...Latin America & Caribbean Studies 16 December 2013 FARC: Terrorist Group or Freedom Fighters? The ever-on going debate regarding whether or not the FARC (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia) are terrorist or freedom fighters has not yet been settled, after careful evaluation it is very clear. According to Webster's dictionary, a terrorist is “someone who uses the deliberate creation and exploitation of fear to promote political change.” All terrorists commit violent acts. A freedom fighter is “one who seeks political change for their people and use violence only as a stirrer.” So how can we differentiate the FARC in order to know if they are actually helping or hurting the country of Colombia? Colombia today is in a major crisis. Guerrilla groups, approximately 20,000 guerrillas in arms and only 7,000 to 11,000 paramilitary members, control large areas of the countryside. The government has no legitimate monopoly of force and is extremely weak; it does not and cannot effectively protect its citizens. Colombia has been in tumult with the Marxist-Leninist group called FARC (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia) for almost fifty years. The FARC was founded in the 1960s, but its roots are found further back from the Violence. From 1948 to 1958, supporters of the Liberal and Conservative parties fought a civil war that killed some 200,000 people. The horrific violence of the period was only nominally about partisan politics. Mainly rural, Violence was...
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...1997 II. Point of View – Fernando Aguirre, CEO III. Statement of the Problem Symptom: Chiquita Brands International was forced to make protection payments to paramilitary groups in Colombia to keep their workers safe from the group’s violence, which later were found illegal under U.S law. Problem: Chiquita workers are saved but the rest of the country is endangered. IV. Objectives 1. To rebuild the company’s image 2. To protect their employee’s lives and at the same time, to not harm the citizens of Colombia by providing funds for terrorism acts V. Areas of Consideration VI. Outline Alternative Courses of Action (ACA) * Exit the country and relocate their operations from Colombia to a nearby country with similar weather but less of a terrorism ridden culture. * Stay in Latin America but fix their public image through sustainable employment and environmental practices in order rebuild a positive image of the brand. * Draw out from Latin America and increase their market share by focusing in other products. VII. Recommendation Since they’ve already sold their Colombian farms, I think it’s time for them to leave Colombia and rebuild their business in another country that is free from terrorism acts that also offer similar weather conditions as Colombia. They should now pay attention on its Marketing Campaign in order to rebuild a positive image of the brand; Focusing on ethical treatment of workers, sustainable environmental practices, providing...
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...the motivations of its individual members and leaders and their particular ideologies. (Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, 1999, para. 54) I will use Hudson’s assertion as my theoretical framework to analyze if my findings are compatible with a plausible assertion that terrorism is based off social and political views of the people who see their current state as unjust. The National Liberation Army (Ejército de Liberación Nacional or ELN) is a revolutionary guerrilla army; who have fought in the Colombian Civil War since it began in 1964. The ELN advocate a composite Communist ideology of Marxism and Liberation Theology. The ELN was founded by Fabio Vásquez Castaño and other Colombian rebels trained in Communist Cuba; upon the Vásquez Castaño death, the ELN was headed by a series of Roman Catholic priests, exponents of Liberation Theology. (Brittain, 2010) Most notable was the Priest Camilo Torres Restrepo, a university professor, egalitarian and Marxist, who was openly critical of the grossly unequal distribution of income among the social classes of Colombia. More concretely, the ELN's self-appointed role was to represent the rural poor and decrease the foreign presence in Colombia. The ELN's goal was to take power from the Colombian government and replace it with a more...
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...Communist Party in response to the establishment of a military government in Colombia that outlawed the Communist Party and marginalized the liberal left. During the Second Conference of the Guerilla Bloc of Southern Colombia, peasants officially founded the FARC in 1966. They believed they could defeat the Colombian government and increase the distribution of wealth. (Lee, 2012, p. 30) In 1984, the FARC participated in peace negotiations with the government (Leech, 2011, p. 42). They agreed to a cease fire if Colombia would give FARC fighters amnesty and work towards reducing poverty. Allegations of violence and assassinations lead them to step away from negotiations and form a new political party called the Patriotic Union (UP). In 1986, during the national congressional elections, the UP won many votes but political assassinations killed 2,000-4,000 UP members, including 3 presidential candidates. After this, the FARC escalated their use of military force, committing to armed conflict. (Lee, 2012, p. 31) Objectives and Goals According to the United States Department of State (2015), the FARC started with a Marxist philosophy intent on overthrowing the Colombian government (Wanted, para. 1). They initially wanted the Colombian government...
