...Communication Personal Construct Terrance J. Banks COM321 – Communication Theory (BHE 1349A) Instructor Donald Olsen December 16, 2013 Personal construct perceive of someone view and build their relationship on it. One may set their personal standards world which leads to one history and one predisposition on life. A personal construct identify the opposite extremes and similar of people behavior and style. We place ourselves along lifestyles standards on our family, friends and colleagues. It is also define people by the way they act in the company and decide that some people are extravert and others are introvert. Kelly (2009) stated, “A person is motivated to predict or anticipate what will happen to him or her. What moves people to act George A. Kelly (1905-1966) developed a highly influential theory of personality that described human beings as lay scientist who seek to organize or predict, and control their world”. Kelly says, people believe that a prediction is the drivers of our mind (Kelly, 2009). A construct has two extreme points; “happy-sad”, and we place people; at either one at some point in between (Kelly, 2009). A personal construct is the way we as people look at life, people, and our surroundings. Kelly (2009) stated, “A personal construct according to Kelly classifies his or her own world by developing personal constructs, which are characteristic ways of how some things are alike, and some things are different from one another”. Kelly says all constructs...
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...physical point of view. Arnold Gesell (18808-1961) believed that development occurred to a sequences of maturational processes. For example, development in the womb follows a fixed set of stages: the heart begins to form first, along with a rudimentary nervous system. Bones and muscles develop next and over time the organism developed into a fully functioning human being, ready to be born. Through Gesell’s observations and research, Gesell concluded that children go through predictable stages of growth. Gesell’s theory form the basis for just about every other developmental theory. Gesell believed that child development occurs according to a predetermined, naturally unfolding plan of growth. Gesell created a spiral-like pattern to describe how children develop. The cycles describe six stages occurring at half-year intervals, which last longer as a child grows. For example, younger children move through cycle far more rapidly than older children. Gesell identified six stages of growth: Smooth Break-up Sorting-out Inwardsing Expansion Fitting together Maturational theory The maturational theory...
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...human mind and human behaviors. It is an theoretical discipline and is applied science in which seeks the understanding of individuals and groups by establishing overall principles, along with researching specific form of cases. There are many different approaches to psychology such as humanist, behavioral, and cognitive. One must understand the cognitive approach before truly understand the cognitive personality approach. Cognitive psychology “is the scientific investigation of human cognition, that is, all our mental abilities – perceiving, learning, remembering, thinking, reasoning, and understanding”(Lu & Dosher, 2007, p. 1). As the term ‘cognition’ comes from the Latin word “cognoscere”. Cognitive psychology is the study in which how people obtain and apply knowledge or information to their everyday lives. It is a modern form that includes a set of new technologies in the field of psychological science. The study of human cognitive is traced back to Aristotle De Memoria in Hothersall in 1984. The overall concept of cognitive psychology began with the cognitive approaches to psychological issues in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s with the work of Wundt, Cattell, and William James. It claimed the first half of the approach during the 20th century with the behaviorism approach in cognitive psychology. Within this dissertation it will be covering different aspects of cognitive personality approach. Allowing better understanding of the cognitive personality approach; the...
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...Work and Well-Being How and to what extent does positive affect influence organizational citizenship behaviours? January 2006 Introduction This essay is broken down into various sections to develop the ‘building blocks’ upon which we can provide an answer to the question. In section 1, we will look at the core constructs of ‘positive affect’ (PA) and ‘organizational citizenship behaviours’ (OCBs). In section 2, we will answer the question of how PA influences OCBs by looking at some of the main theories and models. In section 3, the extent to which PA influences OCBs will be considered by reviewing the empirical evidence. Finally, section 4 attempts to draw conclusions and provides an overall discussion. Section 1 - Definitions This section looks at the constructs of ‘positive affect’ and ‘organizational citizenship behaviours’. Positive Affect (PA) Between the 1930s, when it started to emerge as a construct of interest to organizational research, and the mid-1980s, affect at work was construed almost exclusively in terms of job satisfaction (Brief & Weiss, 2002). However, Organ & Near (1985) argued that job satisfaction has both a cognitive (belief, judgement, comparison) as well as an affective (emotional, feeling) dimension, whereas most measures of job satisfaction tended to focus on the cognitive element. This distinction is important: Weiss & Cropanzano (1996) see affective experiences...
