...neurodevelopmental diseases, anxiety and depression seem to prevail over all. If anxiety and depression are not handled accordingly from the beginning of time, it may manifest into something more; this is something that we should look further into avoiding. Depression The chosen disease for this report is depression. Depression can be categorized as a psychological disease as well as a neurological, or neurodevelopmental problem. It comes in many forms and in different magnitudes. This means that depression can be short-term or it may may not be curable. In some cases, depression can follow other diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, high blood pressure, chronic lung disease, arthritis, stroke, cancer and many more. (WebMD, 2014). For a majority of cases, depression is accompanied with anxiety. There are many different forms of treatments available but the three major treatments are: cognitive treatments, pharmacological treatments, and alternative therapy treatments. Cognitive Therapy With cognitive therapy, most of the attention is given to a person’s thoughts. As human beings, we are always surrounded by multiple thoughts at any given time and thoughts are affected by one’s mood. For instance, when someone is in a bad mood, certain thoughts are going to be negative in nature. But through the help of cognitive therapy, those negative thoughts can be defused by having the patient think of good memories; creating new and creative thoughts. With long-term therapy, the patient is able...
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...images, and the orientation of the body in space. 2. Verbal/Linguistic - Involves reading, writing, speaking, and conversing in one's own or foreign languages. 3. Logical/Mathematical - Involves number and computing skills, recognizing patterns and relationships, timeliness and order, and the ability to solve different kinds of problems through logic. 4. Bodily/Kinesthetic - Involves physical coordination and dexterity, using fine and gross motor skills, and expressing oneself or learning through physical activities. 5. Musical - Involves understanding and expressing oneself through music and rhythmic movements or dance, or composing, playing, or conducting music. 6. Interpersonal - Involves understanding how to communicate with and understand other people and how to work collaboratively. 7. Intrapersonal - Involves understanding one's inner world of emotions and thoughts, and growing in the ability to control them and work with them consciously. 8. Naturalist - Involves understanding the natural world of plants and animals, noticing their characteristics, and categorizing them; it generally involves keen observation and the ability to classify other things as well. http://www.cse.emory.edu/sciencenet/mismeasure/genius/research02.html Question no.2 Self-Assessment: This can be defined as having the ability to recognize one's own emotions, strengths, weaknesses, values and drivers and understanding their impact on others. Without reflection we cannot...
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...affects the lives every person on the planet, in one way or another. Depression manifest it’s self in many ways. It causes weight gain, weight loss, anxiety, moodiness, sadness, irritability, restlessness, loss of interest in people, places, and things, loss of energy, loss of appetite, and much more. Because depression has so many different facets, it stands to reason that there are just as many ways to effectively treat the disorder. Psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, humanistic, and family systems are clinical psychological approaches to depression. Each one uses a different approach and in some areas there are overlaps. The information in this paper addresses origins, goals, and techniques of the approaches. Also, an explanation of how each approach affects the treatment strategies of the selected disorder, and the effectiveness of each approach. Major Approaches to Clinical Psychology Psychodynamic therapy is talk therapy like what a person sees depicted on television or in the movies. This type of therapy allows patients to examine emotions, feelings, thoughts, and memories ("Web Md", 2005-2012). Cognitive-behavioral therapy is the “…form of psychotherapy that emphasizes the important role of thinking in how we feel and what we do…” ("National Association Of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapist", 1996-2010). Cognitive-behavioral (CBT) is based on the theory, that one’s beliefs effect, his or her emotions and actions, not exterior things, like family, circumstances, and proceedings...
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...1. What was my overall reaction to the assigned reading? I really enjoyed this reading in Chapter 9. I related this reading to the work I do in my field practicum as it relates to the cognitive and moral development of human beings and human behaviors. As you already know, I work for Stella Maris, a drug and alcohol treatment facility. We talk a lot about cognitive development and the concerns we have with our clients as it relates to their disease of addiction. We need to know what changes in intellectual abilities, mental activities, and behaviors through which knowledge of the world is attained. This requires an understanding of us as counselors, to know what the variety of factors are including, biological, social, environmental, experiential, and motivational as well as the emotional life of each of our clients’. When we know this information, we are best able to examination their needs and understand the ways in which their cognitive and moral development have hindered their lives. As a result, we are then able to treat the problem and get into the solution. At Stella, we do this by treating our clients in a number of different ways. According to Piaget, he believed the environmental factors played a large role in the psychological development, in general, and cognitive development. As a counselor, we see this everyday with our clients’. They come into treatment with different environmental factors that play a major role in their addictions. As a result, we see that in...
