...Radical Reconstruction was not realistic because a sweeping change in only about 12 years this was not long enough to make the change America wanted for herself. There were a few successes in the Reconstruction such as unifying the United States and the confederate states acknowledging the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments as well as pledging loyal to the United States Government. However, many historians have deemed Radical Reconstruction a failure. There were major social and political changes however; many of these changes did not yield the results many had hoped. A major social change happened for African Americans when they were freed from slavery however they were still treated like slaves (black code) and many more steps had to be taken...
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...Andrea Adams @02717441 HIST 0100 Prof. Tolbert April 21, 2017 The Life, Work, and Legacy of Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Jr. was a civil rights activist from the 1950 to 1968 with a strong religious background. A strong advocator for all minorities, King did all in his power to end barriers of community, poverty, racism and militarism. The principle he focused more on, however, was racism. King defined racism as prejudice, apartheid, ethnic conflict, anti-Semitism, sexism, colonialism, homophobia, ageism, or discrimination against disabled groups and stereotypes (Haskins). Later turning his efforts to poverty, King believed that the United States should have equal rights for all men, women and children. Martin Luther King Jr. had a strong philosophy of non-violent protests, called civil disobedience, to which he gained supporters, changing the jurisdictions of racism and poverty to create the American Dream for all. Martin Luther King Jr. was born on January 15, 1929, to Michael King Sr. and Alberta Williams King. Born as Michael King Jr., King lived in Atlanta, Georgia (How Did Martin). However, in honor of minister and civil-rights activist Martin Luther Baptist, his parents gave him the name Martin. In 1931, King’s father became the lead pastor of the Ebenezer Baptist Church, a very successful minister as his father and grandfather had been. A very intelligent man, King skipped ninth and eleventh grades, graduating from Booker T. Washington...
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...MEMORANDUM TO: FROM: DATE: SUBJECT: Chief Executive Officer, Toy Company Manager, Toy Company October 14, 2012 Constructive Discharge Claim Per your request, I am providing the following initial research into the recent claim of employment discrimination by a former employee. I provide background on the legal framework on which this employee’s charges are based including how “constructive discharge” and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act are pertinent to this case. I then make my recommendation on how to proceed with this case and close with recommendations on how our company can avoid similar legal issues around Title VII in the future. Constructive Discharge The former employee has filed a claim of constructive discharge linked to a new work schedule that our company implemented due to recent growth. This work schedule requires the employee to work on his or her religious holy day approximately four weeks in a row every other month. An employee can legally claim constructive discharge if he or she was forced to resign because the employer made the work environment intolerable (Dempsey & Petsche, 2006). In the case before us, our former employee is stating the new work schedule forced him or her to work on religious holy days and, therefore, is religious discrimination and made it impossible for him or her to continue to work at the company. To move forward with a case of constructive discharge, an employee must first establish a prima facie case by proving that: (1) he or...
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...of the new work schedule. He believes his religious rights were violated when he was asked to work on his religious holy day to accommodate the company’s growth. We will need to consider how our company will respond to this case. To give you more insight about this case the original work schedule for production employees was 8a-5p Monday to Friday. Since the company’s growth the new work shift requires production employees to work 12hr shifts with four days at work and then four days off. In this situation the employee felt that his religious rights were violated when his shift schedule changed to where he could possibly work on his religious holy day. He felt there was no other option but to resign as a result of the new schedule. Constructive discharge is when an employees quits the company because the employee feels the work environment is so unbearable there is no other option but to resign and this clearly linked in this discriminatory case (Encyclopedia of Small Business, 2007. According to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, it prohibits employees from basing employment decision on a person’s race, color, religion, sex or origin. The employment decisions include compensation terms, conditions or privilege of employment (Gomez-Meija, Balkin, & Cardy, 2010). The employee felt that working on his religious holy day is unfair because it was against his religious beliefs. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is relevant in this situation because this...
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...The instances of genocide in the late 20th century stand as a testament to how unreliable the nation state can be when inalienable and human rights are concerned. As is shown in the case of Rwanda, non-state actors have taken steps to trample on these rights even when the victim technically has citizenship in a country. Additionally, the nation-state can reinforce the actions of the non-state actors through either sponsorship, or even inaction in the face of genocide. Civil society actors have taken steps to act where the nation-state has failed to do so out of what Ayers identifies as labeling the conflict as internal or a civil war. Ultimately, both Ayers and Power agree that labeling genocide as what it is, and taking other steps outside of raw military force can go a long way in preventing the atrocities of the 20th century. More specifically, since the nation-state alone cannot be trusted to handle these situations, civil society must take steps to better the diplomacy of the nation-state, along with creating an international community that can work together to remedy the problems of human and inalienable rights violations. In her article “Raising the Cost of Genocide,” Samantha Power examines the historical response to genocide by discussing the ways in which western powers have avoided responsibility for 20th century atrocities. She begins her article by explaining the invention of the word genocide as a word meant to “send shudders down the spines of those who heard it...
