...Set of atomic (indivisible) values. Attribute – it describes a component of the database, such as a table or a field. N-tuple – in mathematics, an ordered set of n elements called its components or coordinates. Relation Schema – It is representation of database highlighting relationships that we have created. Relation State – set of tuples that have the same attributes. Degree of a relation – number of attributes n of its relation schema. Relational Database Schema – Tables, columns and relationships that make up a relational database. Relational database state – is a union of all the individual relation states, whenever the database is changed a new state arise. 3.2 Why are tuples in a relation not ordered? - A Relation is defined as a set of tuples. Mathematically, elements of a set have no order among them: tuples in a relation do not have any particular order. In other words, a relation is not sensitive to the ordering of tuples. Tuple ordering is not part of a relation definition because a relation attempts to represent facts at a logical or abstract level. 3.3 Why are duplicate tuples not allowed in a relation? - Duplicate tuples are not allowed in a relation because it violates the specifications of the relational integrity constraints, particularly the key constraint which states that no two tuples can have the same values for their attributes at any relation state of a database. 3.4 What is the difference between a key and a superkey? - Superkey...
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...CPA PROGRAM GLOBAL STRATEGY AND LEADERSHIP STUDENT SUPPORT SLIDES Semester 1, 2016 MODULE 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO STRATEGY AND LEADERSHIP NEED TO MEET MODULE OBJECTIVES • • • • • • • • Explain the development of the evolution of strategy Outline the ethical responsibilities and challenges that leaders of organisations are confronted by Discuss the different approaches to strategy, and how they differ from one another Identify the strategy process and describe the purpose of each step Explain the concepts of strategic thinking and analysis Describe the various levels of strategy and the links between them Explain the drivers, challenges and benefits of globalisation Discuss the role of the accountant in the strategy process PRACTICE • • • Have you completed the questions in the Study Guide? Have you completed the Learning Examples in the Student Notes? Have you completed the knowledge check questions from this module? Key revision areas: • The different approaches to strategy: rational, processual, evolutionary, systemic • The levels of corporate strategy and the scope/content of each • The drivers, challenges and benefits of globalisation • Evolution of corporate strategy as a concept – Porter, Mintzberg • Operational effectiveness v. strategic positioning • Developing the strategy – see Focus slide • Ethics in leadership: classical and socioeconomic views Strategy and leadership Approaches ...
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...Problem with lists – Modification problems when deleting/adding due to multiple themes in one list. * Null Values – inserted rows with missing values * Mod problems occur due to having two or more data sets * Causes redundancy. Relational DataBase tables – relational model emerged due to list problems. It is a collection of separate tables. Table holds data for only one theme, not multiple. When evaluating a database design, consider mod actions: insert/delete/update. Structured Query Language SQL – leading tech for data definition and manipulation. Can reconstruct lists from their underlying tables, query for specific data conditions, perform computations, can update/delete/insert data. Database System four components: * Database – collection of related tables and other structures * Database Management System DBMS – computer program used to create, process, and administer the database. Receives requests encoded in SQL and translates them into action on the database. Large complicated program licensed by software vendors. * Database Application – Set of one or more computer programs that serves as an intermediary between the user and the DBMS, These programs read or modify data by sending SQL statements to the DBMS. * Users – use the DB Application to keep track of things. Use forms to read, enter, and query data. Database – defined as self-describing (a description of the structure if the database is contained within the database itself)...
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...utilization, critical thinking, problem solving and professional competence and values. The course uses an interdisciplinary approach for the learner to develop personal, academic strategies in order to reach desired goals and achieve academic success. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. • Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Carter, C., Bishop, J., & Kravits, S. (2007). Keys to college studying: Becoming an active thinker (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. All electronic materials are available on the student website. Week One: Academic Success Details Due Points Objectives 1.1 Identify techniques for setting goals. 1.2 Identify techniques for managing time. 1.3 Identify techniques for managing stress. 1.4 Develop educational goals. Reading Read Ch. 1 of Keys to College Studying. Reading Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. ...