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...Business in Colombia, South America Tracy Rosser Athens State University November 30, 2015 Business in Colombia, South America Introduction/History “I’d rather be in a grave in Colombia, than in prison in the United States” said one of Columbia’s most famous drug lords, Pablo Escobar (Bowen, 2001). Although Colombia works hard to portray itself as a tourist destination that has a viable economy, it cannot totally rid itself for being known as the largest producer of cocaine in the world. This type of drug activity is big business and comes with its fair share of crime. Political unrest and high crime aside, Colombia seems to be focusing on legitimate business interests and doing business with this country would be a viable option. The name "Colombia" is derived from the last name of Christopher Columbus. The territory that became Colombia was first visited by Europeans when the first expedition of Alonso de Ojeda arrived at the Cabo de la Vela in 1499. The Spanish made several attempts to settle along the north coast of today's Colombia in the early 16th century, but their first permanent settlement, at Santa Marta, was not established until 1525. Cartagena was founded on June 1, 1533 by Spanish commander Pedro de Heredia, in the former location of the indigenous Caribbean Calamarí village. Cartagena grew rapidly, fueled first by the gold in the tombs of the Sinú Culture, and later by trade. In 1863 the name of the Republic was changed officially to "United States of...
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...Instructions for authors, permissions and subscription information: E-mail: bilgi@uidergisi.com Web: www.uidergisi.com Is Terrorism Still a Democratic Phenomenon? Erica CHENOWETH Assist. Prof. Dr., The University of Denver, The Josef Korbel School of International Studies To cite this article: Chenoweth, Erica, “Is Terrorism Still a Democratic Phenomenon?", Uluslararası İlişkiler, Volume 8, No 32 (Winter 2012), p. 85-99. Copyright @ International Relations Council of Turkey (UİK-IRCT). All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, transmitted, or disseminated, in any form, or by any means, without prior written permission from UİK, to whom all requests to reproduce copyright material should be directed, in writing. References for academic and media coverages are boyond this rule. Statements and opinions expressed in Uluslararası İlişkiler are the responsibility of the authors alone unless otherwise stated and do not imply the endorsement by the other authors, the Editors and the Editorial Board as well as the International Relations Council of Turkey. Uluslararası İlişkiler Konseyi Derneği | Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi Web: www.uidergisi.com | E- Mail: bilgi@uidergisi.com Is Terrorism Still a Democratic Phenomenon? Erica CHENOWETH* ABSTRACT In recent years, multiple studies have confirmed that terrorism occurs in democracies more often than in nondemocratic regimes. There are five primary groups of explanations for this phenomenon...
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...TERROR GROUPS AROUND THE GLOBE- HOW TO ELIMINATE THEM Terrorism is a problem which the country has been continuously facing for more than two-three decades but now has emerged as a global problem against which an internationally united battle has to be fought constantly. Violent behaviour in order to create an atmosphere of fear in the society or a part of it for political ends is generally termed as Terrorism. A terrorist is a person who creates fear panic among the organization to which he belongs. Terrorists resort to various ways to accomplish these goals like planting crude home-made bombs, hand-grenades or other explosives in a shopping centre or a crowded place like a railway-station or a bus stand or even a bus, train or aeroplane, kidnapping, assassination or hijacking. Different terrorist activities all over the world may have different aims, but a few goals, common to all may be underlined. It may be because they want a regime to react or they intend to mobilize a mass support through fear, to eliminate opponents or enemies or to magnify their cause. Terrorist groups are the biggest threat to any civilian of any country. Here is the list of terrorist groups from the ones who are not very well known and whose terror attacks are not much recorded to the ones who terrorize the whole world and cause severe catastrophe. 10. Armed Islamic Group of Algeria (GIA) With an endeavor to overrule the Algerian government, this terrorist group was founded in July 1992 and became...