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...AN ANALYSIS: THE NEW YORK TIMES VS. SULLIVAN Class, Section, Professor’s name, The New York Times vs. Sullivan The civil rights era was a time in American history when issues concerning race relations ranged from segregation to abuse. During this time, The New York Times vs. Sullivan case changed the face of the news and the country’s understanding of the first amendment forever and in turn represents what most people today recognize as freedom of speech (Harrison, Harrison, Gilbert, &Gilbert, 1991-2006). In the spring of 1960, racial tension high and Americans of all races fighting for change. The New York Times published a full-page advertisement describing the abuse and mistreatment at the hands of the people who carry the expectation to protect and serve. The civil right activism that many Americans know from history books and television was just beginning. The rise of students working together with King and other leaders to create the infamous sit-ins and in turn violent reaction of the police that is all too familiar in history books and documentaries. Martin Luther King participated in the first sit in at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College in Durham and upon returning to Atlanta was informed that he had a warrant in Alabama because of false information on tax records. Two groups, the Struggle for Freedom and the Committee to Defend Martin Luther King paid $4,800 dollars for the advertisement, which asked for donations...
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...provided African-Americans with an opportunity to prove their worthiness of American citizenship, experience life and racial tolerance outside of the America and resulted in gaining mass international exposure. The international opinion that arose from this publicity, the change in white attitudes towards Civil Rights and legality during 1877-1981 all also respectively impacted the advancement, and in some cases, the hindrance, of Civil Rights. America’s declaration of war on Germany in 1917 to ensure political liberty and the...
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...Civil disobedience occurs when people feel the need to oppose an unjust law and feel the need for a change. It can be labeled as a form of protest whether it's peaceful or violent. Protest itself is a form of freedom of speech which is a given right to the people. People protest because they feel there is a need in change within the government or society. Peaceful protest is the best form of protest because it shows that the people are willing to negotiate to come to and understanding with the government so that a change can be made. Civl disobedience can be bad if your breaking a law that is immorally wrong such as murder or assault. If that happens it will look bad on the people and the government will punish the individual who caused the harm. An example of civil disobedience is the Black Lives Matter...
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...and radical reform, but it took some time after the Civil War to get reconstruction started in the South. Obviously, many problems arose after the war, like the assassination of President Lincoln, but there was not very strong government action taking place in the south. If reconstruction is promised to the black community that didn’t have certain rights and chances before, then everything should be done to grant those promises, and not overlook it. I will be discussing the mindsets of white southerners and about the degrading of blacks that occurs in the testimonies of the Klu Klux Klan, letter from Jourdan Anderson, and the Black Codes of Mississippi. I will also show the absence of the Reconstruction methods, like voting rights and new opportunities for blacks, which were to be put into place after the Civil War. The letter from Jourdan Anderson is such an incredible piece that will be treasured by future generations trying to understand the mindsets of southerners during such a crucial time in history. The words used by Mr. Anderson are perfectly put together to show his former slave master exactly how he feels about him. The old master does not know any better when it comes to consulting his former slave. The master grew up where he was always above blacks, so when he sends his letter to his former slave, he believes in his mind he is being courteous to give his former slave a job. This letter just further explains how difficult it was for reconstruction in the South,...
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...African American The African American did not arrive in America through the traditional ways of immigration, but instead were forced to leave their homeland by African slave traders. African Slave traders sold African American to American Southerners to work as slave on their plantations. After hundreds of years of being owned by white Americans, the African American was finally given their freedom. Unfortunately, after being released from human slavery and bondage, African Americans had to endure many years of poor treatment and discrimination by members of the American public. After the legislation that was enacted forbidding and punishing discriminatory behavior in society, African Americans were finally able to see a light at the end of the tunnel. Although human equality is still a tremendous work in progress in our society today, after years of decrementing struggles and tribulations, the African American is finally treated like an equal citizen in society. The adverse reality that African Americans did not have the equal right and opportunity to live their lives as free men and women, has set a staggering mark in American history. African Americans were bought and sold like cattle and never looked at as humans but rather property. The laws were designed to benefit the White American and the slave owner and did not recognize the slave as a citizen. Although slavery was made illegal in the Northern regions in 1787, it was not until 1808 before slavery was outlawed...
