...What was the role of artificial illumination for the development of urban life during the 19th century? It is impossible to imagine a city without light, and this is because ‘the city is characterized by light’ . The nineteenth century was a period of economic, technological and most significantly social change for urban life, and it is no coincidence that during this time artificial illumination became a mainstay of cities across the world. This essay will be focusing on the importance of artificial illumination in the development of urban life by concentrating on three main themes; its influence on creating nightlife and turning ‘night into day’ , transforming cities into a much safer environment and its role in aiding the thought of...
Words: 1702 - Pages: 7
...Development Worldwide of the Emancipation Laws in the Nineteenth Century Nannette Porter HIWD – 370: Comparative Civilization Instructor Katie Stewart October 13, 2015 Slavery had been a part of civilization since villages, and small communities began to form. The topic of slavery is an important part of our heritage, knowing how it began and what humanity has done to control it. It is interesting to see how Christianity can change the heart of one person, who can affect the change in a country. One small adjustment, thousands of miles abroad, can affect any civilization and history of many countries. During the 19th century many countries developed laws to gradually or immediately shift civilization away from slavery. This paper explores the religious influences motivating this shift in the legal system as well as the consequences of these laws on work civilization. Slavery was found worldwide and came in many different forms. The most common was the Slave, treated as chattels and wild animals, having no rights and endured harsh physical abuse. The Slave was known more and referred to as the ‘Western Slave’ more commonly found in America. Serfdom, a Russian repression, was a different form of slavery. Serfs were not a legal person, had no property rights, no right to credit transactions and not protected by custom. However, a serf had his own land and property, unlike in slavery. Serfdom was found in China, Japan, India and elsewhere...
Words: 2752 - Pages: 12
...School Candidate Number: Teacher: Mrs. P. Meikle Year of Examination: 2015 Name: Mikhail Farquharson Subject: Caribbean History School: Glenmuir High School Candidate Number: Teacher: Mrs. P. Meikle Year of Examination: 2015 SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT Theme 3: Resistance and revolt The economic effects of the Haitian Revolution on Haiti The Haitian Revolution was a great triumph in that it granted a large population of Africans freedom earlier than any other territory in the Caribbean, How true is it to say that early freedom was not worth the destruction of the entire Haitian Economy by the early 19th century? Rationale The condition of the Haitian economy today is far less than satisfactory, poverty and disease is rife and it seems there is no growth to be made in the near future. Battered by natural disasters, the Haitian economy is at an all-time low. One might wonder how this could be, Haiti or what it was, the great St.Domingue was among the richest and most successful places on the planet! This researcher decided to do research on this topic because as a historian I am curious to know why and when the Haitian economy started cascading to the point it is now. Historians who are curious to know more about the history of Haiti’s economy and those connected to Haiti by either residence or family may benefit from this research. Introduction The French colony St Domingue was formed...
Words: 1094 - Pages: 5
...consideration to as why drinks are often shared rather than food, much of the less never thought about what sharing a drink with someone can symbolize. I can connect this to the world by that many people authentically share drinks whether it is at a small gathering or a party for it does actually indicate hospitality, friendship, and even a sense of trustworthiness. | (Beer) “Liquids, being easily divisible, make ideal currencies.”- (Page33) | Like described in the above quote, liquid is easy to be shared equally. This allows beverages such as beer to be a system of money in general use. Once again, I’ve never given any thought to beverages, much less about how it would be a supreme currency. I think the author is trying to convey that liquid can be a good way to make money or to give out in payments, for it is described how several people would be paid through beer and bread:“bread and beer, became more than just staple foodstuffs; they were convenient and widespread forms of payment and currency.” | (Beer) “… although...
Words: 2634 - Pages: 11
... Midterm The difference is that, Atlantic slave trade was very important for 18 century World Economy, because it was one of the three elements of so-called Triangular trade, a three-way exchange between America, Europe, and Africa. European traders would ship textiles, muskets, and manufactured merchandize to Africa and exchange it for slaves. Then they would take slaves to the West to Americas and exchange them for cotton and tobacco, and sail home. On each side of the triangular trade ships made huge profits plus they carried different valuable merchandize from both African continent and the New World. Thus, Atlantic slave trade was vitally important for 18th century sailors . The origin of Atlantic slave trade – and slave trade in general – is mainly associated with the shortage of labor in the developing New World. Contemporary European population in the Americas was not sufficient to support the plans of development. Even criminals that were sentenced to labor ran away, and could easily blend into white masses forever. Native Americans were not efficient as slaves either, because they were not that numerous and did not have immunity for diseases brought to the New World by Europeans . In addition, native Americans could easily escape because they knew the land well, their home were close, and they knew how to survive in the adjacent territories . But labor requirements kept growing with the expansion of mining, harvesting, and...
