...l. communities comprise usually fire-prone ecological systems due to the tree architecture, canopy density, and connectivity. When dominant, acacias form open shrublands that enable light to reach underbrush, favoring the development of grasses. Depending on soil conditions (especially nitrogen content), rainfall and grazing intensity, grasses may produce critical loads of combustible biomass. (Fig. 4.) Understory shrubs (e.g. Aloysia gratissima in central Argentina) may also promote forest fires and may even increase fire intensity compared with grasses. Fig. 4: Vachellia spp. scrub in central Argentina affected by the fire, on the left of the image. The accumulated grass biomass can be seen on the right of the image. © M. Karlin....
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...Growing Vegetables & Useful UAE Climate Information Compiled by: Saqer Bin Zayed Al Nehayyan Growing Vegetables & UAE Climate Information 2007 Index Temperature conversion chart ................................................................ 4 Average Temperature Conditions........................................................... 4 UAE Vegetables Growing Calendar ........................................................ 5 Measurement and Conversions ............................................................... 8 Winds in UAE ....................................................................................................17 Greenhouse Introduction ..........................................................................22 Vegetables A to Z ...........................................................................................23 Nursery management in vegetable crops By: Rajinder Kumar Dhall and J.S. Hundal.......................................................................................................25 Raised Bed Gardening .................................................................................26 Hydroponic production ...............................................................................29 Shade Tolerant Vegetables (and Fruits)............................................39 A veggie for all seasons..............................................................................40 Cool Season Vegetables ................
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...FOOD from the SUN HOW PLANTS LIVE AND GROW LIFESCIENCE © 2008 Rourke Publishing LLC All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the publisher. www.rourkepublishing.com PHOTO CREDITS: p. 17: Sally Bensusen/Science Photo Library; p. 26: Jonathan S. Blair/ Getty Images; p. 33: Vera Bogaerts/istockphoto.com; p. 27, 34: Nigel Cattlin/FLPA; p. 4: Elena Elisseeva/istockphoto.com; pp. title page, 19, 36: Chris Fairclough/CFWImages.com; p. 13 both: Chris Fairclough/Discovery Picture Library; p. 30: Foto Natura Stock/FLPA; p. 39: Joe Gough/istockphoto.com; p. 10: Paul Gsell/istockphoto.com; p. 8, 15, 41: istockphoto.com; p. 16: Silvia Jansen/istockphoto.com; p. 21: Chee-Onn Leong/ istockphoto.com; p. 9: Brenda McEwan/istockphoto.com; p. 29: Dave Michaels/Corbis; p. 38: Neil Nathan/istockphoto.com; p. 12: David Nunuk/Science Photo Library; pp. 42, 43: Ed Parker/EASI-Images/CFWImages.com; p. 31: Susanna Pershern/istockphoto.com; p. 23, both, 24: Photodisc; p. 7: Corey Rich/Aurora/Getty Images; p. 37: Rey Rojo/ CFWImages.com; pp. 34, 35 bottom: Malcolm Romain/istockphoto.com; p. 35 top: Yali Shi/ istockphoto.com; p. 18: Stephen Strathdee/istockphoto.com; p. 25: Herbert Zetti/Zefa/Corbis. Cover picture shows the early green shoots of a plant. [istockphoto.com] Produced...
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...Establish and Manage Your Home Lawn The home lawn and turf areas surrounding churches, parks, and office buildings do more than just serve as pleasant green backdrops. The grass plants that make up the lawns serve as miniature air-conditioners and pollution-abatement centers. On a block of eight houses, the front lawns have the cooling effect of 70 tons of air-conditioning. The plants, in transpiring water to cool themselves, also cool the surrounding area. Roughly 50 percent of the heat striking a turf area is eliminated by transpiration. When the temperature of the sidewalk is 100 °F, the temperature of the adjacent turf remains near 75 °F. This cooling may last into the night, with studies showing a 13-degree cooling at 9 p.m. This air-conditioning is not free, however. An average 5,000-square-foot lawn transpires about 3,000 gallons of water on a hot summer day. If this water is not supplied by rain, it must be applied by some other means. Turfgrass also functions as a noise barrier. Studies at the Riverbank Acoustical Laboratory in Geneva, Illinois, found Kentucky bluegrass turf more sound-absorbent than a heavy carpet on a felt pad. One of the most significant byproducts of a living, green backdrop is its effect upon the atmosphere. A 250-square-foot lawn produces enough oxygen for a family of four. The average lawn traps significant amounts of carbon dioxide, peroxyacetyl nitrates, and ozone, as well as particulate matter. A most important effect is the prevention of soil...