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...an entity. 8-6 Student ID | Last Name | First Name | 2144 | Arnold | Betty | 3122 | Taylor | John | 3843 | Simmons | Lisa | 9844 | Macy | Bill | 2837 | Leath | Heather | 2293 | Wrench | Tim | Data Modeling Concepts: Attributes Attribute – a descriptive property or characteristic of an entity. Synonyms include element, property, and field. –Just as a physical student can have attributes, such as hair color, height, etc., data entity has data attributes Compound attribute – an attribute that consists of other attributes. Synonyms in different data modeling languages are numerous: concatenated attribute, composite attribute, and data structure. Data type – a property of an attribute that identifies what type of data can be stored in that attribute. 8-8 Representative Logical Data Types for Attributes |...
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...This assignment helps you understand what table columns deserve an index through a series of exercises on a database schema. You do not type SQL in this assignment, but rather identify which columns deserve indexes, the type of index it deserves, and why. Correct placement of indexes is absolutely critical to database performance. All but the smallest of databases would have terrible performance if no indexes were assigned to any of its table columns. An index is a physical construct that serves two purposes – speeding up data retrieval and enforcing uniqueness. Indexes are not modeled in logical entity-relationship diagrams, because indexes do not operate at the logical level of abstraction, as do tables and table columns. While the primary purpose of creating an index is to speed up data access, modern relational DBMS also support a type of index that additionally enforces a uniqueness constraint. A uniqueness constraint can be assigned to a table column directly, or is indirectly assigned to a table column when it is assigned a primary key constraint. While a uniqueness constraint is a logical construct, many modern relational DBMS physically implement this constraint through an index. You might reasonably ask the question, “Why not simply add indexes to every column in the schema?” After all, then we would not need to concern ourselves with index placement. The primary reason is that while indexes speed up reading from the database, indexes slow down writing to the database...
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...realize an attractive and inspiring common vision of the future. "Mission Statements" and "Vision Statements" do two distinctly different jobs. A Mission Statement defines the organization's purpose and primary objectives. Its prime function is internal – to define the key measure or measures of the organization's success – and its prime audience is the leadership team and stockholders. Vision Statements also define the organizations purpose, but this time they do so in terms of the organization's values rather than bottom line measures (values are guiding beliefs about how things should be done.) The vision statement communicates both the purpose and values of the organization. For employees, it gives direction about how they are expected to behave and inspires them to give their best. Shared with customers, it shapes customers' understanding of why they should work with the organization. Mission Statement Creation 1. To create your mission statement, first identify your organization's "winning idea". 2. This is the idea or approach that will make your organization stand out from its competitors, and is the reason that customers will come to you and not your competitors (see tip below). 3. Next identify the key measures of your success. Make sure you choose the most important measures (and not too many of them!) 4. Combine your winning idea and success measures into a tangible and measurable goal. 5. Refine the words until you have a concise and precise statement of your...
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...A. Compare the cultures of the two companies using the relevant values in the attached “Competing Values Framework.” The Competing Values Framework model was developed for cultural assessments of organizations that shows the effectiveness in a two dimensional layout. In the Competing Values Framework model, there are four culture representations, Adhocracy, Clan, Market and Hierarchy. The Symphony and the Opera fit into one of the categories as individual organizations. More will be discussed on which category each belongs in, plus a comparison with each of the other three cultures. Included in the Competing Values map is two other cultural dimensions. The Horizontal dimension is located on the left of the model and maps out the inward or internal focus and integration. The primary attention focuses inward within the company or organization. When environments are less competitive and focused on the customer, internal focus is the most important dimension element. The outward or external focus and differentiation is located to the right of the model. The focus is primarily outwards, to the external environment, customers and suppliers. The Vertical dimension is located at the top and bottom of the model. This lower axis has more to do with who makes the decisions. At the bottom of the model, is Stability and Control which is geared more to management control. While at the top is Flexibility and Discretion which empowers employees to make decisions...