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...Colombia and the largest gas and oil company is South America: TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. COLOMBIA ………………………………………………………….………………………3 HISTORY……………………………………………………..…………………………..3 POLITICS…………………………………………………..……………………………..3 FOREIGN RELATIONS…………………………………………………….……………5 FOREIGN RELATIONS WITH THE U.S………………………………………..………6 FOREIGN POLICY DECISION MAKING………………………………………………7 DEMOGRAPHICS……………………………………………………………..…………8 RELIGION…………………………………………………….…………………………..9 HEALTH………………………………………..………………………………………..10 INFRASTRUCTURE……………………………………………………………………10 ECONOMY……………………………………….………………………….……… …11 2. ECOPETROL S.A. COMPANY OVERVIEW…………………………….…………… …12 BACKGROUND………………………………………………………………… ……..12 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE……………………………………..…… ………12 MERGERS AND AQUITITIONS………………………………………………………14 COMPETITORS……………………………………………………….……… ………..14 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS…………………………………………………….. ………..15 RIVALRY COMPARISON…………………………………………………… ……….16 FUTURE GOALS…………………………………………………………..… ………..17 3. CAPITAL MARKET OVERVIEW…………………………………………………………18 INFLATION …………………………………………..………………….……………..18 CURRENT RISK……………………………………………………….………………..18 FINANCIAL CRISIS……………………………………………………..……………..19 INVESTMENT RECOMMENDATION………………………………..………………19 4. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………….…….…………………..20 5. BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………..………………………………..21 COLOMBIA HISTORY During the pre-Colombian period, the area now known as Colombia was inhabited by indigenous...
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...on Terrorism with the War on Drugs Unfortunately, like the war against Terrorism, there is also a war against drugs. It appears to be a connection between drug activity and the undermining of governments around the world (Creed, 2007). Mark Kleiman states, “…links between illegal drugs and terrorism are important considerations in formulating a drug control policy and a campaign against terror.” After the events of September 11, Department of Homeland Security and U.S. Northern Command was created to pay close attention to utilizing all resources that are available to counter terrorism as well as use those very resources in a way that will combat the fight against drugs. Both fights (Terrorism/Drugs) should be considered as one. With integrating the two, the transformation of the drugs can become more global rather than domestic, just as terrorism is a global threat (Creed, 2007). The elements of national power play a major role in developing strategies must be synchronized and stick together in a way that when faced with national and international power the end product can be a success. “Narco-terrorism is defined as a complex nexus between the illegal drug trade and terrorism. DEA describes narco-terrorism as a group of organized individuals working together in order to further, or fund, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets with the intention to influence their respective ideologies. DOD joint doctrine defines narco-terrorism as...
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...TYPOLOGIES OF TERRORISM Just as there is no one good definition of terrorism, typologies do not account for all forms of terrorism. Typology development in criminology and criminal justice scholarship seems to exist for the ease of teaching. Prof. Eskridge's Terrorism Page, from his course on terrorism out in Nebraska has some graphic examples of typologies, but it should be noted that typologies of terrorism are usually NEITHER motive-based NOR behavior-based, like they are in other areas of criminological study, such as the areas of profiling and street crime (the exception being Hacker's typology of terrorists by traits, included below). This is evident from the following examples commonly found in textbooks and/or in the strangely confused way the media reports what is going on in times of terrorist-related crisis or war (Hess & Kalb 2003). In the following typologies, notice in the headings how the types are classified in different ways. |Terrorism Classified by Place | |1. Domestic -- by residents of a country within that country | |2. International -- by representatives of a country against another country | |3. Non-state -- extremism and revolution for its own sake | |4. State-sponsored -- by a government against its own people or in support of international | |terrorism against...
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...1) What countries are involved in the drug trade of the Americas? How does each country contribute to the trade? According to the Drug Policy Alliance, “the Andean countries of Colombia, Peru and Bolivia are the world’s main cocaine producers, while Central America, Mexico and the Caribbean have become the principal corridors for transporting drugs into the United States and Europe.” Colombia is the country that exports the most cocaine, Peru and Bolivia being the second and third, and Mexico is mostly responsible for drugs entering the United States (Smith). Reportedly, “ninety percent of the cocaine that enters the U.S. transits through Mexico.” (CNN) 2) Provide some statistics surrounding death tolls in Latin America due to the activity of Drug Cartels. How do these statistics measure up to other world events attributed to high death tolls? In Venezuela 75% of murders are cartel or gang related (Mennem). Meanwhile, in El Salvador, there is an average of 16 murders a day (Mennem). These statistics are alarmingly high, and can easily be compared to the fight against terrorism and the war in Iraq. According to a recent UN report, nearly “9,000 civilians have been killed and...
