...The Unit for Continuing Professional Development wishes to thank those below for their contribution to this support guide: Ms Alina Hambelela Angula Mr Simson Shaakumeni Ms. Laetitia Willemse Ms. Agatha Lewin Mr Simson Shaakumeni Author Content Editor(s) Instructional Designer Technical Care of Template Quality Controller Water Contents About this support guide 1 How this support guide is structured ................................................................................. 1 Course overview 3 Welcome to Water (Natural Science and Health Education) ............................................ 3 Water (Natural Science and Health Education)—is this course for you? ......................... 3 Study skills ........................................................................................................................ 4 Need help? ......................................................................................................................... 5 Getting around this support guide 6 Margin icons ...................................................................................................................... 6 Unit 1 8 Water: Grade...
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...Explain why water is described as a dipolar molecule. -Water is described as a dipolar molecule because it has a negative end and it has a positive end also. The oxygen is more electronegative so it pulls the electron cloud away from the hydrogen’s. So the hydrogen’s become more positive and the oxygen more negative. (2) 2. Give examples of hydrogen bond formation contributing to the structure of molecules. - The structure is maintained through different groups of amino acid residues. Tertiary and Quaternary form bond between 4 water molecules. (1) 3. Explain why sodium chloride dissolves in water. -Sodium Chloride dissolves in water because the positive part of the water molecules attracts the negative chloride ions and the negative part of the water molecules attracts the positively sodium ions. The polarity of water molecules enables water to dissolve many ionically bonded substances. Polar molecule has an uneven charge distribution. (1) 4. Explain why some organic molecules, such as simple sugars and alcohols, form aqueous solutions but others, such as lipids, do not. - Simple sugars and alcohols have charged polar groups which can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules (1) 5. Why is water an important transport medium in animals? Write down as many examples of where water is important in transport as you can. - Water is an important transport medium in animals because substances such as polar and ionic will dissolve in it and...
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...nitrogen. These elements combine to larger units called molecules. There are two types of molecules in our bodies; organic and inorganic. INORGANIC MOLECULES are not made of carbon atoms. 1. SALTS are found in body fluids. They are needed for muscle contraction and nerve conduction. 2. WATER The body is about 70% water. All of our body’s chemical reactions require it. It keeps the body from overheating It also prevents drastic changes in temperature. Last spring, a baby finch collapsed with exhaustion on my patio. Since it was exhausted, it probably wasn’t good at finding food and water yet. That means it was dehydrated and hungry. I knew to get an eyedropper and give it water with sugar in it because those are the two main things it needs right away. We discussed water, now lets get to sugars. ORGANIC MOLECULES are made of carbon, which is what our body is mostly made of. The three main types of organic molecules in our body are carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. 1. CARBOHYDRATES are molecules that store energy a short time. a) SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATES known as sugars, such as those found in candy. They are used for a quick source of energy, and they are burned off fast. The main sugar form is glucose. b) STARCH is a storage form of glucose in plants, especially flour and potatoes. When we eat breads, potatoes, and cakes, we convert it to glucose. These don’t break down to glucose as easily, so they tend to get stored and are only broken down when there is not enough...
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...to understand how biological processes occur we need to consider organic chemistry Hydrocarbons: molecules that are entirely made from carbon and hydrogen * Carbon you can get a lot of shape (rings etc) * Mostly non-metals (hydrogen, carbon, oxygen etc) make up molecules in our cells * Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen make 96% of living organisms however 21 elements found as well * Most of 4% consists of calcium, potassium, phosphorus, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium Functional Groups * Most functional groups are ionic or strongly polar which makes them very attracted to other ionic or polar molecules * Non polar portions do not attract other molecules so do not help initiate chemical reactions * So, some polar functional groups are strongly attracted to water and so can often be dissolved in the cytosol of the cell, example ethane is hydrocarbon doesn’t have functional group so does not dissolve in water and is gas at room temperature however ethanol has functional group so highly soluble in water Carbon Chemistry * Because it has has 4 electrons in shell so can form 4 covalent bonds to form these shapes * Can form bonds with others but can also bind with each other * Carbon containing rings can join to make polymers Dehydration and Hydrolysis Reactions; Also Other Reactions * Many reactions, functional groups gain/lose H+/OH- the components of water * Dehydration removed water to make larger...