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...MEMO To: Chief Executive Officer From: Elementary Division Manager Date: January 1, 2014 Subject: Former Employee, Constructive Discharge Claim Introduction Our attorney has notified me that a former employee has filed a claim against the company, citing Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, constructive discharge. Findings: A. Constructive Discharge Relevance During the first quarter of the New Year the company implemented a new production schedule as a result of company growth. Employees in the production group are now required to work 12-hour shifts, 4 days on and 4 days off. Because of this, some of the working days fell on the former- employee’s religious holy day. The employee in question quit shortly after the implementation of the new rule. The former employee has filed a constructive discharge claim because of the newly implemented rule. As part of my research, a constructive discharge claim occurs when an employee claims that their working conditions were so intolerable that he/she was forced to quit (Alexander Hamilton Institute, 2011). The plaintiff (our former employee) in this case will need to be able to show the Court that working conditions were not tolerable and forced him/her to resign their position on the production floor. In addition, the plaintiff will need to show prima facie evidence that the said discrimination actually occurred (legal-dictionary, 2014). In a case, Gregory Lawson vs. State of Washington 2002, it pointed out...
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...Re: Constructive Discharge Claim – John Doe Scenario: A former employee, John Doe, has filed a claim against the company under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, constructive discharge, after a work schedule policy change. The employee, who quit after the policy change took effect, is alleging that the enforcement of the company’s new policy on shift work is discriminatory because the policy requires employees to work on a religious holy day. In the past, production employees worked Monday through Friday. Findings: As a result of company growth, the production schedule was changed at the beginning of the New Year, requiring employees to work 12-hour shifts with four days at work and then four days off. The four work days can occur any day of the week, Monday through Sunday. The entire production staff is required to work this rotating shift. Office staff members, however, work from 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., Monday through Friday. A. Explain how constructive discharge as a legal concept is relevant to the scenario. The EEOC defines constructive discharge as “forcing an employee to resign by making the work environment so intolerable a reasonable person would not be able to stay” (Prohibited Employment Policies/Practices, n.d.). In other words, by making the workplace hostile or making slight changes to the workplace specifically to make it intolerable, or to attempt to force the employee to resign. In this case, the employee resigned his position, alleging...
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...Sean Flores Mr. Drummond American Government December 1, 2015 The fight for rights and freedoms for African Americans has been a long and painful one. It goes all the way back to the pre-civil war area were all African Americans were slaves around white civilian households. During that time it was normal to have slaves but little did they know a civil war and reconstruction would occur that would help slowly lead to change in the way of life for not only African Americans but also white civilians. Some states will fight to keep their right to contain slaves while others fight to free them but eventually slowly it will lead to how we know African Americans today which is U.S. Citizens. Pre-civil war slaves had little to no rights. They were bought from their mainland and then sold here on U.S. soil for usually labor purposes. They would work on huge plantations such as tobacco, cotton, and rice plantations. These were mainly in the south because these plantations required a lot of labor but in the north it didn’t become as widespread because there were little farms and people made a living off of manufacturing goods. During this time people would defend slavery by saying it was a necessary evil or that it was a good thing to have slaves because it helped everyone involved. This would cause some friction between people in the north who thought slavery was wrong and people in the south who relied on slavery to run their plantations. Even though slowly congress would try...
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...occurred during the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 60s. This movement was also characterized by other acts of nonviolent civil disobedience, such as sit-ins, boycotts, and rallies. The civil rights movement was a human rights movement established in the hopes of ending legalized racial segregation and discrimination laws in the United States. One objective of this movement was to push for legislation to enforce the fifteenth amendment. The fifteenth amendment states that no one could be denied the right to vote because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. However, this amendment was...
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...To: CEO From: Elementary Division Manager Date: 01-07-2013 Subject: Constructive Discharge of Employee Brought to my attention by the company attorney, a former employee has filed a legal claim against the company claiming “constructive discharge” of religious discrimination falling under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The claim stems from an alteration in the previous production schedule to better support the company’s progress and development. The new schedule is requiring employees to work 12-hour shifts with four days at work and then four days off. The four work days can occur any day of the week, Monday through Sunday. The entire production staff is required to work this rotating shift. Office staff members, however, work from 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., Monday through Friday. This rotation schedule would have the former employee to be scheduled to work on a holy day considered by the former employee. This policy of scheduling led the former employee to resign. This memo aids in addressing the current situation for the company by defining constructive discharge, reviewing Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and providing recommendation that the company could conduct in resolving the current situation. Constructive Discharge Constructive discharge can be defined has when an employee’s work condition are so intolerable that would evolve into resignation by the employee (Dempsey and Petsche, 2006). This simply can be described as the employer...
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