...important approaches used for industrial relations known as unitary and pluralistic approaches. Unitary frame of reference: Porter .C and Rees .D pointed in their book The Skills of Management,( 1996) that '' Unitary point of view the association as having one mutual intent with sectional benefits requiring to be subordinated to general structural aims''. However, all organization members notwithstanding their dissimilar roles have shared purposes and standards which band together their efforts. Claims from Watson .T in his fifth edition '' Unitary approach the employing association is understood as actuality based on a public of interest. The organization are the best experienced to agree how these mutual benefits are to be followed''. He also pointed that '' The unitary structure offers a range of methods of questioning the legality of trade union events and practices alternatively, suggesting''. Moreover, Fox A. (1966) say '' A unitary method has one emphasis of loyalty and one cause of authority, which is the reason it recommends the team equivalence''. The impact or unitary to employees and employers: Employees: According to Budd (2006), '' Directors essential be lead and visible by example. The employee must feel that the abilities and knowledge of directors supports their activities. The ambitions of participative management and...
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...Introduction to political science 1) In political terms, power can be explained as the control one entity has over the other. Power is sometimes confused with the term 'influence'. Where power is the ability of make formal binding decisions, influence can be taken as a means through which that power is exerted. This may be due to intimidation, threats, logical reasoning, rational persuasion or lobbying. Authority can be defined as a form of power. The difference lies within the ways through both power and authority is exerted. Where power is viewed as control through any means, authority has a moral character attached to it, and is based on a 'right to rule' notion, where the ruled see the authority as legitimate and take it as a moral obligation to obey it. Authority is essential for the ruling governments. They can maintain order in the society by sheer use of force and coercion but stability and peace can only be achieved through willing compliance otherwise chaos would follow. However, authority by some, is also viewed as an idea which threatens the notions of liberty and democracy. The idea of Authority and Power can be distinguished in theory. Authority is followed without any means, as it is seen as a moral obligation by the ruled party however power is exerted through either persuasion or force. But in the practical terms both of these terms overlap and it is difficult to distinguish them both. An authority will not be influential unless it is backed by power. A leader...
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...HANS EYSENCK Hans Jürgen Eysenck was a psychologist born in Germany, who spent his professional career in Great Britain. * He is best remembered for his work on intelligence and personality, though he worked in a wide range of areas. * Eysenck was Professor of Psychology at the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London (a constituent college of the federal University of London), from 1955 to 1983. * He was a major contributor to the modern scientific theory of personality and a brilliant teacher who helped found treatment for mental illnesses. Born: March 4, 1916, Berlin, Germany Died: September 4, 1997, London, United Kingdom died because of a brain tumour in a London hospice Education: University College London Eysenck's theory of personality was created in 1947.Eysenck's theory is based on physiology and genetics.Eysenck stated that personality differences is someone growing out of their genetic inheritance. Eysenck fought hard against the trend that personality involves biology and the environment. He figured out that all human traits can be broken down into two different categories- Neuroticism and Introversion-Extroversion. Neuroticism ranges from normal and fairly calm to people that are very nervous. This doesn't mean that someone is neurotic but people who fall into this category are more likely to develop neurotic disorders later in life. Extraversion-introversion, this term means shy, or quiet people versus outgoing or loud people...
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...Chapter – 10 : Business Value and Codes of Conduct Question: What is code of conduct? All business must meet certain standards of law and minimum culture standards. All are further influenced by the general culture milieu of their time. But in spite of these tendencies toward uniform conduct, there is important difference among businesses. Each has its own personality, as each human being does. These organizational differences are reflected in company codes of conduct and they are doing produce different result. Question: Describe the model of business code of conduct. Or, Discus the model of business code given by Walton. As a guide to understanding different types of business conduct. Walton classified six models of conduct. 1. The austere model: it gives almost exclusive emphasis to ownership interests and profit objectives. 2. The household model: following the concept of an extended family, this mode emphasizes employee jobs, benefit and paternalism. 3. The vendor model: in this model, customer interest’s tastes and rights dominate the organization. 4. The investment model: this model focuses on the organization as an entity and thus on long-term profits and survival. In the name ode lightened self-investment it gives some recognition to social investments along with economic ones. 5. The civic model: its slogan is corporate citizenship. It goes beyond imposed obligations, accepts social responsibility and market positive commitment to social...