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...primarily of carbonated water, sugar, and flavorings. Nearly 200 nations enjoy the sweet, sparkling soda with an annual consumption of more than 34 billion gallons. Soft drinks rank as America's favorite beverage segment, representing 25% of the total beverage market. In the early 1990s per capita consumption of soft drinks in the U.S. was 49 gallons, 15 gallons more than the next most popular beverage, water. The roots of soft drinks extend to ancient times. Two thousand years ago Greeks and Romans recognized the medicinal value of mineral water and bathed in it for relaxation, a practice that continues to the present. In the late 1700s Europeans and Americans began drinking the sparkling mineral water for its reputed therapeutic benefits. The first imitation mineral water in the U.S. was patented in 1809. It was called "soda water" and consisted of water and sodium bicarbonate mixed with acid to add effervescence. Pharmacists in America and Europe experimented with myriad ingredients in the hope of finding new remedies for various ailments. Already the flavored soda waters were hailed as brain tonics for curing headaches, hangovers, and nervous afflictions. Pharmacies equipped with "soda fountains" featuring the medicinal soda water soon developed into regular meeting places for local populations. Flavored soda water gained popularity not only for medicinal benefits but for the refreshing taste as well. The market expanded in the 1830s when soda water was first sold in glass...
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...1) Which of the following statements regarding viruses is false? A) A virus is generally considered to be alive because it is cellular and can reproduce on its own. B) The host cell provides most of the tools and raw materials for viral multiplication. C) Once a person is infected with the herpesvirus, the virus remains permanently latent in the body. D) Viruses can enter a host cell when the protein molecules on the outside of the virus fit into receptor molecules on the outside of the cell. E) Herpesviruses and the virus that causes AIDS can remain latent inside our cells for long periods of time. Answer: A Topic: Opening Essay Skill: Factual Recall 2) Which of the following people conducted the experiments that demonstrated that DNA is the genetic material of bacteriophages? A) Watson and Crick B) Hershey and Chase C) Franklin D) Griffith E) Pauling Answer: B Topic: 10.1 Skill: Factual Recall 3) One type of virus that infects bacteria is called a A) phage. B) mage. C) rhinovirus. D) filovirus. E) coronavirus. Answer: A Topic: 10.1 Skill: Factual Recall 4) When a T2 bacteriophage infects an Escherichia coli cell, which part of the phage enters the bacterial cytoplasm? A) the whole phage B) only the RNA C) only the DNA D) the protein "headpiece" and its enclosed nucleic acid 2 E) the tail fibers Answer: C Topic: 10.1 Skill: Factual Recall 5) The way that genetic material of a bacteriophage...
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...reacts with the Glucose and the Oxygen is used up? The reaction is very slow and needs a catalyst, Potassium Hydroxide, to accelerate the reaction. In addition, the rate equation for this reaction is a forward rate. Furthermore, the reaction can be monitored by the change in color of Methylene Blue, it is blue in the presence of oxygen and colorless in the absence of oxygen. Hypothesis: The rate will reach completion in a closed system by speeding up the reaction, using a catalyst, Potassium Hydroxide, while using Methylene Blue to see the change by the color of the solution. Materials: Half gallon of Water Erlenmeyer Flask Glucose (white cane sugar) Potassium Hydroxide Flakes [2 lbs.] (KOH) (catalyst) Methylene Blue Saturated 1% (indicator) Syringe [1 mL] Glad Cling Wrap Table Heavy Duty Reynolds Wrap 2 Plastic Spoons 2 Safety Glasses Paper Towel Roll Procedure: Organize your materials Pour the water into an Erlenmeyer flask and fill until 300 mL Add Glucose to the flask [ one teaspoon ] Stir until visually dissolved Measure the time that the solution took to dissolve the Glucose Add Potassium Hydroxide flakes to the flask [ one teaspoon ] Stir until visually dissolved Measure the time that the solution took to dissolve the Potassium Hydroxide Prepare the lid Add two drops of Methylene Blue to the flask Quickly seal the container/Erlenmeyer flask Observed the color initially and any color change Swirl the flask in a vortex motion Observed any color and any...
