The purpose of this paper is to provide information for practitioners using observation for special education evaluations, including initial and re-evaluations, functional behavioral assessments (FBA), and monitoring IEP (Individualized Education Program) and BIP (Behavior Intervention Plan) progress. Observational procedures for research purposes are often more demanding and these suggestions are for practitioners and not meant to meet a research standard.

Collecting data involves a variety of techniques, including both direct and indirect methods. Examples of indirect data collection include interviews, record review, and examination of permanent work products. This booklet focuses on observational data, which is a direct method of data collection. When collecting information, it is important to use multiple sources and methods, and to triangulate the data collected. No one method stands alone.

Behavior always occurs in a context, and observing in that context is critical for defining and understanding the behavior. Observations may also help to identify the antecedents (what happens before the target behavior) and consequences (what happens after the target behavior) so that meaningful behavioral interventions can be developed. The data we collect during systematic classroom observations is used as a baseline, and/or present level of performance for an IEP. We might also use the data to evaluate whether or not an intervention is working. Observation is one method for collecting data for an FBA in order to answer the questions “what function is the behavior serving for the student?” or “what is the student trying to communicate to us through the behavior?” Thus, collecting data related to teacher and/or peer responses to the target student behavior is also important because that attention may be reinforcing the inappropriate behavior.

Remember that observations can be formal or informal – while you are in a school building, you are constantly seeing students in the various settings within that building. Be sure to consider the hallways, cafeteria, media center, gymnasium, a variety of classrooms, and the outside school campus. The information is also helpful in giving you a basic picture of how the building runs, and how a variety of students might react in different situations and settings.

Keep in mind that observations are only snapshots of the setting and of the behavior. Students may be aware they are being observed and may be on their best behavior. If this is the case, you can still gather useful information on the environment, and you will also know that the student has some idea of when to behave appropriately. On the other hand, the student may want to show-off for the new audience (i.e., the observer). There may be times of the day, days of the week, and/or specific activities that may be especially positive or stressful for the student. Observations can not stand alone, and should be combined with information from interviews, record reviews, and formal and informal testing when evaluating a student.

Getting Ready to Observe

• What is your purpose for observing? o Baseline o Data for developing an FBA/BIP o Monitoring IEP progress o Monitoring behavior change o Evaluation/re-evaluation including determining special education needs
• What do you know already? o What have you already seen for yourself as you walk through the building, are in the lunchroom, before and after school? o What existing information do others have?
• What additional background information do you want? o What activities will be going on while you are in the room? Is a new skill being introduced, or will the lesson focus on reinforcing previously presented information? o Will students be in large group, small group, working individually? o What are the classroom rules and expectations? o How does the target student typically behave during that time?
• Encourage the teacher to conduct business as usual, including consequences for inappropriate behavior. Ask how you should respond to students who may approach you or want to talk to you. It might be helpful for the teacher to acknowledge your presence and say that you are there to see how the class works (or something to that effect).
• Try not to disrupt the classroom routine – enter and leave at break times (e.g., lunch, recess) or at a change of activity.
• Ask the teacher about the concern or inappropriate behavior that has triggered the need for observation. Define the target behavior(s) clearly. For example, does “out of seat” mean the student must be completely out of the desk, or can the student be on his/her knees yet still “in” the chair? Be more precise than “aggressive behavior” by clarifying that it means hitting, kicking, or pinching. This determines what you will tally and what you will ignore. You are looking for specific, observable behaviors. See page 12 for suggestions on defining behavior.
• What dimensions of behavior are relevant or applicable in this case? o Frequency – how often does it occur? o Topography – what is the description of the behavior, what does the behavior look like? o Duration – how long does the behavior last? o Latency – how long is it between the time a student is given a directive and the time he/she began the action requested? o Magnitude – what is the force or power of the behavior? o Locus – what is the location?