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...Describe the application of behaviorist perspectives in health and social care. (P1) Operant conditioning is a type of behavior modification which can be used to either decrease or increase the likelihoods of a certain aspect of a behavior will occur. The process relies on the idea that organisms (a person) respond to stimuli, and that if they can be taught to associate a specific stimulus with a particular behavior, they will be more likely to engage in or avoid the behavior, depending on the type of stimulus involved. This approach first came to notice B.F Skinner (s famous psychologist) were of his work was carried out in the 20th centaury. His work was mainly with the use of rats and pigeons to us e them to discover new ways of leering style and behaviors. Skinner was create1a very famous box which is still used today some science experiment call the Skinner box. This bow was designed with a lever which when pressed by a rate inside it would produce a food pellet to the rat when pressed accidentally. After a while the rate will begin to realize that when it presses the lever a food pellet will be released so there for will repeated this action for to receive food. The pellet of food in this situation is a product of reinforcing as the rat will like more of the food an can get it when he wants by pressing the lever which in turn increases the possibility of this behavior being repeated. There are two different types of stimuli which can be used in operant conditioning...
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...ASSIGNMENT CONCEPT APPLICATION MEMO STUDENT ID: 7633672 7654483 1 7633672 7654483 CONCEPT APPLICATION MEMO Lit Motors have created a vehicle that will be the future of personal transportation. The C-1 is a vehicle powered by electricity with designs that share the safety and comfort of a car and functions of a motorcycle such as enabling the vehicle to reach up to 100 mile-per-hour and permitting 45 degree banked turns. This memo will use concepts such as strategy positioning, strategy design and disruptive technology to analyse the company’s approach towards the product. The design of this product is the essence of their strategy in order to obtain competitive advantage. CEO of Lit Motors, Daniel Kim, have built their design inhouse. By doing this, they can control all R&D processes and eliminates unnecessary errors from outsourcing. The company’s main design focuses on manufacturing their own gyroscope that enables the vehicle to self-balance and maintain an upright position continuously. Another design that Kim has focused on, is the amenities and securities of a car. Therefore the C-1 contains a steering wheel, acceleration and brake pedals just like a car. Nevertheless, the vehicle will manoeuvre side to side like a motorcycle but will do it automatically, depending on how you steer the wheel. In addition, strategically creating this design concept allows this innovation to reduce the complexity of manufacturing an automotive product according to the respective...
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...especially those of early childhood, shaped people in a somewhat unique manner and account for many of the differences among personalities. | Adler: Individual Psychology | Adler explains that those thoughts are understood and regarded by the individual as helpful in striving for success. | He explained that it is a part of the goal in which is neither clearly formulated nor completely understood by the individual and he added that unconscious thoughts are those that are not helpful. | He regarded Self-centeredness with biological aspects as pathological health as standard of psychological maturity. | People’s creative power is capable of transforming feeling of inadequacy into either social interest or into the self-centered goal of personal superiority. | Due by creative power, everyone are free to choose their own life and control it. They are similar with the career they choose to be with. | Adler believes the different style of life in which...
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...Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes Vol. 86, No. 1, September, pp. 99–130, 2001 doi:10.1006/obhd.2001.2974, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on Mood and Emotions in Small Groups and Work Teams Janice R. Kelly Purdue University and Sigal G. Barsade Yale University Affective influences abound in groups. In this article we propose an organizing model for understanding these affective influences and their effects on group life. We begin with individuallevel affective characteristics that members bring to their groups: moods, emotions, sentiments, and emotional intelligence. These affective characteristics then combine to form a group’s affective composition. We discuss explicit and implicit processes through which this affective combination occurs by examining the research on emotional contagion, entrainment, modeling, and the manipulation of affect. We also explore how elements of the affective context, such as organizationwide emotion norms and the group’s particular emotional history, may serve to constrain or amplify group members’ emotions. The outcome, group emotion, results from the combination of the group’s affective composition and the affective context in which the group is behaving. Last, we focus on the important interaction between nonaffective factors and affective factors in group life and suggest a possible 2001 Academic Press agenda for future research. During the past century, a tremendous amount of research attention...