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...Chemistry of water Water is a polar molecule The shape of a water molecule and its polarity make hydrogen bonding possible, A hydrogen bond is a weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom. (They are partial charging) * Can occur between atoms of different molecule or within the same molecule * A single hydrogen bond is easily broken while multiple hydrogen bonds are collectively quite strong. * Help to maintain the proper structure and function of complex molecules such as proteins and DNA. Oxygen attracts the shared electric and is partially negative Hydrogens are partially positive. Properties of water * Water molecules cling together because of hydrogen bonding * This association gives water many of its unique chemical properties * Water has a high heat capacity * The presence of many hydrogen bonds allow water to absorb a large amount of thermal heat without a great change in temperature * The temperature of water rises and falls slowly * Allows organisms to maintain internal temperatures. * Water has a high heat of vaporization * Hydrogen bonds must be broken to evaporate water. * Bodies of organism cool when their heat is used to evaporate water. * Water is a good Solvent * Water is good solvent because of its polarity * Polar substances dissolve readily in water * Hydrophilic molecules dissolve in water (sugar) * Hydrophobic...
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...F212 Describe how hydrogen bonding occurs between water molecules, and relate this, and other properties of water, to the roles of water in living organisms (HSW1); A water molecule is made up of two hydrogen bonds and one of oxygen. The atom forms a triangular shape, although the molecule has no overall charge, the distribution of negatively charged electrons is uneven because the oxygen atom draws them away from the hydrogen. This consequently makes oxygen slightly negative while hydrogen has a slightly positive charge. We call this a dipolar molecule. Hydrogen bond Different poles attract , therefore the positive pole of one water molecule will attract the negative pole of another water molecule. The force of attraction between the opposite charges are known as hydrogen bonds. Although the bond is weak it forms important forces that gives water its properties. Properties of water * Specific heat capacity: because water molecules stick together it takes more energy to break them apart, for this point the boiling point of water is higher than expected. Water there for acts as a buffer against sudden temperature variations, making the aquatic environmental temperature stable * Cohesion and surface tension: the tendency of molecules sticking together is known as cohesion. With its hydrogen bonding water has large cohesive forces and these allow it to be pulled together through a tube such a xylem vessel in plants. * Density of water: water is less dense in...
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...How Sugar is Made - the History It is thought that cane sugar was first used by man in Polynesia from where it spread to India. In 510 BC the Emperor Darius of what was then Persia invaded India where he found "the reed which gives honey without bees". The secret of cane sugar, as with many other of man's discoveries, was kept a closely guarded secret whilst the finished product was exported for a rich profit. It was the major expansion of the Arab peoples in the seventh century AD that led to a breaking of the secret. When they invaded Persia in 642 AD they found sugar cane being grown and learnt how sugar was made. As their expansion continued they established sugar production in other lands that they conquered including North Africa and Spain. Sugar was only discovered by western Europeans as a result of the Crusades in the 11th Century AD. Crusaders returning home talked of this "new spice" and how pleasant it was. The first sugar was recorded in England in 1099. The subsequent centuries saw a major expansion of western European trade with the East, including the importation of sugar. It is recorded, for instance, that sugar was available in London at "two shillings a pound" in 1319 AD. This equates to about US$100 per kilo at today's prices so it was very much a luxury. In the 15th century AD, European sugar was refined in Venice, confirmation that even then when quantities were small, it was difficult to transport sugar as a food grade product....
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...Vitamins are components that are organic in the foods we eat in small amounts that are needed to help promote and regulate our bodies so that we can grow, reproduce, and maintain our health. The body only requires just a tiny amount of vitamins. If our bodies do not have enough on vitamins then we suffer from deficiency which can be harmful to the body, but once we fuel our bodies with the right amount of vitamins that it needs, the symptoms are resolved. Vitamins has be appointed to two different groups depending on how the vitamins are being stored within the human body. The two categories in which the vitamins are assigned to are fat or water depending on the solubility. If the vitamins can break down in fat then the vitamins will be fat-soluble and if they can dissolve in water then the vitamins are water soluble. “This chemical characteristic allows generalizations to be made about how the vitamins are absorbed, transported, excreted, and stored in the body.” (Wiley, 2012). When the vitamins are able to dissolve in either water or fat then they are able to be transported within the body and put to use in the body. Vitamins are alphabetically named by which order they were first identified. Water soluble vitamins consist of the B vitamins as well as the Vitamin C and the fat soluble vitamins consist of A, D, E, and K vitamins. If we eat a healthy well balanced diet we will normally get all the vitamins we need because just about all the foods we eat contain vitamins, but if...