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...paper on Anxiety Disorder Jeffrey S. Fletcher, M.A. Kathleen B. Stinger Psychopathology and Counseling, Coun 656 4, May 2014 Author Note Jeffrey S. Fletcher, Student, Liberty University. Correspondence concerning this paper should be addressed to Jeffrey S. Fletcher, Jfletcher1@liberty.edu Abstract This research paper is designed to review articles and books of professional journals in anxiety disorders, definition of anxiety disorder, review of current and past treatments of anxiety disorders, the new section and changes to anxiety disorder in the DSM-5, new treatments for anxiety disorders and medications for anxiety disorders. This paper will show spiritual considerations for treating anxiety disorders and how religion can improve one’s condition. It will show how CBT treatment of anxiety disorders have not been very successful and how medication has its limitations in treatment of anxiety disorders. This paper will also show what this clinician has learned and will take forward into the daily practice of treating adolescents with anxiety disorders. Keywords: anxiety, anxiety disorders, DSM-5, treatment Introduction When we talk about anxiety we have to distinguish between healthy anxiety or normal anxiety and anxiety disorders. It is normal to have a certain amount of anxiety for instance when one is in danger it is normal to become anxious. To have an anxiety disorder your anxiety would have to interfere with your life in a negative way. Anxiety and fear...
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...Paper - Anxiety Jonathan Dimitroff University of Phoenix Psych 575 March 23, 2015 Leah Mancuso PhD Disorder Paper - Anxiety The purpose of this paper is to discuss a neurological, psychological, or neurodevelopmental disorder. It is to compare and contrast three therapeutic interventions used to treat the chosen disorder; comparing measures of effectiveness, such as validity, efficacy, symptom and behavior management, and recidivism. One therapy should be cognitive in nature, one pharmacological in nature, and the third should be an alternative therapeutic treatment. This paper will identify common symptoms associated with the disorder, and rates of symptom reduction or management as reported with the three treatments. It will discuss what approach this author would use to treat this disorder based on the research used to develop this paper; and why. It will also analyze the neurophysiological underpinnings of disorders and diseases, as well as examine contemporary attitudes towards the three treatments selected. For the purposes of this paper, anxiety will be the chosen disorder. It is a psychological disorder with a variety of symptoms and specific types of anxiety. To list a few of the different types of anxiety, there is Panic disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive disorder, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Social Anxiety disorder, then there are the phobias which fall under the anxiety label, as well as Generalized Anxiety disorder...
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...With no known cause, Panic Disorder (PD) is a great mystery. Affecting about 5% or 14 million people (Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, 2000); regardless of race or ethnicity, class or social standing, PD in not nearly researched enough to get the answers we need. Often showing the first symptoms in adolescence or early adulthood, PD affects women two to three times more than men. Though well documented and understood by the medical community, the average person experiencing the symptoms of Panic Disorder can expect to see at least ten doctors before their final diagnosis (helpquide, 2009). Once thought to be a “women’s” disease, it is now known that Panic Disorder affects any and every group of people. Most every person has experienced a “panic attack” in which they have an intense founded fear or dread that causes a “fight or flight” response in their body. The symptoms of fight or flight are commonly: heart palpitations or racing heart rate, shortness of breath, feeling faint or unsteady, shaking and trembling, tingling in the fingers or toes, choking sensations, hot and cold flashes, chest pain, abdominal distress, fear of going crazy, losing control or dying. Panic attacks come on suddenly, usually lasting less than 10 minutes, and peaking within five minutes. Sufferers experience a strong urge to find a safe place, or escape their situation. The difference between panic attacks and Panic Disorder is the frequency and cause of the attacks. As...