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...Southwest Airlines Company's Purpose Belen Juarez COM/530 October 6, 2015 University of Phoenix Southwest Airlines Company's Purpose Every day someone is traveling. One of the most common forms of traveling is the airline. Whether the trip is business or personal, most likely while purchasing the ticket, checking in, or boarding the plane we do not sit there and ponder what the company's purpose or philosophy is. People get so caught up in everyday life they forget the company’s services that they are using have a purpose to serve them. In this paper, you will get an overview on Southwest Airlines Company, its culture, values, and communication. With headquarters located in Dallas, Texas, Southwest Airlines Company is one of the major United States airlines, as well as the world's leading low-priced carrier. Southwest Airlines Co. “founded on March 15, 1967 by Rollin King and Herb Kelleher” (Avstop.com, Sept). For the very first time, Southwest Airlines Co. launched international services on July 1, 2014. The total number of flight to and from Latin American and the Caribbean was up to 100 per day (Kelly, 2015). A company’s culture is member’s values and practices; essential it is the employee’s values and practices that can make or break the company. Southwest Airlines Company (2015) defines culture as “the development, improvement, and refinement of the originality, individuality, identity, and personality of a given people.” Southwest Airlines Co. prides itself...
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...Chapter 13- Kelly * How is Kelly’s theory categorized? Phenomenology, cognitive, existential, and humanistic theories. * What is constructive alternativism? People are free to construe reality any way they want: no one is bound by one’s biography. * How is it related to Vaihinger and Adler? Propositional thinking * What is the fundamental postulate? A person’s processes are psychologically channelized by the ways in which he/she anticipates events. People as scientists. * What are the 11 corollaries? * Construction – a person anticipates events by construing their replications * Individuality – persons differ from each other in their construction of events * Organization – each person characteristically creates, for his or her convenience in anticipation of events, a construction system with a defined ordinal relationship. * Dichotomy – a person’s construction system is composed of a finite number of dichotomous constructs. * Choice – a person chooses for oneself that alternative in a dichotomized construct that promises the most growth for him or her. * Range – a construct is convenient for the anticipation of a finite number of events * Experience – a person’s construction system caries as he or she successfully construes the replication of events. * Modulation – the variation of a person’s construction system is limited by the permeability of the constructs within that range of convenience...
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...Personality Reflection Shannon Johnson PSY/250 10/05/2015 Phoenix Personality Reflection How would I define personality? To me personality is made of so many different things. It takes allot of individual traits to make up someone’s personality. The way that you have been raised from just a little baby. The DNA that has started your foundation in life. What your beliefs are. Five factors have been narrowed down. * Openness = Appreciation for emotion, art, unusual ideas, and a variety of experience * Conscientiousness = Mostly dependable, organized, goals, and self-discipline * Extraversion = Positive energy, assertive, positive emotions, seeks stimulation from others * Agreeableness = Cooperative, trusting, compassionate, competitive * Neuroticism = unpleasant emotions, anger, anxiety, low stability Remember OCEAN To me people are all different. Might have the same hair color, like the same kind of tv shows, even the same first name. Personality comes from traits that you are born with and traits that are learned. If two people go through the exact same thing that does not mean that, they will react or feel the same way. Everyone in this world is unique in his or her own way. Personality is what we have in order to live life on life’s terms. . Every person on this earth thinks of things differently. Personality is an individual’s thoughts, feelings, behaviors and how the individual sees and acts with each altogether. To understand different parts of personality...