During the Observation General hints • Check your biases and value judgments at the door – it may not be your style of teaching or preference for an approach, but you are there to collect objective data and to report on what you see and hear.
• Describe what you see in concrete terms. Jot down some general information about the classroom as you begin your observation: what is the physical set-up? are students squeezed together or do they have elbow room? how many students are there? what about natural distractions such as noisy heaters, windows overlooking a busy street, or hallway traffic? what is the teacher’s teaching style (e.g., lecture, hands-on activities, mixed media)? how does the teacher respond to misbehavior? how does the teacher reward or reinforce students? do students seem to know what they are expected to do, or do they have to be reminded? are teacher directions clear and understandable? are students passive learners, or are they actively involved in lessons? how many adults are there in the classroom? are students in and out for various activities? is there a lot of moving around the classroom or are students generally in their chairs? is the environment conducive to learning? is it a required class or an elective? are there interruptions such as daily announcements? are there any safety issues (e.g., scissors or other sharp tools readily available, objects that could be thrown, broken equipment or furniture)?
• Observe across settings and at a variety of different times. Be sure to include some times and settings in which the student is successful. Instead of observing for 2 hours during the morning, for example, it may be more useful to break the time into smaller blocks. After 20 minutes of observation, the accuracy of the data tends to decrease . “Observer drift” is the tendency of observers to change the stringency with which they apply operational definitions and may result in recording instances of behavior that do not conform to the operational definition . The observations could take place at different times of the day, different days of the week, and during different activities such as academic classes, recess or lunch, and so on. When observing the student in settings where behavior is not a problem, try to identify the features of that context that support success and appropriate responses. Multiple observations also help give you a clearer picture of the behavior, rather than a one-time snapshot.
• Keep your recording system as simple as possible so that you can efficiently record information and decipher your notes later. It takes some practice to determine what method works for you, and to develop some shorthand codes such as “o” for out-of-seat or “p” for playing with an object without permission. Obviously, if you try to write things out in long hand, you will miss a lot of the action. You might want to use graph paper to easily create some simple charts.
• When observing a particular student, it is helpful to collect data on a second student of the same sex so that you can more objectively compare the incidents of misbehavior. If several students are wandering around the classroom, there may be a more general classroom management problem. If you know what the average out-of-seat time is for other students, you can compare the student in question to see if it really is a significant concern.

Collecting data: There are many different ways to collect data during an observation, and the more commonly used procedures are described below. Choosing which method to use may depend on your personal preference, the purpose of the observation, and the type of behavior being targeted. In some instances, you might want to use more than one method. For example, you might start with a narrative of the general classroom environment, the lesson or activity in progress, and the teaching style. Then you might do a time-sample to focus in on particular behaviors. Some sample formats and grids are attached, beginning on page 14.

If a behavior is so infrequent that you probably will not see it in a 20-30 minute observation period, direct observation may not be the data collection system to choose. You still may wish to observe the classroom to get a picture of the physical environment and an overview of the class dynamics. Indirect data collection (e.g., interviews, review of existing information including records and work samples) may be more reasonable for documenting specific, infrequent student behaviors. Narrative recording: this involves taking notes and simply writing down what occurs. It is not quantitative - there is no behavior count or number as a result. It is time consuming, but can be useful in providing a general description or detail (e.g., when Johnny tantrums, he drops to the floor face-down, screams, and flails his arms and legs; students sit in groups of 4 desks pushed together and facing one another).

A-B-C: divide your paper into 3 columns – “A” for “antecedent” in which you will record what preceded or precipitated the behavior; “B” for “behavior” which describes what the student did; and, “C” for “consequence” or what followed the behavior. The consequence for one behavior may serve as an antecedent for the next behavior, so you will have a running “stream” of actions. This format is useful for collecting data for an FBA. You can analyze the results and plan to prevent or avoid maladaptive behavior by manipulating the antecedents, and you can also intervene by altering the consequences. See page 11 for a sample of a completed A-B-C chart.