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...Psychology and Therapy Laura Carranza Armanda Meadows Quoc Nguyen Andrea Sanchez Julann Wygal PSY/300 May 8, 2012 Mary Madrigal PhD Abnormal Psychology and Therapy The purpose of this paper is to discuss abnormal psychology and therapy. First this paper will define what abnormal psychology is. Then this paper will compare and contrast normal and abnormal psychology. Then the paper will examine at least two mental disorders from the perspective of psychology. Next the paper will examine two mental illnesses from the perspective of psychology. Finally the paper will discuss the similarities and difference among two different therapies in the schools of thought in psychology for treating mental disorders. Normal and Abnormal Psychology Normal vs. Abnormal Psychology The study of "normal" psychology is simply the study of someone who is in good health both mentally and physically. Said person adheres to and is responsive to social norms, and engages in activities that are socially acceptable and do not stray from the norm. Normal psychology is the study of the mind and the study of behavior. When unusual patterns of behavior, thought and emotion are studied, it falls under the branch of psychology called Abnormal psychology. The control and understanding of behavior that is considered to be deviant or aberrant either statistically or morally, has been the subject of much research and debate. Psychologists who focus on abnormal psychology identify the different causes of various...
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...therapeutic options for anxiety disordrers . Therapy? Pharmaceuticals? Alternative treatments? Evaluate the success rates. * An anxiety attack (panic attack) as defined by, Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition. © 2003, an episode of acute intense anxiety, with symptoms such as pounding or racing heart, sweating, trembling or shaking, feelings of choking or smothering, chest pain, nausea, dizziness, feelings of unreality, and chills or hot flashes. It is the essential feature of panic disorder and other anxiety disorders as well as other psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and mood disorders. [Link]http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/anxiety+attack *Anxiety is the body’s natural response to danger, an automatic alarm that goes off when you feel threatened. Although it may be unpleasant, anxiety isn’t always a bad thing. In fact, anxiety can help you stay alert and focused, spur you to action, and motivate you to solve problems. But when anxiety is constant or overwhelming, when it interferes with your relationships and activities—that’s when you’ve crossed the line from normal anxiety into the territory of anxiety disorders. Anxiety Disorders The DSM is divided into different sections which represent separate, broad categories of psychiatric disorders. One of these categories is anxiety disorders. The disorders...
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...Abnormal Psychology and Therapy Paper David Brown, Charles Hodge PSY/300: General Psychology Susan Bonnell June 2, 2015 University of Phoenix Abnormal Psychology and Therapy Paper Abnormal psychology is the study of unusual behavior, thoughts, and emotion by members of a society (American Psychological Association, 2015). To meet the definition of abnormal, the behavior, actions, or thoughts must be atypical of the culture (Kowalski & Westen, 2011). Herein is where the challenge lies, due to the fact that our world encompasses many cultures and definitions of normal are significantly different from one region to the next. The paper will provide examples of abnormal psychology in the form of mental disorders and illnesses. Additionally, treatments for these disorders and illnesses will be discussed. Normal and Abnormal Psychology Normal and abnormal psychology can differ by culture. One’s normal behavior is that which allows for a society to maintain a productive and relationship driven life that does not differ drastically from the normalcy of said society (Kowalski & Westen, 2011). When an individual’s behavior is maladaptive to the culture he or she belongs, others will then classify said behavior as abnormal, and then will attempt to change that behavior. Wen-Sing Tseng, M.D. (2013), described a Latino man who hit his body and yelled very loudly, alone while in public, upon hearing of his wife’s death. The treating doctor was unsure if the man’s behavior...
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...According to Abnormal psychology (14th ed.) the definition of Social Phobia is “the fear of situations in which a person might be exposed to the scrutiny of others and fear of acting in a humiliating or embarrassing way”. Social Phobia is one of the most common individual DSM-IV Disorders (Butcher). Although social phobia does not usually manifest itself until the teenage years or early adulthood, it can be brought on by many different factors in early childhood, like being bullied or based on genetic or learned behaviors from parents. They are also some different variation of social phobia; there is generalized social phobia, social phobia with agoraphobia, social phobia with or without panic attacks and also Japanese disorders similar to it called Taijin kyofusho. All these variations of social phobia come with different effects on people and caused by different factors. Social Phobia causes people to worry that other people are looking at you and noticing what you are doing, dislike being introduced to other people, find it hard to go into shops or restaurants, worry about eating or drinking in public, feel embarrassed about undressing in public, so you can't face going to the beach, can't be assertive with other people, even when you know you need to. Although these traits can simply just characterizes shyness in people. There are different degrees and other factors that make it more than shyness, social phobia can occur in different degrees and when combined with other...