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...Chapter 1 SIGMUND FREUD AN INTRODUCTION Sigmund Freud, pioneer of Psychoanalysis, was born on 6th May 1856 in Freiberg to a middle class family. He was born as the eldest child to his father’s second wife. When Freud was four years old, his family shifted and settled in Vienna. Although Freud’s ambition from childhood was a career in law, he decided to enter the field of medicine. In 1873, at the age of seventeen, Freud enrolled in the university as a medical student. During his days in the university, he did his research on the Central Nervous System under the guidance of German physician `Ernst Wilhelm Von Brucke’. Freud received his medical degree in 1881and later in 1883 he began to work in Vienna General Hospital. Freud spent three years working in various departments of the hospital and in 1885 he left his post at the hospital to join the University of Vienna as a lecturer in Neuropathology. Following his appointment as a lecturer, he got the opportunity to work under French neurologist Jean Charcot at Salpetriere, the famous Paris hospital for nervous diseases. So far Freud’s work had been entirely concentrated on physical sciences but Charcot’s work, at that time, concentrated more on hysteria and hypnotism. Freud’s studies under Charcot, which centered largely on hysteria, influenced him greatly in channelising his interests to psychopathology. In 1886, Freud established his private practice in Vienna specializing in nervous diseases...
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...her mum tried to pin her down and force the medicine into her mouth as she was so desperate for Amelia to get better. Now, Amelia associates the medicine with that experience and screams and shouts when she needs to take it. Her parents are at a loss on what to do. You now need to help the parents to understand what they can do to modify Amelia’s behaviour. How can you get Amelia to take the medicine using Operant Conditioning? You may even want to bring in some Classical Conditioning as well if you think you can? Describe the behaviour Amelia is exhibiting? Amelia is exhibiting this behaviour due to past experiences, in the past she has had a bad experience when taking this medication, therefore her mind associates the medication with something bad. She has been conditioned to link her being pinned down and fed to taking the medication, this is classical conditioning. The stimulus, the medication has been associated with a bad time and therefore will give off a response which is screaming and shouting. Explain what strategies can you use to positively reinforce Amelia’s behaviour? You can use operant conditioning to change her behaviour. She...
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...Paper Ryan Beland BIS/220 Mr. Vozella 7/28/2104 In today’s world we do not start our mornings with an essential meal, a cup of coffee, and reading the newspaper; but with the simple press of one of the most iconic buttons, the power button. The dramatic increase in technology demands the attention of almost every person across the globe as they connect, work, and coordinate daily plans and objectives with those close and far away. Information technology is one of the largest demanded and growing systems users have available. Information technology is the use of computer and telecommunication based systems; to store, send, manipulate, and retrieve data information across the various environments for the users utilizing the systems (Wikipedia, 2014). From professional, academic and personal situations these systems are more than ever present in the daily routine. The increased demand and use of these systems does make daily tasks easier and quicker to complete, but even the most beneficial tools can come with a cost. The information systems we utilize improve efficiency and effectiveness, but open doors for dangerous, illegal, and unethical actions. In order to control or limit these technological woes, various laws and procedures have been put in place to protect the users and societies that wish to implement these systems features into their lives. In this paper we will examine two laws specifically what they entail, the ethical dilemmas involved in the creation of these...
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...P1 The behaviourist perspective focuses solely on observing human behaviour; behaviourist psychologists believe that new born babies are born with a ‘clean slate’ – that we adopt our means for behaviour by learning. Pavlov was a behavioural psychologist and he was conducting an experiment on how the production of saliva helps dogs to digest food. However, Pavlov found that his dog would sometimes salivate before his food arrived. This lead him to realise that the dog had learnt to associate his food with other stimulus; for example reaching for the dog food or picking up his bowl. Pavlov then began to ring a bell whenever the dog would receive food, and eventually found that the dog would produce saliva whenever the bell was rung. This is known as classical conditioning, which Pavlov applied to humans. This is when a stimulus creates a new response which is learned by association. To begin with, Pavlov’s dog innately reacted to receiving food by producing saliva; here, the food is an unconditioned stimuli and the saliva produced is an unconditioned response. However, when another stimulus (the neutral stimuli) such as the bell, is added to the unconditioned stimuli, this also creates the unconditioned response. With consistency the new stimulus will create the conditioned response; therefore producing saliva when the bell is rung. Here, the bell has become a conditioned stimuli and the salivating has become a conditioned response. American psychologist Watson conducted an experiment...
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