Chapter I
Homemade Candle
Cereus

I. Introduction As early as the biblical times, the presence of candles is already mentioned. The first candles were made of flax thread coated with wax and pitch. Palm oil, bees wax, coconut oil, and olive oil are also used to produce these candles during the olden times. But as time passes by, there were changes that took place in candles. Not only on its appearance, but also in the materials being used to produce one. Up to the present, candles are still being used by every household and can be considered as a necessity. Knowing that a candle is a necessity for every household, researchers looked for ways to produce a candle which is cheap and at the same time environment friendly. The researchers aim to produce a product which has same quality and efficiency as commercially produced candles. Not only will it save the environment, but also the people who will be able to save money.
A. Background of the Study
1. Why was the study conducted?
The researchers conducted the study in order to assess the possibility of using paraffin wax versus that of commercially produced candles. Furthermore, the study aims to develop a better product than that of commercial ones. The researchers wanted to develop a cheaper and recycled candle that can be easily made at home with materials that are eco-friendly. By doing this, we can save money and mother earth.
B. Statement of the Problem
1. What topic/problem was studied?
 The topic/problem studied was: How to make candles from paraffin wax?
2. What specific questions were answered?
 Is it possible to make candles from paraffin wax? C. Significance of the Study
This study is significant to the following:
Environment. This study will help in the conservation of water forms. It will also produce candles which can be substituted with commercially produced ones. With this, there will be less pollution coming from factories.
Economy. This study will help our economy once the research will be patented and exported to other countries. It can also be a source of livelihood to other people.
Household. This study will help the citizens save money. Instead, they could do it on their own.
D. Scope and Limitations of the Study
1. What aspects of the topic were covered by the study?
 The production of candles by melting paraffin wax.
2. How long was the study conducted?
 The study was conducted for 1 day.
3. What limitations of the study should other researchers know?
 The researchers must be aware of doing this experiment because it might cause you some accidents that are painful. Also, this might be harmful for it contains chemicals or other materials that are toxic and flammable.

Chapter II
Review of Related Literature

The earliest surviving candles originated in China around 200 BC, and were made from whale fat. European candles of antiquity were of the made from various forms of natural fat, tallow, and wax. In Ancient Rome, candles were made of tallow due to the prohibitive cost of beeswax. It is possible that they also existed in Ancient Greece, but imprecise terminology makes it difficult to determine.
In the 18th century, spermaceti, oil produced by the sperm whale, was used to produce a superior candle. Late in the 18th century, colza oil and rapeseed oil came into use as much cheaper substitutes. Beeswax, compared to animal-based tallow, burned cleanly, without smoky flame. Rather than the foul and terrible odor of tallow, it emit a fresh smell. Beeswax candles were expensive, but widely used for church ceremonies. Other than the wealthy, few people could afford to burn them in their homes.
Until of late years, candles were solely manufactured from bees' wax, spermaceti, or tallow. The application of scientific chemical research...all the best candles are now made from the pure solid and crystallizable margaric and stearic acids. These are freed from the fluid oleic acid, and from glycerin, which exist in combination with them in ordinary tallow, as well as from other analogous substances, as from paraffin (a carbo-hygroneous substance resembling spermaceti, prepared from tar and peat), the stearic and margaric acid in the cocoa-nut oil and the palm oil, besides the old substance spermaceti, and wax both vegetable and animal.
—Candles, -Eighth edition, Encyclopedia Britannica, 1853
Paraffin was first distilled in 1830, and revolutionized candle-making, as it was an inexpensive material which produced a high-quality, odorless candle that burned reasonably cleanly. The industry was devastated soon after, however, by the distillation of kerosene (confusingly also called paraffin oil or just paraffin). Recentlyresin based candles that are freestanding and transparent have been developed, with the claim that they burn longer than traditional paraffin candles. They are usually scented and oil based.
In the Middle Ages in Europe, tallow candles were the most common candle. By the 13th century, candle making had become a guild craft in England and France. The candle makers (chandlers) went from house to house making candles from the kitchen fats saved for that purpose, or made and sold their own candles from small candle shops.
In 2013, the National Candle Association (www.candles.org) declared November to be National Candle Month (www.nationalcandlemonth.org) to highlight and celebrate the use of candles.
With the fairly consistent and measurable burning of a candle, a common use was to tell the time. The candle designed for this purpose might have time measurements, usually in hours, marked along the wax. The Song dynasty in China (960–1279) used candle-clocks. By the 18th century, candle-clocks were being made with weights set into the sides of the candle. As the candle melted, the weights fell off and made a noise as they fell into a bowl. A form of candle-clock was used in coal-mining until the 20th century.
In the days leading to Christmas some people burn a candle a set amount to represent each day, as marked on the candle. The type of candle used in this way is called the Advent candle, although this term is also used to refer to a candle that decorates an Advent wreath.
Before the invention of electric lighting, candles and oil lamps were commonly used for illumination. In areas without electricity, they are still used routinely. Until the 20th century, candles were more common in northern Europe. In southern Europe and the Mediterranean, oil lamps predominated. In the developed world today, candles are used mainly for their aesthetic value and scent, particularly to set a soft, warm, or romantic ambiance, for emergency lighting during electrical power, and for religious or ritual purposes. Scented candles are used in aromatherapy. Some have even gone so far as to make candles scented with racing two-stroke motorcycle oil.
(Source: By Wikipedia at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candle#Etymology)

Chapter III
Methodology

Materials:
• Paraffin Wax
• Butane
• Coloring
• Wicks (depending on the candles to be made)
• Container
• Stirring rod
• Pan
• Stove
Procedure:
Protect your work area before you begin. Carefully, turn on the butane. Place a pan in the center of the stove. Place the Paraffin wax in the pan. Stir it using the stirring rod until it fully melts. Add coloring. Place a wick in the center of the candle mold. Prepare your molds. Pour the melted wax into the mold. Cool the wax. Trim the wick to within a quarter inch of the top of the candle. Light the wick, burn your candle and enjoy your masterpiece. Finished.