Words: 1533 - Pages: 7
...It is commonly known that caffeine, a nitrogenous organic compound generally found in coffee, tea, and cacao, has immense effects on the heart rate of living organisms. Similarly, it is known that those effects - such as a higher alertness, decreased fatigue, anxiety, jitteriness, etc. - are both pros and cons of caffeine consumption. While caffeine can have a slightly different effect depending on the organism that consumes it, the outcome of intake is primarily identical. Caffeine mimics some of the effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline in the heart, and affects the main pumping chambers - known as ventricles - leading to an increase in the rate of contraction and relaxation of each heart beat. There have been many different discoveries...
Words: 1308 - Pages: 6
...Quintero Toro, Camilo. Birds of Empire, Birds of Nation: A history of Science, Economy, and Conservation in United States- Colombia Relations. Bogota: Universidad de los Andes, 2012. Intro. This book seeks to answer these and other questions by focusing on the study in perception of Colombian birds from the late 19th century through the first half of the 20th century, as a pretext to analyze social, scientific and environmental relations between the United States and Colombia. Understanding how ornithologists and collectors formed bird collections reveal s a rich story of international scientific relations and power structure throughout the 19th and 20th century. Reconstructing the story of Colombian birds allows the author to build a history that not only analyzes the early and complex scientific relations between the United States and Colombia, but also takes into account the importance of North America's growing influence over Latin America as well as Colombia's changing economic, cultural and social history to understand different perception of the natural world in both countries. For a North American, the study of birds brought forth a natural world where US imperialist intentions over Latin America were entirely legitimized. For Colombian naturalists, the study of birds offered another way to promote relations with the United States and incorporated Colombia into the international arena of science. At the same time, a toucan in 1940 had a different meaning to a North...
Words: 4239 - Pages: 17
...1750-1900 The bloody code 1683-1823: The bloody code was a period of time where over 300 crimes were liable to the death sentence. There were four reasons for this: * The rise in availability of newspapers lead people to think crime was rising. * Lawmakers wanted to protect themselves and their property. * The public executions were thought to be a deterrent. * New crimes lead lawmakers to believe crime was rising and they di not know another way to stop it. Industrialisation: Urbanisation= moving to the city. * Many people who moved to cities was so poor that they did not have enough to eat. * People in cities lost the support of the village community, they felt lost and were more afraid of crime. * Machines ad steam power meant huge factories took the place of small workshops and local craftspeople. * Poor people in the cities lived in awful conditions. * Huge towns developed in which people were not known to each other. Threats to authority: Luddites: people who smashed industrial machines. The French revolution 1789 In 1800 Britain: * Only 5% of the population could vote * No MP’s * No secret ballots so people were forced to vote for certain people. * In many constituencies only one person could vote. Britain decided to suppress any revolutionaries with new laws and force. They suspended ‘Habeas Corpus’ – the right to a fair trial. Perterloo massacre 1819: * 50,000 people go to Manchester and demand the right to vote. *...
Words: 753 - Pages: 4
...powerful region in a few hundred years. What did this process look like? Be sure to address this at the various levels (ideological, behavioral, institutional, material etc.). Are there reasons for this dominance that are more important than others? Looking back at the world in the past few hundred years, it would have been difficult to imagine that one day, majority of Western Europe would come to dominate the world in global economy (Landes, European Exceptionalism: A Different Path, 1998). Frank (2001) described the process of which the western society overcame pre-modern growth restraints and risen during the 19th century as the most powerful and wealthy region, as ‘The Great Divergence’ (Also commonly referred to as ‘the European miracle’ (Jones, 2003)). This essay will explore the development of European civilization through examining the revolution of commercial, industrial, agricultural, scientific, and the beginning of colonial empires. Also, we will look at various works of many authors and their theories regarding how and why the process of Great Divergence occurred. This includes the change in economical effects, the role of government, culture, the technological development, and innovation. In addition, we will briefly explore the previously developed areas; such as China and compare them to European civilization. The approximate beginning of ‘great divergence’ has been debated between many authors, being as early as 17th century, where Europe’s economy was starting grow...
Words: 2488 - Pages: 10
...Everything Related to the Coca-Cola Company Everything Related to the Coca-Cola Company Founded in 1886 in Atlanta, Coca-Cola Company is the world’s leading manufacturer, marketer and distributor of nonalcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups, used to produce more than 230 beverage brands. It is also the world’s most inclusive brand and company. It has already ventured regionally out of Atlanta to other states of United States since the late 19th century and its signature contour bottle was first manufactured in the early 20th century to distinguish themselves and assuring the genuine Coca-Cola. Though the company grew rapidly and roared into some European countries during the 1900s, its presence worldwide grew swiftly only after World War II. Year after year, the company has been discovering new foreign markets to bring higher profits as to fulfill its ultimate obligation to provide consistently attractive returns to the owners of the company and to enlarge its customer base in order to achieve economics of scale. Due to strong competition with Pepsi-Cola, Coca-Cola wants to reduce its dependence on United States market, which is their similar domestic market, as to reduce its risk and increase its global market share by going international. Presently, the company has already reached six billion consumers in nearly two hundred countries. Coca-Cola Company has been very successful in international marketing effort. Aggressive advertising...
