...controversial arguments, ethical debates, and a constant clashing of varying perspectives and outlooks. This is especially relevant to posthumous reproduction, which has sparked many disputes in the global world. Even in our own social circles, the viewpoints on posthumous reproduction tend to be varied. Additionally, posthumous production raises many moral, legal, and ethical concerns. Currently, hospitals do not have a strong ethical stand on posthumous reproduction, but recently they have been forced to develop policies regarding consent, and other legal practices. The following are four interviews done by the writers’ involved four different individuals, a hospital administrator, spiritual leader, healthcare colleague, and a friend. The writers also came to a resolution of dilemma based on research. The information presented is based on the ethical dilemma of a child dying, the parents desire to harvest the child’s eggs for the opportunity to conceive another child or treat any potential genetic anomalies. One of the researchers interviewed the hospital administer where she works. Regarding "posthumous reproduction", the administrator stated that the hospital offers this advanced technology to spouses of patients who meet criteria. The administrator agreed that there is a lack of guidelines and policies related to posthumous reproduction. Answering to the researcher’s question on personal bias, her reply was she does not allow her personal opinion to interfere with her responsibilities...
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...1/18/2014 SimUText :: Printable Chapter :: Life History PRINT ER-FRIENDLY PAGE: T his page contains the com plete tex t of this Sim UT ex t chapter. Y ou can use y our browser's print function to print a copy . Life History This chapter explores life cycles, life histories and life tables, and explores the trade-offs that different species make in their reproductive strategy. file:///C:/Users/Hossein/SimUText/labs/LifeHistory_20700/instructions/print_chapter.html 1/156 1/18/2014 SimUText :: Printable Chapter :: Life History Contents Se ction 1 : Life Cycle s a nd Life Historie s Chapter Credits This Sim UText chapter was dev eloped by a team including: Lead Author: Simon Bird Authors: W. John Roach, Ellie Steinberg, Eli Meir Reviewer: Susan Maruca Graphics: Brad Beesley, Jennifer Wallner Simulations: Susan Maruca Programming: Derek Stal, Steve Allison-Bunnell, Jen Jacaruso Outside Reviewer: James Danoff-Burg (Columbia University) Thanks to all the students and instructors who helped test prototy pes of this chapter. For m ore inform ation, please v isit www.sim bio.com . Suggested citation: Sim on Bird, Susan Maruca, W. John Roach, Ellie Steinberg, Eli Meir. 2 009 . Life History . In Sim UText Ecology . Sim bio.com . Sim UText is a registered tradem ark of Sim Biotic Software for Teaching and Research, Inc. © 2 009 -2 01 2 Sim Bio. All Rights Reserv ed. This and other Sim bio Interactiv e Chapters® are accessible through the Sim UText Sy stem ®. ...
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...Ethical Implications of Assisted Reproduction The ethical implications of assisted reproduction are obvious. There is no doubt the process of assisted reproduction has caused more harm than good as massive killing of unwanted fertilized embryos are carried out during the process. Also some of the babies born through this process have some serious physical and genetic deformities that make some of their parents regret having them. Even a doctor once asserted that he did not get into assisted reproduction to help in creating severely damaged babies (Pence 88). This concern expressed by a physician shows how ethically horrendous assisted reproduction could be. Assisted reproduction has been a hotly debated issue in recent times mainly because of its ethical implications. Despite the ethical implications, assisted reproduction also has some moral, social, and religious concerns coupled with some psychological and biological or genetic implications both to the conceived embryos and their mothers. It is not an overstatement to adduce that there are disastrous health implications and consequences associated with assisted reproduction, which more often than not are overlooked by physicians and those desperate for children. There are three main types of assisted reproduction namely – artificial insemination, In Vitro Fertilization (IVF), and surrogacy. The ethical concern of these procedures is that they are unnatural method of conception, creating life in the laboratory, and fertilizing...