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... dependent reaction 10 Section 3.3 – The light – independent reaction 11 Section 3.4 – Factors affecting photosynthesis 12 Section 4.1 – Glycolysis 13 Section 4.2 – Link reaction + Kreb cycle 14 Section 4.3 – Electron transport chain 15 Section 4.4 – Anaerobic respiration 16 Section 5.1 – Food chains and food webs 17 Section 5.2 – Energy transfer between trophic levels 18 Section 5.3 – Ecological pyramids 19 Section 5.4 – Agricultural ecosystems 20 Section 5.5 – Chemical and biological control of agricultural pests 21 Section 5.6 – Intensive rearing of domestic livestock 22 Section 6.1 – The carbon cycle 23 Section 6.2 - The greenhouse effect and global warming 24 Section 6.3 – The nitrogen cycle 25 Section 6.4 – Use of natural and artificial fertilisers 26 Section 6.5 – Environmental consequences of using fertilisers 27 Section 7.1 – Populations and Ecosystems 28 Section 7.2 – Conservation of habitats 29 Section 8.1 – Studying inheritance 30 Section 8.2 – Monohybrid inheritance 31 Section 8.3 – sex inheritance and sex linkage 32 Section 8.4 + 8.5 – Co – dominance and multiple alleles + hardy Weinberg 33 Section 8.6 – Selection 34 Section 8.7 – Speciation 35 Section 1.1 – Populations and ecosystems Ecology The study of inter-relationships between organisms and their environment Abiotic – non...
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...Research I INTRODUCTION Food Production is is the process of transforming raw ingredients into prepared food products. Food production includes industries that take raw food products and convert them into marketable food items. Synthetic fertilizers are commonly used for growing all crops, with application rates depending on the soil fertility, usually as measured by a soil test and according to the particular crop. Studies have shown that application of nitrogen fertilizer on off-season cover crops can increase the biomass (and subsequent green manure value) of these crops, while having a beneficial effect on soil nitrogen levels for the main crop planted during the summer season. Nutrients in soil can be thrown out of balance with high concentrations of fertilizers. The interconnectedness and complexity of this soil ‘food web’ means any appraisal of soil function must necessarily take into account interactions with the living communities that exist within the soil. Stability of the system is reduced by the use of nitrogen containing fertilizers, which cause soil acidification. Applying excessive amounts of fertilizer has negative environmental effects, and wastes the growers' time and money. To avoid over-application, the nutrient status of crops should be assessed. Nutrient deficiency can be detected by visually assessing the physical symptoms of the crop. Both soil tests and Plant Tissue Tests and Fertilizer Application are used in agriculture to fine-tune nutrient management...
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...deteriorates the nutrients of the soil thus creating problems to farmers. Hence, the researcher would like to study if this grass can be a substitute as thermal insulating material. If it can be an alternative, this research would really give great help to many farmers. Objectives of the Study The main objective of this study is determine whether Cogon grass can be a substitute as thermal insulator as compared to other traditional thermal insulating materials. Specifically, this study aims to: 1. determine the thermal resistance (R) of Cogon grass as thermal insulating material; 2. determine the thermal conductivity (k) of Cogon grass as thermal insulating material; 3. determine how much heat (Q) trasmit to the layer of the Cogon grass per second; and, 4. determine how much is the temperature gradient or temperature difference per unit thickness of piled Cogon grass. Scope and Limitation of the Study The study will be limited only to to parameters involving computations for thermal resistance and other properties of Cogon grass, and determining whether it can be an efficient substitute to other traditional insulating materials for roofing. Parameters such as cost analysis, production, and installation process to roofs are not included in the study. The sample material will be taken from anywhere. The...