Words: 1040 - Pages: 5
...A Cup of Coffee with the Linovamvaki Reviving ethnic and cultural integration on the island of Cyprus Michael Apicelli IRP-601 Dayton 18 December 2006 The island-nation of Cyprus, although small, serves as the location of the most long-standing UN Peace-keeping mission in the world. The UN-established “green line” divides Cyprus into two parts, the lower 2/3 of the island known as the Cypriot Republic, is almost exclusively populated by denizens whose ethnic identification is classified as Greek. The northern third of the island, occupied by self-avowed Turkish Cypriots, recognizes itself as the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. The only other country in the world that recognizes the TRNC is Turkey, while the Republic of Cyprus is recognized internationally. While the international community recognizes the Republic of Cyprus as having jurisdiction over the island as a whole, in fact the Republic’s authority stops at the green line, a fact which has led at a number of confusing international issues, including Cyprus’ and Turkey’s EU accession bids. The Beginnings of Cypriot History Cyprus is an island state that has only recently achieved sovereignty. Inhabited for well over two thousand years, it has a four hundred year colonial history of shared culture, language, and mores between the Turkish and Greek Cypriots that populate its scenic mountains, plains, and beaches. These shared mores and sense of culture will prove...
Words: 11014 - Pages: 45
...Migration * According to anthropologists, where did the first human beings live? Why did they leave that place? How did they get to North America? According to anthropologists the first human beings lived in Ethiopia, Africa around 2 million years ago for example: Lucy known as the oldest human found there. The most probable reason why the first human left Africa is because of the Ice Age. The cold made life so difficult to survive and somehow reduced in their population. They went through a land bridge, which existed to connect North America and Asia during the Ice Age. * What was the Columbian Exchange? How did the Columbian Exchange affect Europe? How did it affect North America? The Columbian Exchange is basically understand as the exchange in foods, animals, plants as well as diseases between the New World (North America) and the Old World (Europe) followed after the discovery of America by Columbus. The Columbian Exchange affected both world in many ways. For Europe, it brings avocado, potato, tomato, corn, beans, tobacco, turkeys as positive effects and the negative effect are diseases like tuberculosis and syphilis. For North America, positive effects: coffee beans, olive, banana, sugar cane, grape, sheep, pig, horse. And the negative effects impact North America are: smallpox, chickenpox, measles etc… * Name four groups of people who migrated to British North America in the 17th century. Why did each of those groups migrate? Virginia Settlement...
Words: 1673 - Pages: 7
...The Victorian period, the years between 1837 and 1901 and named after the great Queen Victoria, was a time of great change. The population of England represented various classes, occupations, and ways of life. The transportation of the period served as the forerunner of much of the transportation used today and the advances in medicine were also instrumental in changing the face of medicine forever. One of the most important things to know in Victorian society was good etiquette. Both men and women had their own set of rules of etiquette. There was a rule of etiquette for almost everything you did in a day. For women, there were rules about what kind of jewelry one should wear as well as when and where. Who to walk with, who to dance with, how and when to speak to a stranger, were all very critical knowledge. For men, there were rules about bowing, hat tipping, chaperonage, where to sit and next to whom, even about the circumstances in which it was correct or not to smoke or drink in front of ladies. There was also a correct title for almost every type of profession, social standing and rank. One of the major events in upper class society was the dance. Dances were usually scheduled to correspond with the full moon. Even most great houses did not have very large ballrooms. As a consequence, most balls were held outdoors. Most dances started around eight o'clock or so and the light of the full moon allowed less lighting to have to be put up. The practice was often to have the...
Words: 4768 - Pages: 20
...The establishment of the Lancaster County poorhouse also referred to as an almshouse, followed 3 years of planning initiated by “an act to provide for the erection of the houses for the employment and support of the poor in the counties of Chester and Lancaster” (passes February 27, 1797) and the establishment of the office of the Directors of the Poor. A tract of land was purchased from Matthias Slough in 1799. In reading over the Minutes of Directors of the Poor and the House of Employment Dec. 18, 1799 it reads as follows: The board met desires to know how much money will be required for the purpose of completing the House of Employment Total- $6424.76. The Rules that they put into place for anyone being admitted to the House were...
Words: 1473 - Pages: 6
...and paternal benevolence. Elijah had seen nothing like them: brutal men with whiskey bottles, children who ran loose and seemed to have no homes, gaudily dressed girls who strolled the sidewalks and smiled at gentlemen who passed them....” (Page 19) This shows how the real lives of 1800s were like. The people who were poor became poorer and rich getting richer. Even in the church, where the God said the people are equal, people who are wealthy were able to buy the seats in the church, and the people who are poor had to stand in the back and listen. “Elijah saw richer families that rented the more expensive pews near the pulpit. Behind Elijah sat families that paid...
Words: 1755 - Pages: 8