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...levels of Biological properties work together they create new and complex functions called Emergent Properties Biologists divide organisms into 3 categories based on their source of Energy and raw materials * Producers (Autotrophs) = Make their own food by extracting energy and nutrients from non living sources. Ex: The sun * Consumers (Heterotrophs) = Obtain energy and nutrients by eating other Organisms Ex. US * Decomposers (AKA Heterotrophs as well) = Obtain energy and nutrients from waste or dead organisms. Ex: Fungi and Bacteria Life maintains Internal Consistency (Homeostasis) * Homeostasis is the process by which a cell or organism maintains a state of internal consistency, or equilibrium. Reproduction in 2 ways * Asexual reproduction = genetic information that only comes from one parent and all offspring are identical Ex: Bacteria and most...
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...wonder why as humans we behave the way we do, why we express emotion, have feelings, or experience hunger? How does it all work? The human body is comprised of systems all working together to complete an action or a coordinated set of chemical reactions initiated by the nervous system. The nervous system is part of a human’s body that controls voluntary and involuntary behaviors by transmitting information throughout different parts of the brain and the body via neurons and axons. The nervous system consists of two main parts, the central nervous system (CNS) which contains the brain and spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) connects the brain and the spinal cord to the rest of the body. Within the peripheral nervous system you have the somatic nervous system. The somatic nervous system consists mostly of axons that transport messages from sense organs to the central nervous system and from the central nervous system to the muscles (Kalat, 2013). Also within the PNS is the autonomic nervous system, which controls the heart and other organs. The autonomic nervous system consists of two parts, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system prepares organs for fight-or-flight activity such as increase heart rate, while the parasympathetic nervous system does the opposite decreasing heart rate. Both systems work together to regulate involuntary bodily functions and behaviors. One example of regulatory behavior is human reproduction...
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...In the last years there were great advancements in technology and technology has affected society and its surroundings in many different ways. Due to certain problems such as infertility lots of new reproductive technologies were introduced and these reproductive methods include the uses of technology in human reproduction. New Reproductive Technologies have been the subject of debate as they can be seen as both solutions for certain problems such as infertility but can also be seen as a threat to society because of the problems that arise such as the structure of parenthood or what effects might these new technologies have upon women's lives. There are alot of different types of new reproductive technologies such as: artificial insemination...
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...Animal Reproduction Reproduction is a process by which offspring is produced to continue onto the next generation. There are two types of reproduction. Asexual reproduction involves one parent and its genes, which the offspring inherits. It doesn’t need fertilization or meiosis to occur. Fission, budding, and fragmentation are the three types of asexual reproduction. Fission is when the parent separates into at least two or more individuals of the same size. The development of different independent organisms are results from current individuals is budding. The dismantling of the body into various pieces, some or all of which evolve into entirely new organisms through the redevelopment of absent body parts is fragmentation. Sexual Reproduction involves two parents of different sexes that combine their genetic information to produce an offspring. Some animals are hermaphrodites while others use parthenogenesis. Parthenogenesis is asexual reproduction that doesn’t require fertilization from males. Hermaphrodites have both male and female reproductive systems. Some hermaphrodites can inseminate themselves, while others may still need the help of the opposite sex. Animals reproduce using internal or external fertilization. Internal fertilization, used by terrestrial animals as well as whales and dolphins, occurs insides the body. The internally fertilized eggs are protected and fed while they develop inside the body. External fertilization, used by fish and amphibians, occurs outside...
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...BIOL/ BMSC 114: Asexual vs. sexual reproduction Asexual and sexual reproduction • Two modes of animal reproduction: asexual and sexual reproduction. – In most cases asexual reproduction relies on mitotic cell division. – Sexual reproduction is the creation of offspring by fusion of haploid gametes to form a zygote. • Gametes are formed by meiosis. • Sexual reproduction directly reduces your contribution to the next generation! Phil Lester, KK413 3 Asexual reproduction • Asexual reproduction has many advantages: – All your wonderful genes are contributed to the next generation (no dilution!). – It enables animals living in isolation to reproduce. – It can create numerous offspring in a short amount of time. • Theoretically it is most advantageous in stable, favourable environments because it perpetuates successful genotypes precisely. Types of asexual reproduction: Fission. • Many invertebrates reproduce asexually by fission. – The separation of a parent into two or more individuals of roughly equal size. Phylum Cnidaria– sacs with central digestive system. 4 5 Types of asexual reproduction: Budding. • A new individual splitting off from an existing one. – For example certain species in the Phylum Cnidaria: new individuals grow out from the body of a parent. – May detach or remain joined to the parent. Phylum Cnidaria– hydras can reproduce sexually when conditions are unfavourable. 6 Types of asexual reproduction: Fragmentation. • The breaking of the...