Scatter plot: a scatter plot is a good screening tool to determine when and where a behavior is likely to occur. See pages 9 for a sample format and page 10 for a completed example. Use event recording to tally the number of times a behavior occurs over the course of the day and week. You will then be able to look for patterns across days of the week, times of the day, activities, and so on. This information will help you determine some times and activities that might be most useful for gathering more detailed data. Be sure to include periods when the student is successful as well as problem times. Since this involved simply counting a behavior, it’s possible for a teacher to gather this information while teaching. Keep a running tally with slash marks in a corner of your teacher’s manual or other papers you may have in hand, put a strip of tape on your cuff and tally on that, put beans or coins in one pocket and transfer one to another pocket each time the behavior occurs – find a way that works for you.

Event recording: counting the number of times a specific behavior occurs during a given time period. Event recording is the easiest and most accurate method of data collection. The behavior you are tallying must have a clear beginning and end, take about the same amount of time whenever it occurs, and can be distinguished from another event or behavior. For instance, the observer tallies the number of times during a lesson that a student raises his/her hand. Event recording is not appropriate when the behavior occurs so often that it is difficult to count accurately, or if the behavior lasts for an extended period of time. With the latter, a tally does not accurately define the behavior. For example, if a student is out of his/her seat, the count might only be one, but it is important to know whether the time interval was 2 minutes or 20 minutes.

Duration and latency recording: duration recording measures how long a particular behavior lasts. An example would be a temper tantrum, where you may wish to know not only whether it happened, but how long it went on. It is more useful to know that a student was out of his/her seat for 20 minutes at a time, rather than just knowing that the behavior occurred. Latency recording documents the amount of time between behaviors. For instance, you might time the interval between the teacher giving a direction and the student complying with the request. Another example of latency recording would be to see how long the student remains in his/her seat before the next incident of wandering around the classroom.

Momentary time sampling (a type of interval recording to estimate the duration of a behavior): divide the observation time (generally between 10 minutes and 1 hour) into equal intervals (perhaps 2 minutes or another consistent interval), and then record whether or not the behavior occurs at the very end of each interval. You get an estimate of the duration or percent of time a behavior occurs. If you use simple symbols such as +/- or /0 recording, it is easy to keep notes. You will need a watch or clock with a second hand, a tape that beeps at regular intervals, or a timer set to vibrate at set intervals. Interval recording is not an exact count of the number of times a behavior occurs, since it might happen twice during the interval, but you are only tallying whether (or not) it happened at the end of the interval. If you use interval recording, you can see the approximate number of times the behavior occurred, and the approximate length of time the behavior lasted (e.g., over 3 intervals, for just 1 interval). Be aware that when you look down to record, you may miss something.

After the Observation

Reporting the information Once you have collected the data over the course of several observations, you will need to analyze the information you have. It may be helpful to graph the information or write summary narratives. Some people like to use different colors for lines on a graph or entries on a chart once they have multiple observations over time. This provides a visual summary of progress as well as a quick comparison of several snapshots. Your data can serve as a basis for your hypothesis about the function of behaviors, as a baseline for developing a present level of performance for an IEP, as a measure of progress for evaluating intervention plans and IEP progress, as information for either a special education or a 504 evaluation report, and so on. Simply gathering and reporting observational data is only half the task; you also need to analyze and synthesize the information you have. You will then have data-driven documentation to support programming decisions.

Following are some suggestions for good report writing:

A good report:

• defines a subject or problem;
• presents data as accurately as possible;
• may include analysis, judgment, conclusions, recommendations;
• is useful for informing, explaining, and persuading;
• is understandable to all readers.

Before you begin, ask yourself:

• who will read this report?
• why is it being written?
• what do I need to cover/not cover?
• what conclusions can be drawn from my information?
• what do I recommend as a result of my information?