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...CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Candies are ideal choice when your product requires exceptional color, aroma, or flavor quality. Most commonly, candies are hard molded sugar that may be presented by designated forms or shards with highly concentrated color and rich flavor. On the other hand, tomato (Lycopersicum Esculentum) is a common name for a perennial herb. It belongs to the nightshade family, Solanaceae, and for its edible fruit. Botanically, the tomato is a fruit, but for purposes of trade it is classified as a vegetable. Because tomatoes are warm-season plants and sensitive to frost, they are grown as annuals in temperate climate. Tomato is a red fruit which is rich a good source of collagen. It is also an excellent source of vitamins A and C, lycopene which is a natural antioxidant, and potassium. The tomato is also used medicinally. The pulp and the juice are digestible, mild aperients (laxative), promoter of gastric secretion, and a very good blood cleanser or purifier. They are considered as an intestinal antiseptic, useful in cancer of the mouth, for sore throat. It stimulates a turpid liver, and is good for dyspepsia. It is highly prescribed for case of biliousness and it promotes the flow of bile. The juice is recommended for asthma, bronchitis, and those who have tuberculosis. One doctor says: “Tomatoes have the richest vitamins of all foods; they are the most wonderful blood cleanser of all foods known to man; the richest of all vegetables with their...
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...meaning the starch which is resistant to human enzymes, non-starch polysaccharides like cellulose, gums and lignin. How fibre helps to prevent constipation Dietary fibre especially insoluble fibre helps to prevent constipation by increasing stool weight and decreasing gut transit time. Since insoluble fibre doesn’t dissolve in water so it adds bulk to the stool. The resultant stool passes through the bowel more easily and quickly. More faecal bulk results in less pressure in the colon while defecating which leads to less straining. Insoluble fibres are made up of cellulose, lignins and some hemicelluloses. Insoluble fibres are found in Whole-wheat flour, wheat bran, nuts, beans & dark green leafy vegetables like cauliflower, potatoes, celery and carrots. Insoluble Fibre is mainly responsible in maintaining the wave like contractions known as peristalsis which move food through the intestine thus promoting regular passage of stools. Fibres expand the inside walls of the colon which eases the passage of waste. Soluble fibre as the name indicates is easily soluble in water and mixes with fatty acids to form gel-like consistency which keeps stools soft. Hence soluble fibres are also known as viscous fibres.it also increases the digestion time which results in lesser food cravings. A softer, larger stool helps prevent constipation and straining which can help avoid or relieve haemorrhoids. Soluble fibres comprise of pectins, gums, mucilages and some hemicelluloses. In the...
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...again. A shark can detect even minute quantities of blood in the water. Venomous coral snakes and harmless scarlet kingsnakes both have bands of red, yellow, and black. Birds, bats, and butterflies all have wings. When a dog feels hot, it hangs it tongue out and pants. Question 2 1 / 1 pts Without this part of an experiment, a scientist would have no way of knowing if the treatment worked or not: Control group The control group is not subjected to the experimental treatment, thus, if there is a significant change in the test group but not the control group, then the treatment worked. Hypothesis Conclusion Observation Testing Question 3 1 / 1 pts Which of the following is not considered a basic theory of biology? Gene Ecosystem Cell Homeostasis The notch is an adaptation for feeding on shrubs. an experimental variable. a species. Question 7 1 / 1 pts Which of the following levels of taxonomy is the least inclusive? Class Order Family Genus The levels of taxonomy are, from most to least inclusive: domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. Phylum Question 8 1 / 1 pts A possible explanation for a natural event is known as Atomic Atomic theory is a basic theory of chemistry and physics, not biology. Question 4 1 / 1 pts While examining a drop of pond water under the...
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...Explain how the properties of water are important to plants/animals. All living things contain water. Water is the main constitute of all organisms. Mammals consist of around 65% water. Water is the solvent, the medium and the participant in most of the chemical reactions occurring in our environment. The properties of water are extremely important to plants and animals for many reasons. Firstly, water is transparent which allows light to filter into aquatic environments, and therefore aquatic plants can absorb light and perform photosynthesis. Since all plants originated in the ocean, the transparency of water has had a major influence on life as we know it. Secondly, water is also cohesive, meaning it binds to itself, due to the polarity of the water molecule. The positive, hydrogen side of the molecule binds to the negative, oxygen side of another water molecule. This bond is called a hydrogen bond. Water is also adhesive, meaning it binds to other things around it. This property allows for transport of water against gravity in plants. The water clings to the xylem tube of plants and is able to be drawn up in long columns up the stem due to its strong cohesive force. ...
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