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...30.1 ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT BEGINS WITH REPRODUCTION Reproduction, growth, and development are shared features of ALL multicellular life. A. REPRODUCTION IS ASEXUL OR SEXUAL ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION – offspring contain genetic info from only one parent and are identical to the parent and each other. Advantageous in environments that don’t change much over time. EX. Include aphids, some types of lizards SEXUAL REPRODUCTION – requires genetic info from two parents. Advantageous in changing environments. GAMETES – products of meiosis, haploid sex cells that carry genetic info from each parent (sperm/eggs) ZYGOTE – diploid product of fertilization, new offspring. EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION – males and females release gametes into the same environment and fertilization occurs outside the body. Especially common in aquatic animals. Unique “recognition” proteins on the surface of gametes keep sperm cells from fertilizing eggs of the wrong species. EX. Salmon, sponges, corals, sea urchins, some amphibians INTERNAL FERTILIZATION – a male deposits sperm inside a female’s body, where fertilization occurs. After copulation, animals may lay hard-shelled eggs or bear live young. B. DEVELOPMENT IS INDIRECT OR DIRECT DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGISTS – study the stages of an animal’s growth as cells specialize and interact to form tissues, organs, and organ systems. Differentiation and pattern formation involve complex interactions between the DNA inside cells and external signals such as...
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...What Is a Living Thing? Living things are systems or organisms that tend to respond to changes in their environment and inside themselves, in such a way as to promote their own continuation and longevity. These are the ones that have the ability to breathe or respire, can move or navigate and consequently have the ability to multiply. These living things include human beings, plants, insects, animals among others. A living thing is defined as using all of these qualities: movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, excretion, and nutrition. Only living things, and all living things, have these functions. A living thing is any organism that displays all the characteristics of life. These include being able to grow and use energy. They must also consist of at least one cell. You can find more information here: Theme #1 - Cells All living things are composed of one or more cells. Different types of cells have different "jobs" within the organism. Each life form begins from one cell, which then will split. These cells split, and so on. After this has happened several times, differentiation is undergone, when the cells change so that they are not the same thing anymore. Then they are used to begin to put together the final organism, some cells, for example, as the eyes, some as the heart, etc. The only arguable exception to this is viruses. They are not composed of cells, but are said to be "living." Theme#2 - Organization Complex organization patterns...
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...particular species. Also, genetic diversity is affected by several on going natural issues that are related to mutation, sexual reproduction, migration, and the size of the population. The first issues that related are mutation. What is mutation? Mutation defined “an organism that has characteristics resulting from chromosomal alteration,” (www.thefreedictionary.com, 2008). The issue with mutation is that it permanently change the characteristics of the species involved in the mutation. This could lead to permanent loss of certain characteristics in a species. According to Concepts in Biology, “the Anopheles mosquito is responsible for transmitting malaria in many African countries,” (2008). The large number of people who fear that mutation can lead to disharmony in the environment. In addition, mutation is useful in determining evolutionary relationship. Second issue that related is sexual reproduction. What is sexual reproduction? According to Concepts in Biology, “the propagation of organisms involving the union of gametes from two parents," (2008). In human form the males carry sperm which are small and motile. The female carry eggs which provide food for embryo. In addition, male his sex organs main purposes are to produce the sperm and deliver it in the reproduction tract of a female. However, asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction must involve two partners. Third issue that related is migration? The issue with migration is that is changes the...