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...Task 1 As social workers we live and work in very large complex and ever changing society therefore it may be very important as a social worker to know what social class her client, family or community belongs to, as this gives the social worker insight into how to intervene. Social class can be defined in a number of ways but the one that’s widely adapted by social workers is that social class is a large group of people whose economic circumstances, usually measured by their incomes, wealth and occupation, are broadly similar. There are three major social classes in the United Kingdom which include; the working class, middle class and the upper class. Socialists emphasize that social class is essentially an economic concept and they determine individual’s class on the basis of wealth income and occupation. However it is also important to say that there are other factors to consider when determining a person’s social class such as; their family social background, standard of living, home ownership, leisure pursuits, circle of friends and social connections and education. Broadly speaking most of the factors listed above are closely connected with one’s wealth, income and occupation. One may define Identity as who or what a person or thing is. Identity also helps to define who a person is; it is a self representation of a person’s interests, relationships and leisure activities. On the other hand belonging can mean to feel a sense of welcome and acceptance to someone or some...
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...products, to meet emerging new market. Having seen this development, Product innovation plays a critical role to maintain its leading market position in the industry. Resources: Chicago business.com, (http://www.chicagobusiness.com/article/20080331/NEWS07/200028762/wrigleys-newest-taste-wolfberry) To sustain consumer’s choice of its products, Wrigley continues to innovate new products not only to maintain its already-segmented market but also to attract new emerging Chinese market. For example, Extra, Cool Air, Juicy Fruit, and Double Mints have spontaneously been introduced into the market. At the same time, Wrigley has tried to maximize the local taste into its new products by having integrated local ingredients to adjust to local market, which is a strategy to not only hold its long-term market leader in the industry but also to attract new market and stay a head of...
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...Chapter 1 1. Identify which of the following variable names are valid SAS names: Height (valid) HeightInCentimeters(valid) Height_in_centimeters(valid) Wt-Kg(invalid) x123y456(valid) 76Trombones(invalid) MiXeDCasE(valid) 2. In the following list, classify each data set name as valid or invalid: Clinic (valid) Clinic (valid) Work (valid) hyphens-in-the-name(invalid) 123GO(invalid) Demographics_2006(valid) 3. You have a data set consisting of Student ID, English, History, Math, and Science test scores on 10 students. a. The number of variables is ___5_______ b. The number of observations is _10_________ 4. True or false: a. You can place more than one SAS statement on a single line. (true) b. You can use several lines for a single SAS statement.(true) c. SAS has three data types: character, numeric, and integer.(false) d. OPTIONS and TITLE statements are considered global statements.(true) 5. What is the default storage length for SAS numeric variables (in bytes)? 8 bytes Chapter 2 1. You have a text file called stocks.txt containing a stock symbol, a price, and the number of shares. Here are some sample lines of data: File stocks.txt AMGN 67.66 100 DELL 24.60 200 GE 34.50 100 HPQ 32.32 120 IBM 82.25 50 MOT 30.24 100 a. Using this raw data file, create a temporary SAS data set (Portfolio). Choose your own variable names for the stock symbol, price, and number of shares. In addition, create a new variable (call it Value) equal to the stock price...
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...optimize the core business needs. By examining two articles, one utilizing BPR and another a digital service taxonomy, that each have a different take on how to address, evaluate and form the interactions necessary in the emergent digital service category. This paper concludes that BPR can in most cases be used with the digital service taxonomy and should as such be highly complementary. It also concludes that the future development in digital service taxonomies will greatly expand and widen the complexity of future versions.IntroductionThere is a constant effort to understand and map business processes in both online and offline worlds. Business Process Reengineering (BPR) is an older tool to try to reshape a company’s workflow and produce something better. With the movement from physical to digital goods, many companies need to reinvent the way they think and work. A way to pave the road for changing the company could be with digital service taxonomies that have been cropping up in the recent years. It is easy to imagine a combination of BPR and a digital service taxonomy to not only reshape the core business processes, but also ensure that the technical and connecting components neatly interface and optimize the core business needs. With the article from Sarker 2002 an exploration of a case with testing will shine a light on how BPR is used and relates to three different approaches. The main article for this review is however the article from Williams et all 2008 about Digital...