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...Fear: Do We Control It, Or Does It Control Us? TLJ Honors Psych Fear: Do We Control It, Or Does It Control Us? Abstract Fear is the mind's way of responding to both physical and emotional danger. It has vast effects on an individual's psychological state, and is directly controlled by the amygdala. Fear is a necessary defense, because without it we would not protect ourselves from legitimate threats. Traumas and bad experiences can trigger emotional fears. Though it seems nowadays, we play into these fears -- fears that are not at all life threatening-- all too often allowing them to become irrational fears. Since the beginning of time there has always been an instilment of fear in our minds, whether the fear was that of eating the 'Forbidden Fruit' , to local legends like Slenderman, and even the bizarre idea of a robotic coup de' etat. The only difference between these fears, is how strongly we let them affect us psychologically. Do we allow our fears to be spoon-fed to us by society and the media? Are we completely irrational when it comes to some of these fears? What is the correlation between our fears of the past and those of the present? Finally, what will the future of mankind hold? All of these factors play a major part in understanding the affects fear can have on society as a whole. Keywords: Fear, Irrational, Media, Past, Present, Future Fear: Do We Control It, Or Does It Control Us? Since the dawn of time...
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...Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a psychotherapeutic approach that addresses dysfunctional emotions, maladaptive behaviors and cognitive processes and contents through a number of goal-oriented, explicit systematic procedures. The name refers to behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, and to therapy based upon a combination of basic behavioral and cognitive principles and research. CBT is thought to be effective for the treatment of a variety of conditions, including mood, anxiety, personality, eating, substance abuse, tic, and psychotic disorders. Many CBT treatment programs for specific disorders have been evaluated for efficacy; the health-care trend of evidence-based treatment, where specific treatments for symptom-based diagnoses are recommended, has favored CBT over other approaches such as psychodynamic treatments.[1] CBT was primarily developed through an integration of behavior therapy (the term "behavior modification" appears to have been first used by Edward Thorndike) with cognitive psychology research, first by Donald Meichenbaum and several other authors with the label of cognitive-behavior modification in the late 1970s. This tradition thereafter merged with earlier work of a few clinicians, labeled as Cognitive Therapy (CT), developed by Aaron Beck, and Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) developed by Albert Ellis. While rooted in rather different theories, these two traditions have been characterized by a constant reference to experimental research to test hypotheses...
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...The cognitive restructuring theory commands that one’s personal impractical philosophies are precisely responsible for producing dysfunctional feelings and their subsequent behaviors, such as anxiety, despair, and social extractions; and humans can be purged of such feelings and their validities by demolishing the theories that give them life. The cognitive restructuring model is a proven model in addressing behavioral issues concerning stroke victims and adolescents. Team A’s focus will be addressing the perceptions into these interventions. Behavioral changes can be difficult, but for a stroke victim it can be even more challenging due to cognitive deficiencies after a stroke. These changes are not only grueling to accept, but create a challenge due to physical, cognitive and emotional impairments. After a stroke, the ability to return to a consistent routine and activities now depend on the individual’s ability modify behaviors. One of the challenges one may face after a stroke is difficulty relating with others among other behavioral challenges relating to this type of injury. One of the main steps in overcoming this challenge is building a trusting relationship with the stroke victim; this develops throughout the rehabilitation process. Encouraging the patient too understand the benefits of setting goals. This trust is achieved through honesty, caring and regular interaction always trying to achieve realistic expectations. “Other Interventions include developing a plan...
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...based on psychologic, behavior, and physiologic characteristics. Eating disorders is a broad name for a number of problems faced by human beings with food in our society. While majority slip into overeating or comfort eating at some point, for some the problem goes to life-threatening extremes. For instance a common type of eating disorder is the anorexia nervosa and bulimia; there is a deep fear of being overweight that leads to an obsession about restricting the number of calories the person is taking in. This leads to an extreme state of starvation, which in turn has a number of effects on the way that the body functions and how hormones are produced. The common symptom of someone affected by an eating disorder includes: a. Mentally keeping a balance between calories taken in and calories used up b. Deep-seated feelings of anxiety if they consume a few calories too many c. Self-loathing, depression or panic if they haven’t lost any weight or put a little on, despite their best efforts Many scholars have researched the issue of diet quite deeply and know the damage they are doing to themselves but are still unable to stop. This just makes the feelings of despair and self-loathing even worse, causing their condition to continue. Common types of eating Disorders Research has given support to the existence of the different types of disorder put forward by Lask & Bryant-Waugh (2000). There are four main types of eating disorders namely; ...
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