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...INTRODUCTION Importance of the Study Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L.) is a plant in the cabbage family, whose large flower head is used as vegetable. The word broccoli, from Italian plural of broccoli, refers to the “the flowering top of the cabbage”. Broccoli is classified in the Italian cultivar group of species Brassica oleracea. It has large flower heads, usually green in color, arranged in tree-like fashion on branches sprouting from a thick, edible stalk. The mass of the flower head is surrounded by leaves. Broccoli mostly closely resembles cauliflower, which is a different cultivar group of species. Broccoli is high in Vitamin C, as well as dietary fiber; it also contains multiple nutrients with potent anti-cancer properties, diindolylmethane and small amounts of selenium. Broccoli also contains the compound glucoraphanim, which can be processed into an anti-cancer compound sulforaphane, through the benefits of broccoli are greatly reduced if the vegetable is boiled. Broccoli is also an excellent source of indole – 3- carbinol, a chemical which boost DNA repair in cells and appears to block the growth of cancer cells. It has the higher level of carotenoids in the brassica family. It is particularly rich in lutein and also provides a modest amount of beta-carotene. A high intake of broccoli has been found to reduce risk of aggressive prostate cancer. Broccoli consumption has also been shown to be beneficial in prevention of heart disease. Broccoli consumption is also...
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...MULTIPLECHOICE SECTION INSTRUCTIONS: Read all instructions carefully. Please answer all questions. Each question is worth 0.5 points. The Multiple Choice section is worth 40 points. **Do not enter your answers here.** Type in the letter you select as the best answer on the Answer Sheet provided by your instructor. 1. Which of these would be a valid hypothesis? A) Human history is determined by a series of supernatural events. B) Humans should help in the conservation of other animal species. C) Humans are controlled by forces beyond our understanding. D) Humans and bacteria share a common genetic code. 2. In the scientific method, a hypothesis . E) is a statement of fact F) can only be tested once G) is usually proven to be correct H) is a proposed explanation based on observations I) none of the above 3. What is the correct sequence of steps in the scientific method? I. State the problem II. Analyze and interpret the data III. Share the results with other scientists IV. Develop a hypothesis V. Design and perform an experiment to test the hypothesis A) I → II → III → IV → V B) III → I → V → II → IV C) V →IV → III → II → I D) I → IV → V → II → III E) V → II → I → III → IV 4. To test a hypothesis about a given variable, experimental and control groups are tested in parallel. Which of the following best explains the dual experiments...
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...|3.1 Diversity of |Objectives | |Organisms | | |3.1.4 Fungi |State the structure & life cycle of Rhizopus. | | |Explain nutrition in fungi. | | |Outline the structure & reproduction of Yeast. | | |Name 2 Beneficial & 2 Harmful fungi. | | |Mention that there are Edible and Poisonous fungi. | | |Identify and state functions for the following structures: rhizoid, sporangium, gametangium, zygospore. | |3.1.2 + 3.1.5 Handling |1.Discuss and outline the Laboratory Procedures for Micro-organisms | |Micro-organisms |2.State precautions used when working with microorganisms. ...
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...resource-poor and suffer from food insecurity. Their low incomes mean they are unable to make investments and take on risks. Their agricultural systems are buffeted by sudden, acute shocks caused by natural and man-made hazards—drought, flooding, erosion, conflicts. Long-term trends, in part the result of international markets, national policy decisions and institutional frameworks, often move against them. The food-security problem is not merely an inability to produce enough food to keep pace with population growth. Such a simplistic reckoning fails to take into account the ecological, cultural, social and economic features which are the bedrock of sustainable agriculture. Environmental degradation and a diminishing resource base seriously affect African farmers who depend on rainfed agriculture. As critical watersheds are deforested, water supplies have become unreliable and the climate less predictable. Local actors are seldom consulted when agricultural policies are formulated. Small-scale farmers (especially women) find it hard to get credit, seeds and other inputs, and the information they need to farm their land in a profitable, sustainable way. Some governments still control the prices of key farm outputs, and unscrupulous traders manipulate the prices of others. In addition, political instability is a major obstacle to food security and sustainable agriculture in many countries. Access to sufficient food is a sustainable manner is a fundamental human right. Realizing this...
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...medical theory, see Bad air. "Air quality" redirects here. For the measure of how polluted the air is, see Air quality index. Not to be confused with Qualities of air. Air pollution from a World War II wartime production plant Air pollution is the introduction into the atmosphere of chemicals, particulates, or biological materials that cause discomfort, disease, or death to humans, damage other living organisms such as food crops, or damage the natural environment or built environment. The atmosphere is a complex dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems. Indoor air pollution (see Airlog) and urban air quality are listed as two of the World’s Worst Toxic Pollution Problems in the 2008 Blacksmith InstituteWorld's Worst Polluted Places report.[1] ------------------------------------------------- Pollutants Main articles: Pollutant and Greenhouse gas Before flue-gas desulfurization was installed, the emissions from this power plant in New Mexico contained excessive amounts of sulfur dioxide. Schematic drawing, causes and effects of air pollution: (1) greenhouse effect, (2) particulate contamination, (3) increased UV radiation, (4) acid rain, (5) increased ground level ozone concentration, (6) increased levels of nitrogen oxides. A substance in the air that can be harmful to humans and the environment...