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...Portland State University English 547: Arthurian Literature Tobias Wilms 913944913 Alfred Lord Tennyson's Idylls of the King in the Discourse of Postcolonial Criticism Introduction: Ever since his name was first mentioned by the Welsh monk Nennius in the 9th century, writers modified and applied the great King Arthur's popular legend to convey their various political, religious and social beliefs. The Victorian author Alfred Lord Tennyson followed this tradition exemplarily and enwraped his imperialistic views in the famous Arthurian poem Idylls of the King. The aim of this paper is to accentuate his political and social ideologies from the context and introduce to some of the reactions of postcolonial critics. Idylls of the King, a Piece of Victorian Literature: Especially if Tennyson's Idylls are the first and only piece of Arthurian literature one has read, one can irritatedly ignore its dedication and letter to the royals Albert and Victoria, and simply summarize it as the story of a medieval King, the adventures of his accompanying knights, the fortune of the ladies at his court, and the creation and downfall of his kingdom in twelve books. Those readers, however, who are familiar with the previous versions of Arthurian stories written by Chrétien de Troyes and Thomas Malory, for instance, cannot be satisfied with that. They wonder about Tennyson's framing poems “Dedication” and “To the Queen”, stumble over the changes the author made in his adoption of the Arthurian...
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...MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION | Submitted to Prepared by Dr.P.V.Desai Sagar Sakariya CONTENT Introduction | | Brazil annual report: Economic Indicator | | Government and Politics | | Foreign Relations | | States and Municipality | | Geography | | Climate | | Component and Energy | | Transport | | Demography | | Main Drivers for Doing business in Brazil | | Mani Challenges of Doing Business in Brazil | | Summary of Indicator- Doing business in Brazil | | List of Procedure | | PESTLE | | Political * Political system * Change in government * Lula administration focus area * Law | | Economic * Economy of Brazil * Industrial output * Key industries * FDI | | Sociological * Culture * Language * General attitude * Personal appearance | | Technological * Technology research * Information technology * R & D * Technology policy of Brazil * Brazilian industry and Technology | | Legal * Legal system of Brazil * Municipality * Court and justice | | Environment * National * The Future | | Introduction Brazil is the largest and most powerful country in South America and has become one of the world's most attractive emerging markets in recent years. Brazil accounts for almost half of...
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...Introduction Negotiation is a method of conflict resolution. It is a problem-solving process in which two or more parties attempt to resolve their disagreement or conflict in a manner, and through a process, that is mutually agreeable. Where as the general concept of negotiation is easy enough to understand, in practice it can be an extremely difficult proposition. Negotiation is further complicated when the parties find themselves negotiating across dissimilar cultures. “Culture is a powerful factor in shaping how people think, communicate and behave. It therefore affects how they negotiate” .Our presentation investigates the impact of culture on negotiations. It begins by defining culture, to include a discussion on how culture is imbedded in an individual through their mental models and values. It then breaks out the four dimensions of culture identified by Geert Hofstede. A general overview of negotiations follows the culture. It includes a definition of negotiations and discusses the range or continuum of negotiation styles. The section on negotiations closes with an overview of negotiation skills to include the actors and their frames of reference. The final idea provides a description of how culture impacts negotiations. First, it overlaps four elements of negotiations; actors, structure, strategy, and process with Hofstede’s dimensions of negotiation. Then, a summarization of cultural affects on specific negotiation styles is provided. Defining Culture Working...