Writing hints

• Put the most important information first;
• Use headings for each section to make it easier for readers to find specific information;
• Break information up rather than having 1 big block of narrative;
• Explain technical terms and meaning of scores reported;
• Spell out abbreviations and acronyms, including full titles of tests, rating scales, etc.;
• Explain what scores, numbers mean – the significance of the data;
• Connect evaluation data to educational interventions; report the findings that will assist with program planning ;
• Use an outline such as this: o Demographic information o Reason for the report o Background information o Evaluation methods (testing, observation, interviews, etc.) o Results (overall & specific subtests)
 Strengths
 Deficits o Recommendations
• Proofread;
• Consider omitting a summary – it makes the report longer and readers tend to skip the report itself and go right to the summary if one is included, thereby missing important information.

SELECTING A RECORDING PROCEDURE

Adapted from: Alberto & Troutman, pg. 131
Functional Assessment Scatter Plot

Student: __________________________________________ Grade: _________ School: __________________________
Dates of observation: _____________ to _______________ Observer(s): ________________________________________
Target behavior(s):

Activity
Time Day of the Week Total Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday

Total

Source: Touchette, Macdonald & Luce

Functional Assessment Scatter Plot - Sample

Student: Ricky Michaels Grade: 4 School: Lincoln Dates of observation: 1-17-05 to 1-21-05
Target behavior(s): Disruptive behaviors such as talk-outs, making noises that others can hear, threatening, out-of-seat

Activity
Time Day of the Week Total
(Rate/Min)
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
Opening 8:25 – 8:45 2 0 0 2 2 6 (.3/min)
Daily Oral Language 8:45 – 9:00 7 10 9 8 9 43 (2.9/min)
Reading groups/independent seat work 9:00 – 10:15 10 7 5 6 9 37 (.5/min)
Recess 10:15 – 10:35 3 5 3 4 2 17 (.85/min)
Math 10:35 - 11:20 0 3 1 1 3 8 (.18/min)
Social Studies 11:20 – 12:05 2 4 3 3 0 12 (.27/min)
Lunch 12:05 – 12:45 2 4 2 0 2 10 (.25/min)
Silent reading 12:45 – 1:00 0 0 1 1 0 2 (.008/min)
Art/Music 1:00 – 1:45 2 0 0 1 0 3(.07/min)
Science 1:45 – 2:30 1 1 0 0 0 2 (.04/min)
Language Arts 2:30 – 3:15 4 5 3 6 2 20 (.44/min)
Total 33 39 27 32 29 160

Source: R. Van Acker
A-B-C data sample (source: R. Van Acker)

Student: Ricky Michaels Grade: 4 School: Lincoln Elementary Date of observation: 1/25/05
Activity: Reading groups – teacher working with a small group on a rotating basis while other students work independently on dinosaur worksheets and journal entries.
Time of day: 9:15 a.m. Behavior of concern: Teachers says Ricky is “disruptive” but pestering other students and interrupting instruction with talk-outs and off-task remarks.

Antecedent Behavior Consequence

Teacher tells students to move their desks apart so that they do not interfere with each other. She says that she will be calling groups up to the front table for reading one group at a time. She says that while they are waiting for their group, students have 3 worksheets to complete.

The teacher calls the first group to the front, and that includes Ricky.

Ricky begins to read out loud even though he was not asked to do so.

Ricky continues to hum and make growling noises. Only those students in the reading group at the front can apparently hear him.

Ricky says “Can I read now?”

The teachers asks Ricky to read the next 3 paragraphs of the story.

The teachers thanks Ricky for reading when he has finished. The teacher calls on the next student to read the next 3 paragraphs.

Ricky begins to rock back and forth in his chair. He starts pulling books off the bookshelf behind him as he rocks back, and drops them on the floor as he rocks forward.

Ricky says “Can I read again?”

The teacher ends the reading group.

Becky flinches. Other students move their desks as directed, but Ricky is playing in his seat. He leans over and pulls the desk of the girl next to him closer to his desk. (Note: Ricky’s desk is already set apart from the other students).