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...Weinberg, Bill. "Guns: The U.S. Threat To Mexican National Security. (Cover Story)." NACLA Report On The Americas 41.2 (2008): 21-26. Academic Search Premier. Web. 10 Apr. 2012. THE VIOLENT STRUGGLE BETWEEN MEXICAN Drug cartels for supremacy over the multibillion-dollar narcotics trade is starting to look like a real war. With local police outgunned, President Felipe Calderón began his term in the final days of 2006 by' deploying the army to fight the cartels The violence, simmering for more than a decade, exploded in 2003 in Nuevo Laredo, a crucial crossing point to U.S. Interstate 35. when Gulf Cartel kingpin Osiel Cardenas was apprehended. Seeing a strategic vulnerability, the rival Juarez and Tijuana cartels started moving into Nuevo Laredo, traditionally a Gulf Cartel stronghold.( n1) The Zetas--the Gulf Cartel's paramilitary force, thought to be composed of former military personnel--began a reign of terror to protect their turf Several Nuevo Laredo police officers were killed by presumed Zeta assassins in the opening months of 2005, prompting then president Vicente Fox to flood the town with 700 federal agents and army troops in what he dubbed "the mother of all battles" against the drug trade.( n2) Yet the Mexican state's armed response has done little to solve the problem. In 2007, drug-related killings surpassed 2.500, up from 2,100 in 2006.( n3) A crucial part of the problem lies in the cartels' firepower, which now rivals even that of the regular Mexican army...
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...Terrorism has been the bane of human society. People following different religious, social and ethnic ideologies tend to enforce their view points on others. This intolerance in society gives birth to various segments of likeminded people who try to change the social norms with the use of force and coercion according to their wishes and beliefs. Terrorism has evolved through various stages referred to as Waves of Terrorism. The terrorists have not only improved their tactics but also their reach and impact. The present wave of terrorism can be likened to a “Spider and Starfish” analogy wherein the spider is the human society and government while the starfish is the terrorist organization. The former is conventional, hierarchically organization...
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...Md. Mostafizur Rahman Roll No.152 01 2015, 3rd Semester LLM, Department of Law Green University of Bangladesh INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS IN STATISTICS TOTAL IDP IN GLOBE IN THE YEAR 2014: 38 MILLION 6.5 M 5.7 M 3.3 M 2.9 M 2.4 M Syria Colombia Nigeria DRC Sudan 2.1 M 1.1 M Iraq Somalia Who are INTERNERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS? INTERNATIONAL LEGAL REGIME SUPREMACY OF THE STATE’S SOVEREIGNTY Position of International Law and authority in this regard is blurry and confusing. INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS As such, no binding instrument could be made in this regard. TRAIL OF AMBIVALENT INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS TO ADDRESS IDPs 1940 Greece suggested to extend International help to IDPs, but No mechanism could be made to implement the same. UN Regime ELEANOR ROOSVELT articulated power and authority of UN only to Refugees, not IDPs. 1992 UN Secretary Boutros Gali appointed Francis Deng as his representative for IDPs. He collected and reviewed scattered international provisions in regards to IDPs which is known as GUIDING PRINCIPLES ON INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT, which defines IDPs. DEFINITION OF IDPs IN THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF UN “Persons or group of persons> who have been forced or > obliged > to flee or > to leave their homes or habitual residence, In particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of• armed conflict, • situations of generalized violence • violations of human rights or • natural of human made disasters, and Who have not crossed an internationally...
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...Abstract Global terrorism would appear to be the curse of our modern society. Turn on any television and world news will be reporting on an act of terror or its consequences. Prime examples of this include the destruction of the World Trade Centre, the bombing of the Underground system in London, the Mumbai nightclub bombings to name but a few of the more prominent events over the last decade. These acts have crystallized the focus of public attention to ensure that the topic of terrorism will remain high on the global political agenda for many years to come. However, terrorism is not a new phenomenon. On a global scale, terrorism has been alive and well for many decades. What has changed is the emergence of the global financial market and the modus operendi of the modern day terrorist groups. A terrorist act of sinking a crude oil carrier in the Straits of Hormuz for example, could have a direct impact on the price of crude oil and petroleum on the world market, to say nothing of shipping carrier prices and maritime insurance. Like ripples in a pond, the act would have far reaching consequences. Quantifying terrorism has now become an important tool both for the financial sectors 9who use it predominantly for insurance based risk analysis and also for government bodies who could use it for spotting emerging trends in terrorism and therefore investing in anti and counter terror procedures. So why might it be difficult to quantify terrorism? This paper attempts to answer...
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