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...components of strategy analysis: firms goals and values, resources and capabilities, structure and management systems and industry environment - Measurement of profitability, Profit most useful measure of firm performance (maximization of profit) - Tools of Financial analysis - Shareholders and stakeholders - Value: - Commerce is creating value - Firm have to know what profit is and how to measure it - Economic profit more reliable measure as accounting profit - Measure of e.p. is EVA, economic value added - Firm must maximize the future net cash flow to maximize its value and mimimize cost of capital - C.f. forecasts are very difficult,estimate future c.f. need make assumption - Important for value maximization is the consistency Real options theory - Two types: growth and flexibility options - Strategic alliances and joint ventures, investment in core products Putting performance analysis into practice - Need to asses current situation - Identify current strategy - Identify sources of unsatisfactory performance - Balanced scorecards -> balancing financial and strategic goals Profits and purpose - Companies that are more focused on making profit are often unsuccessful at achieving their goals - “Profits are important for existence of a company but not the reason for its existence” - Important is to have a dream, to have a joy of creating things - To have a vision for the future and a core ideology (values and principles) are both important for a powerful...
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...6 1.5 Organisational Asset Management Linkages 6 1.6 Key Stakeholders 7 1.7 Issues 7 2 Demand management 7 2.1 Overview 7 2.5 Teaching Spaces 10 2.6 Consideration of Capacity – Supply vs Demand 11 3 Levels of service 12 3.1 Overview 12 3.2 Strategic Levels of Service 12 3.3 Tactical Levels of Service 13 3.4 Operational Levels of Service 13 3.5 External Level of Service Requirements 14 4 Asset description – knowing what we have 14 4.1 Overview 14 4.2 Asset Values 14 4.3 Building Description 15 4.4 Building Risk Profile 15 4.5 Building Functionality 15 4.6 Building Availability and Utilisation 16 4.7 Building Condition 16 4.8 Environmental Performance 17 5 Challenges and investments 17 5.1 Overview 17 5.2 Shortfalls – Educational Service Needs 17 5.3 Currently Funded Projects 18 5.4 Responses to Significant Known Challenges 18 6 Optimised Decision Making 19 6.1 Optimised Decision Making Framework 19 6.2 Significant Projects 19 6.3 Likelihood of Events Happening 19 6.4 What Controls Can Be Put Into Place 20 6.5 Prioritisation and Decision Making Process 20 7 Financial forecasts 20 7.1 Overview 20 7.2 Long Term Capital Forecasts 20 7.3 Consequential Expenditure 21 7.4 Affordability 22 7.5 Forecast Valuations 22 7.6 Outcomes 22 8 Key assumptions and policies 22 9 Improvement plan 22 9.1...
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...Workforce Planning a good practice guide for TAFE Institutes 10 September 2004 1 Introduction 1 2 Purpose of this guide 2 3 Key elements of workforce planning programs 2 4 Implementation guidelines 3 4.1 Consider the broader context 3 4.2 Identify your future business direction and workforce needs 4 4.3 Know your current workforce 6 4.4 Bridge the gap – identify and address your workforce issues 8 4.5 Provide a sound basis for effective implementation 9 5 WORKFORCE PLANNING CHECKLIST 10 5.1 Key considerations for effective workforce planning 10 6 UNDERPINNING KNOWLEDGE FOR WORKFORCE PLANNING 12 Introduction Workforce planning is the continuous process of ensuring that the right people are in the right place at the right time, in order to accomplish the organisation’s mission now and into the future. Its fundamental purpose is to align and integrate the organisation’s workforce with its strategic goals and objectives. The degree to which the organisation has the appropriate skills, the correct numbers and the right talent mix to achieve its mission in a dynamic external environment will be crucial to its continued success. It is also about the sound management of human capital processes, including recruitment, retention, development, redeployment, and retirement planning for minimal loss of knowledge. Workforce planning can assist TAFE Institutes anticipate the staffing and skill...