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...are obligated, in all of their activities, to operate in full compliance with the laws, rules, and regulations of the countries in which they operate. This Supplier Code of Conduct (“Code”) goes further, drawing upon internationally recognized standards, in order to advance social and environmental responsibility. Apple requires that Suppliers implement this Code using the management systems described below. The Apple Supplier Code of Conduct is modeled on and contains language from the Electronic Industry Code of Conduct. Recognized standards such as International Labour Organization Standards (ILO), Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), Social Accountability International (SAI), and the Ethical Trading Initiative (ETI) were used as references in preparing this Code and may be useful sources of additional information. A complete list of references is provided at the end of this Code. As an extension of the Code, Apple maintains a series of detailed Standards that clarify our expectations for compliance. Labor and Human Rights Suppliers must uphold the human rights of workers, and treat them with dignity and respect as understood by the international community. Antidiscrimination Suppliers shall not discriminate against any worker based on race, color, age, gender, sexual orientation, ethnicity, disability, religion, political affiliation, union membership, national origin, or marital status in hiring and employment practices such as applications for employment...
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...What Needs to be Done – The Follow Through Plan Momentum is a beautiful force, especially if moving in the desired direction. However, economic momentum can be lost quickly if the inertia that mobilized it dissipates with waning enthusiasm. This article is about the continuation of what needs to be done to maintain positive economic inertia and provide a kinetic boost that will charge the US economy successfully into the foreseeable future. Although time is of the essence in any equation dealing with momentum, some of the “Follow Through Plan’s” planks discussed below have greater priority versus the remaining. But let us not pretend that if some of the plan is sacrificed due to the “feel good” inspirations fostered by the beginnings of proactive economic stimulus, it will not be sustainable if the core retains the properties of risk-tails that can demolish the forward curve permanently … and swiftly. Black Swan events, or those considered to be Gaussian anomalies or 9th degree standard deviation eclipses do not, and have not, occurred at the interval statistical quants have modeled. In fact the anomaly is to believe that Black Swan events are anything but a force of nature and occur about as common, as frequent and as necessary as the changing of the seasons. The “Follow Through Plan”, needed to retain economic leadership of the United States well into the 21st century, should include all of the following critical levels of change and direction. The order...
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...are the parties involved in the industrial relations system? The scope of Ministry of Human Resources in the industrial relations system encompass employee and workers state of safety, health and welfare and human resource matters such as training, employment, labour rights and industrial relations. It includes the PERKESO (Pertubuhan Keselamatan Sosial), PSMB (Pembangunan Sumber Manusia Berhad), JTM (Jabatan Tenaga Malaysia), JKKP (Jabatan Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerja). The role of the Human Resources Ministry is to encourage harmonious relationships between employers and employees in the interest of the nation’s productivity. The objective of Human Resource Ministry in the industrial relations is: • To protect the welfare of the employees-safety, and rights • To promote good employer-employee relationship through a stable and peaceful Industrial Relations system • To equip the unemployed with basic industrial skills and to improve the skill level of the workforce • To assist in maximizing country’s manpower resources through manpower planning • Department of Labour, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak-enforces Employment Act 1955, Workmen’s Compensation Act 1952, Wages Council Act 1947, Young Persons Act 1966, Employment Restriction Act 1968 and Workers Minimum Standards of Housing & Amenities Act 1990. It also settles disputes between employers and employee over payment/non-payment of wages, retrenchment and retirement benefits. The parties’ involved...
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...Financial Reporting and Disclosure Corporate governance framework should ensure that timely and accurate disclosure is made on all material matters regarding the corporation, including the financial situation, performance, ownership, and governance of the company Importance of Corporate Governance Disclosures * Stakeholders are paying more attention to what is reported * The global financial crisis has sharpened the lens through which corporate governance structures are held to account and expectations around transparency. * To drive improvements in reputation * Public understanding of structure and activities * Relationships with the communities * Environmental issues Public disclosure is typically required, at a minimum, on an annual basis though some countries require periodic disclosure on a semi-annual or quarterly basis, or even more frequently in the case of material developments affecting the company. Companies often make voluntary disclosure that goes beyond minimum disclosure requirements in response to market demand. A strong disclosure regime that promotes real transparency is a pivotal feature of market-based monitoring of companies and is central to shareholders’ ability to exercise their ownership rights on an informed basis. Experience in countries with large and active equity markets shows that disclosure can also be a powerful tool for influencing the behaviour of companies and for protecting investors. A strong disclosure regime...
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