used to help the forensic team to investigate the evidence and solve crimes. The history and development have come to long ways. There are many roles of the forensic science expert as well as the multi-capabilities. Forensic science began with a manuscript titled Yi Yi Ju (“A Collection of Criminal Cases”), in the third century in China. The report showed how a coroner was able to prove a woman was guilty of murdering her husband when in fact she claimed his death was accidental. By a simple experiment that done with two pigs. After, the official had informed the woman about the evidence that found, they were able to get a confession out of the wife. The Chinese were the first to identify an individual by their latent fingerprints and early eighteenth centuries, it was circumscribed education of anatomy and pathology restricted the growth of forensic science. In 1686 a professor of anatomy by the name of Marcello Malpighi at the University of Bologna in Italy. He was the first to record fingerprints characteristics. However, that was not a form of identification at that time. More than a century later, the first scientific paper developed...
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...Diagnosing Cancer PA #2 Joseph Amado 22205484 Part One: Abstract History has a fascinating way of making itself. There are certainly many different accomplishments that make history and it time for cancer to be brought up in history. You would be surprised but the study of the human body actually started in the early 15th century. This was during the Renaissance period of our country and knowledge for the human body was right around the corner. Body autopsies were being done frequently to help understand how the body functions. A man by the name of Giovanni Morgagni started the process of studying cancer by doing autopsies that that connected to the patient’s death. Another man came into the picture around the time of 18th century named John Hunter. He made the suggestion that the cancer could be cured through surgery and that it can physically be removed from the body. Later after that idea they created an anesthesia that will allow the surgery to happen. During the 19th century they started using the microscope to help them study diseased tissue. The microscope was a great advance in technology at the time and gave them the extra edge to go deeper and see clearly. With the new invention they could go into surgery only removing the diseased tissue and advance then to see deeper in the human body. With cancer being such a big problem more and more scientist tried to tackle this disease and make theories about them. For example there was the humoral theory, lymph theory...
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...Difference between a cell wall And a Gram Stain Janet Myers 12:30p.m. Tuesday February 23 2016 Introduction: Gram staining is based on the ability of bacteria cell wall to retaining the crystal violet dye during solvent treatment. The cell walls for Gram-positive microorganisms have a higher peptidoglycan and lower lipid content than gram-negative bacteria. Bacteria cell walls are stained by the crystal violet. Iodine is subsequently added as a mordant to form the crystal violet-iodine complex so that the dye cannot be removed easily. This step is commonly referred to as fixing the dye. However, subsequent treatment with a decolorizer, which is a mixed solvent of ethanol and acetone, dissolves the lipid layer from the gram-negative cells. The removal of the lipid...
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...National Curriculum Statement (NCS) Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement LIFE SCIENCES Further Education and Training Phase Grades 10-12 basic education Department: Basic Education REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA CurriCulum and assessment PoliCy statement Grades 10-12 life sCienCes CAPS LIFE SCIENCES GRADES 10-12 department of Basic education 222 Struben Street Private Bag X895 Pretoria 0001 South Africa Tel: +27 12 357 3000 Fax: +27 12 323 0601 120 Plein Street Private Bag X9023 Cape Town 8000 South Africa Tel: +27 21 465 1701 Fax: +27 21 461 8110 Website: http://www.education.gov.za © 2011 department of Basic education isBn: 978-1-4315-0578-4 Design and Layout by: Ndabase Printing Solution Printed by: Government Printing Works CURRICULUM AND ASSESSMENT POLICY STATEMENT (CAPS) LIFE SCIENCES GRADES 10-12 FOREWORD by thE ministER Our national curriculum is the culmination of our efforts over a period of seventeen years to transform the curriculum bequeathed to us by apartheid. From the start of democracy we have built our curriculum on the values that inspired our Constitution (Act 108 of 1996). the Preamble to the Constitution states that the aims of the Constitution are to: • heal the divisions of the past and establish a society based on democratic values, social justice and fundamental human rights; improve the quality of life of all citizens and free the potential of each person; lay the foundations for a democratic and open society in which...
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...Life Processes of Living Things 1. Nutrition: the obtaining and processing of food materials. a. Ingestion: taking in food b. Egestion – removal of undigested food c. Digestion – breakdown of food d. Photosynthesis 2. Transport: the intake and distribution of materials throughout an organism. 3. Respiration: the release of energy from food by oxidation a. Breathing 4. Excretion: the removal of metabolic wastes from an organism. 5. Synthesis: the combining of simple substances to form more complex substances, thereby forming more living matter. 6. Regulation: the coordinated response of an organism to a changing environment in order to maintain stability. 7. Growth: the increase in size of an organism that results from the synthesis and organization of materials into new substances and structures. 8. Reproduction: the ability of living things to produce more of their own kind. It is essential to species, but not individual organism. Organelles | Functions | Cell wall | Protects and supports plant cell and maintains shape. | Cell membrane | Controls transport of materials into and out of cell | Nuclear membrane | Controls transport of materials into and out of the nucleus | Cytoplasm | Provides an organized watery environment in which life functions take place by means of organelles contained in it. | Endoplasmic reticulum | Provides channels through which transport of materials occurs in cytoplasm. | Golgi...
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...eighteen total structures found thus far. Among these artifacts were a collection of prismatic obsidian blades and scrapers that Payson believes were used for activities such as: processing deer hide, smoothing wooden artifacts, or eve sharpening digging sticks. Payson was able to conclude the reasons behind the storing and disposal of the obsidian blades but never really provided any conclusions for what the blades were used on. However, with the the methods proposed by Sergei Semenov (1964) and enhanced by Lawrence Keeley of the University of Illinois Chicago (1980), I believe that we can properly conclude what the true use of the blades were and further enrich the history of the Ceren Site. Semenov and Keeley worked on a technique known as micro wear analysis; which involves the use of microscopes to study the edges of stone tools. When a tool is used against another object, it leave a series of scratches or grooves which vary in size and depth according to the specific material it was used against. With that known, Lawrence Keeley preformed blind tests to compare the characteristics of the wear of stone stones when used against specific materials. This provided the knowledge to identify whether a tool was used against materials THE CEREN SITE TRUJILLO 1 ! such as dry hide, meat, wood, and plant fibers. Furthermore it allowed archaeologist the opportunity to see if the stone tools were used to make other tools from other materials; tools made of bone...
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...HISTORY OF BIOLOGY Though biology is generally regarded as a modern science with late origins in the early to mid-nineteenth century, it drew on varied traditions, practices, and areas of inquiry beginning in antiquity. Traditional histories of biology generally target two areas that merged into modern biological science: medicine and natural history. The tradition of medicine dates back to the work of ancient Greek medical practitioners such as Hippocrates of Kos (b. 460 B.C.E.) and to figures such as Galen of Pergamum (c. 130–c. 200), who contributed much to early understanding of anatomy and physiology. The tradition of natural history dates back to the work of Aristotle (384–322 B.C.E.). Especially important are his History of Animals and other works where he showed naturalist leanings. Also important is the work of Aristotle's student Theophrastus (d. 287 B.C.E.), who contributed to an understanding of plants. Aristotle and Theophrastus contributed not only to zoology and botany, respectively, but also to comparative biology, ecology, and especially taxonomy (the science of classification). Both natural history and medicine flourished in the middle ages, though work in these areas often proceeded independently. Medicine was especially well studied by Islamic scholars working in the Galenic and Aristotelian traditions, while natural history drew heavily on Aristotelian philosophy, especially in upholding a fixed hierarchy of life. The Roman naturalist Caius Plinius Secundus...
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