Ricky picks up his book and moves to the front of the room, sitting closest to the teacher.

The teacher asks Ricky to wait until he is called on.

Teacher says “Ricky, stop it now. You’re bothering the others.”

The teacher indicates that he needs to wait.

Ricky begins to read in a very loud voice that can be heard across the room (other students look up from their work).

Ricky listens, and when the student hesitates over a word, he gives the correct word.

The teacher tells Ricky to pay attention and follow along.

The teachers tells him he must wait for his turn.

As Ricky is returning to his desk, he stop next to Becky’s desk, strikes a boxing stance, and makes boxing motions as though he intends to punch her.

Ricky laughs.
The girl tells Ricky to leave her desk along and pulls it away. The teacher does not respond to the incident.

The teacher tells the students to open their books to page 56.

Ricky stops reading aloud and begins to hum.

Ricky stops and says “Can I read now?”

Ricky sits quietly.

The teacher and others students in the reading group listed to Ricky read. He makes no errors.

The teacher says, “Ricky, stop that. Give Becky a chance.”

Ricky says “Can I read again?”

Ricky rolls his eyes, looks up at the ceiling, and flops back in his chair.

Becky flinches.

The teacher says “Ricky, that is just about enough! Sit down right now!” Ricky slams his book down on the top of the desk, folds his arms and says “I am done for today!”

Hints for Defining Target Behaviors

A clear definition of the target behavior is important. When gathering data, you need to be clear about which behaviors will be tallied. Everyone working with the student should understand the definition of the behavior, and the parameters should be clear. For example, do we all have the same understanding for “profanity”? How will we know if the student is “off task” – everyone looks up from their paper now and then, we all have to pause to gather our thoughts, so when does it become problematic? A clear definition also helps you document progress, but you must be comparing apples-to-apples. Here are some tips for developing clear definitions.

• Describe what you see or hear; what the student says or does - avoid labels (“he’s a bully” or “she’s disruptive”). Be precise and use action verbs.
• Be objective - stay away from emotions or values (“she was angry” or “he was frustrated”).
• Here are several useful tools : o The stranger test – would someone who is not familiar with the student be able to read the definition of the behavior and understand it? Could a stranger walk into a classroom to observe and record data and have that data be comparable to what the teacher would collect? o The so-what test – is it important to change this behavior? Should this be a priority at this time? Is the behavior harmful to the well-being of the student or others? If the behavior is not maladaptive now (e.g., the student is in a self-contained program), is it potentially maladaptive in other environments? Ask yourself (a) is the behavior in the student’s best interest? and, (b) is the behavior part of a “fair pair”? o Fair pairs - what positive behavior is going to replace the maladaptive behavior you intend to weaken or eliminate? What “pair” of behaviors will you identify? o The dead man’s test - can a “dead man” do it? If he can, then it’s not a “fair pair” behavior. For example, the student hits others and you want him to “not hit others.” A dead man can “not hit others” and so it is not a fair pair. It might be better to say that you want the student to “ask for what he wants (rather than hitting).”

Remember - defining the target behaviorally may not be faster but it is more accurate.

Bibliography

Alberto, P. & Troutman, A. Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 5th edition. 1999. Merrill, an imprint of Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.

Bakeman, R. & Gottman, J. Observing Interaction: An Introduction to Sequential Analysis, 2nd edition. 1997. Cambridge University Press, New York.

Bowden, J. Writing a Report: How to Prepare, Write, and Present Effective Reports, 7th edition. 2004. How-To Books, Oxford, UK.

Bradley-Johnson, S & Johnson, C. M. A Handbook for Writing Effective Psychoeducational Reports. 1998. Pro-Ed, Inc., Austin, TX.

Breen, M. & Fiedler, C., editors. Behavioral Approach to Assessment of Youth with Emotional/Behavioral Disorders: A Handbook for School-Based Practitioners, 2nd edition. 2003. Pro-Ed, Inc., Austin, TX.