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...are used to represent multiple entities and relationships – The characteristics of good primary keys and how to select them – How to use flexible solutions for special data modeling cases – What issues to check for when developing data models based on EER diagrams Database Systems, 9th Edition 2 The Extended Entity Relationship Model • Result of adding more semantic constructs to original entity relationship (ER) model • Diagram using this model is called an EER diagram (EERD) Database Systems, 9th Edition 3 Entity Supertypes and Subtypes • Entity supertype – Generic entity type related to one or more entity subtypes – Contains common characteristics • Entity subtypes – Contains unique characteristics of each entity subtype Database Systems, 9th Edition 4 Database Systems, 9th Edition 5 Specialization Hierarchy • Depicts arrangement of higher-level entity supertypes and lower-level entity subtypes • Relationships described in terms of “IS-A” relationships • Subtype exists only within context of supertype • Every subtype has only one supertype to which it is directly related • Can have many levels of supertype/subtype relationships Database Systems, 9th Edition 6 Database Systems, 9th Edition 7 Inheritance • Enables entity subtype to inherit attributes and relationships of supertype • All entity subtypes inherit their primary key attribute from their supertype • At implementation level, supertype and its subtype(s) maintain...
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...assigned To be announced Please note that all assignments must be submitted via Turnitin™ in addition to hard copy. COURSE DESCRIPTION The objectives of this course are to demonstrate the role of marketing in the company; to explore the relationship of marketing to other functions; and to show how effective marketing builds on a thorough understanding of buyer behavior to create value for customers. Using lectures, case studies, and class discussions, students learn how to control the elements of the marketing mix—product policy, channels of distribution, communication, and pricing—to satisfy customer needs profitably. The Telfer MBA distinguishes itself by training students to Lead High Performance Organizations. Successful firms are those that integrate the objectives and resources of the organization with the needs and opportunities of the marketplace better than competitors. That is, they identify untapped sources of customer value, and deliver and capture more customer value than their competitors. This course will help you develop a superior understanding of customers to help you identify your most attractive target customers and position your product or service so that it matters to those customers. 1 “The...
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...Vilnius Gediminas Technical University Jelena Mamčenko Lecture Notes on INFORMATION RESOURCES Part I Introduction to Dta Modeling and MSAccess Code FMITB02004 Course title Information Resourses Course volume 3,0 cr. (4,50 ECTS cr.) Teaching methods (Full-time, daytime studies): Lectures - 16 h per semestre Laboratory works - 32 h per semestre Individual work - 72 h per semester Course aim Understandig of models and system of information resourses. Jelena Mamčenko Introduction to Data Modeling and MSAccess CONTENT 1 Introduction to Data Modeling ............................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Data Modeling Overview ............................................................................................................... 5 1.1.1 Methodology .......................................................................................................................... 6 1.1.2 Data Modeling In the Context of Database Design................................................................ 6 1.1.3 Components of A Data Model................................................................................................ 6 1.1.4 Why is Data Modeling Important? ......................................................................................... 6 1.1.5 Summary ................................................................................................................................ 7 1.2 The...
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...Global strategy and leadership Topic 1 1 briefly outline the development of strategy 2. Examine some of the main concepts that inform our knowledge of strategy and leadership. 3. distinguish between the different approached to strategy The rational approach(有时间顺序)eg. The evolutionary approach The essential purpose of this approach is to assess the organization and its environment, achieve a fit between the two and, on the basis of this analysis, forecast and plan for the future. To maximize profit, organizations should position themselves in the markets to which they are best suited. The example of rational approach is five forces (offers leaders a clear and precise methodology for analyzing an organisation’s industry environment to determine its profitability, and a choice of strategy for optimizing performance in these envirments) This is diagnostic tool. Core assumptions are that the environment and the organization are knowable and definable, and that managers can analyze their industry and match their organization’s strategy accordingly. This model emphasis the role of leaders an d managers in creating and driving strategy and change. The processual approach（无序的，entangled）eg, the systemic approach, fuzzy approach. Strategy is sometimes constructed to make sense of what was happened, as much as it orchestrates what will happen. Distinguish between these tow approaches 1) The processualists, focus more on the competencies of organization in a concern to build the...
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