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...fructose alpha glucocsidic bond = sucrose (table sugar) glucose + galactose beta galactosidic bond = lactose glucose + glucose = maltose Polysaccharide: 4 common types Starch: alpha 1,4 & 1,6 bonds btwn glucoses. amylose and amylopectin Glycogen: different branching than starch. Found in animals Cellulose: beta glucose polymer. Plant cell walls Chitin: similar to cellulose with extra nitrogen containing group. Fungus cell wall and exoskeleton Lipids Triglyceride 3 fatty acids attached to glycerol. Phospholipid One fatty acid in triglyceride replaced with a R containing phosphate group Steroids 4 carbon rings. 3 cyclohexane and 1 cyclopentane Proteins Primary structure AA sequence Secondary 3D shape resulting from hydrogen bonding btwn amino and carboxyl group. Alpha helix and beta pleated sheets Tertiary Hydrogen bonding btwn R groups Ionic bonding btwn R groups Hydrophobic and hydrophilic effects Disulfide bonds btwn Cysteine Quaternary Multiple tertiary structures come together. H-bond, disulfide bond, hydrophilic/phobic interactions Nucleic acids Polymer of what? nucleotides Parts of DNA Nitrogen base, 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group Structure 1' attached to base, 5' attached to phosphate group, 3' attached to another nucleotide, antiparallel Base types & number of H-bonds A-G: Purine - two rings C-T: Pyrimidine - one ring C-G: 3 h-bonds A-T: 2 h-bonds RNA vs DNA 2' extra OH in RNA; Single stranded; U instead of T Chemical reactions in metabolic processes Breakdown/synthesis...
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...IDENTIFICATION OF PATHOGENIC BACTERIA ASSOCIATES WITH WILT DISEASE OF TOMATO By Anam Nawaz Chapter No: 1 INTRODUCTION Occurrence of Disease in a Host due to Pathogen can only happen in the presence of conducive Environment, or in other words “ disease causal are only the combination of these three elements, Susceptible Host, Virulent Pathogen and Conducive Environment. Otherwise disease does not happen. So these three elements was taken into more consideration which are involved in the topic of research. The host tomato, and the effectiveness of casual pathogen with in conducive environment, resulting wilt disease. As a host Tomato provide a unique variety of nutrients. Such as lutein, and zeaxanthin); flavonoids (including naringenin, chalconaringenin, rutin, kaempferol, and quercetin); carotenoids (including beta-carotene, (including caffeic, ferulic, and coumaric acid); hydroxycinnamic acids, glycosides (including esculeoside A); and fatty acid derivatives (including 9-oxo-octadecadienoic acid). Nutritional Significance of Tomato: Tomatoes are an excellent source of vtamin C and vitamin A as well as vitamin K which makes repairs, bone-healthy and heart-healthy, potassium keeps healthy heart , vitamin B6, folate, and dietary fiber; these are very good source of enzyme-promoting molybdenum; manganese a blood sugar-balancing factor. In addition, tomatoes are a good source of niacin, heart-healthy magnesium and vitamin E; energy-producing...
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...and supplies, economic, social, and political characteristics which make it a unique and challenging natural resource to manage. Water resources refer to the supply of groundwater and surface water in a given area. Water resources may also reference the current or potential value of the resource to the community and the environment. The maximum rate that water is potentially available for human use and management is often considered the best measure of the total water resources of a given region. With two thirds of the earth's surface covered by water and the human body consisting of 75 percent of it, it is evidently clear that water is one of the prime elements responsible for life on earth. Water circulates through the land just as it does through the human body, transporting, dissolving, replenishing nutrients and organic matter, while carrying away waste material. Further in the body, it regulates the activities of fluids, tissues, cells, lymph, blood and glandular secretions. An average adult body contains 42 litres of water and with just a small loss of 2.7 litres he or she can suffer from dehydration, displaying symptoms of irritability, fatigue, nervousness, dizziness, weakness, headaches and consequently reach a state of pathology. Dr F. Batmanghelidj, in his book 'your body's many cries for water', gives a wonderful essay on water and its vital role in the health of a water 'starved' society. He writes: "Since the 'water'...
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