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...threatened. Folks on both sides of the isle on the abortion issue are extremely passionate about their views and opinions in regards to the right to abortions in our country. Although there are many individuals and groups that disagree on this issue, abortions should not be legal since the act of abortion is the killing of innocent human life and having an abortion is also a great risk to the health and life of the woman that is having the abortion. There has long been a big debate among abortion supporters and those who oppose abortions, as to just when it is considered that human life begins. It has been a question for centuries whether the unborn is truly a “person”. If we consider the unborn to be a “person” then the unborn should also have an inalienable right to life just as everyone else does. Human life has many stages; a human embryo and the human fetus are early stages of human life. According to Lugosi (2005) historically common law determined that when a pregnant woman feels “quickening” which is the movement of the baby, this is evidence of life (Para. 5). If a woman can feel another life inside her body then there is indeed human life growing and developing inside her body. The fifth week of a woman’s pregnancy is called the embryonic period. According to the Mayo Clinic Staff (2012) during the beginning of this period the baby’s organs, including the heart begin to develop along with the brain and spinal cord (Para. 11). The baby’s heart...
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...Chapter 4 page Sensitivity 3-4 Chapter 5 page Growth 4 Chapter 6 page Respiration 5 Chapter 7 page Excretion 5-6 Chapter 8 page Nutrition 6-7 Chapter 9 page Conclusion 7-8 Chapter 10 page Bibilography 9 Introduction to life processes The most basic of living things consist of just one single cell for example bacteria, while more complex organisms such as humans are multi-cellular. An organism is defined as an individual animal, plant or single-celled life form. Therefore the cell is considered the smallest unit of life competent of a self-sufficient existence. There are seven things that all living organisms from bacteria to plants to animals all have in common and whether something is living or not is usually compared to the seven life processes. These processes are movement, reproduction, sensitivity, growth, respiration, excretion and nutrition. The acronym ‘MRS GREN’ will be used when discussing the processes of life movement All living things move to some kind of degree and this is the most apparent within the animal kingdom. Animals are able to physically move themselves from one place to another; humans will usually use their muscles in order to be able to move where as other animals may have to hop, crawl, swim or fly. Movement is very important for gathering sustenance and escaping predators. Movement within plants is generally by growth, many of the higher part of plants for example flowers, branches and roots will move as they grow however this process can be...
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...Week 1 Assignment: The Sperm and the Egg Nathaniel Morris PSY/265 3/18/2012 Nicole Pansey Week 1 Assignment: The Sperm and the Egg Many of us have heard about the birds and the bees. Most parents find this story to better illustrate how conception happens. When a young child asks their parent “Where do babies come from”, a parent may find it hard to look in their young child’s eyes, and describe exactly what happens. The actual scientific process may be harder to explain, but will be more useful for the child when they get older. It would probably be more effective with a variety of visual aids, and preparation in order to present this to an adolescent. Deciding at what age to tell your child the scientific version should depend on the parent. The “birds and bees story” may be more appropriate for a younger child, and the scientific version can be more explained when they are a little more mature. A girl should know about the sexual reproductive system when she starts menstruating. If she is not taught properly, she may not understand what is going on with her body, and may wind up pregnant at an early age. In order to explain the scientific version, first, you would have to start out by explaining the immediate male and female body parts that are involved; the penis and vagina. The inner part of the vagina consists of two ovaries, the cervix, and the uterus that are all connected to the uterus by the fallopian tubes. These are all structures that make up the...
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...of living things. 1. Living things are highly organized, from the smallest part to the largest. On the chemical level: atoms make up elements. Each element has a specific number of electrons that orbit the nucleus. In the center of the element, the nucleus has protons and neutrons. The number of protons in an element is always equal to the number the electrons. The number of neutrons may vary to make isotopes of that element. Elements come together to give up, accept or equally share electrons to make molecules. The smallest part of an organism is a cell. Some single-celled organisms are free-living and contain structures, called organelles that allow them to be self-sufficient. More complex organisms are multicellular. In the case of a human, cells are organized into tissues. These have a common function like a muscle. Tissues are organized into organs like the heart. Organs are organized into organ systems, like the cardiovascular system. Organ systems functioning together make up a living organism. A population is an organization of more than one individual. This is generally all of one species in a particular area. We could talk about the population of squirrels in our area or dogs or cats. Enlarging our view, next comes a community. An example of a community is the town or place we live. A more accurate biological description would include all the living things in that area. A community is composed of many species, including plants and animals An ecosystem not only considers...
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