Kaplan, J.S. with Carter, J. Beyond Behavior Modification: A Cognitive-Behavioral Approach to Behavior Management in the School, 3rd edition. 1995, Pro-Ed, Inc., Austin, TX.

Merrell, K.W. Assessment of Behavioral, Social, & Emotional Problems:; Direct & Objective Methods for Use with Children and Adolescents. 1994. Longman Publishing Group, White Plains, NY.

Rutherford, R.B., Jr., Quinn, M.M., and Mathur, S.R., editors. Handbook of Research in Emotional and Behavioral Disorders. 2004. The Guilford Press, New York, NY.

Study Skills Center, University of Northumbria at Newcastle (UK). “How to Write a Report.” Downloaded 12/04 from www.unn.ac.uk/central/studserv/report.htm

Touchette, P.E., Macdonald, R.F., & Luce, S.C. “A Scatter Plot for Identifying Stimulus Control of Problem Behavior.” Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, v. 18, n. 4, Winter 1985.

Van Acker, R. Handout – “The Functional Assessment of Behavior: A Case Example for the Development of Behavioral Interventions”. 11-19-98.

Van Acker, R. & Associates. The Behavioral and Environmental Assessment of Students and Teachers – Revised. 1998. Chicago, IL (See below for attached copy).

Van Acker, R., Boreson, L., Gable, R. A., & Potterton, T. “Are we on the Right Course? Lessons Learned about Current FBA/BIP Practices in Schools”. Journal of Behavioral Education, v. 14, n. 1, March 2005, pages 35-56.

Van Acker, R., Grant, S., & Getty, J. “Observer Accuracy Under Two Different Methods of Data Collection: the Effect of Behavior Frequency and Predictability”. Journal of Special Education Technology, 11 (3), 1-12.

Van Acker, R., Grant, S., & Henry, D. “Behavior as a Function of Risk for Aggression”. Education and Treatment of Children, 19 (3), 316-334.

Van Houten, R. & Hall, R.V. The Measurement of Behavior: Behavior Modification. 2001. Pro-Ed, Inc. Austin, TX.

Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction. FBA Study Guide. 1999. www.dpi.state.wi.us/dpi/dlsea/een/doc/fba-study.doc

The Behavioral and Environmental Assessment of Students and Teachers - Revised

Richard Van Acker, Ed.D.
University of Illinois at Chicago
College of Education (M/C 147)
1040 W. Harrison
Chicago, Illinois 60607
(312) 996-2215

The Behavioral and Environmental Assessment of Students and Teachers - Revised (BEAST-R) is an assessment tool designed to guide the systematic observation of classroom interaction. Information is collected on either an event or a time-sampled basis in an effort to capture important aspects of the student and teacher interaction within a classroom. The measure targets a variety of important types of interactions and allows for data collection of user specified target behaviors. This measure can help identify contingencies between student and teacher behaviors that might serve to maintain or inhibit the display of target behaviors. There also are options that would allow the observer to collect data on a non-target child for the purposes of social comparison.

This instrument provides a wide variety of data collection options, however, there is no expectation that all of these options would be selected for any given child. The observer must determine what types of data are relevant for the specified target student. AT the start of each section is a brief description of the data to be collected, procedures, and possible implications of the results.

Please note, data are gathered using a variety of behavior sampling techniques. When first learning to employ this measure, you may wish to collect data on one section at a time. As you become more accustomed to the process, data may be collected on multiple sections simultaneously. At times, the observer must indicate which data collection procedure was employed and the specified length of the observation interval. Reliability for this instrument is dependent upon inter-observer agreement. If data are to be employed for research purposes and/or to make important placement decisions for children, the use of two simultaneous observers and the calculation of inter-observer agreement is highly recommended. A guide to observer training and the interpretation of results is available from the senior author. A modified version of this tool is available for use with any IBM compatible laptop computer. Contact the author for additional information on this computer-based version.

I. General Information

Target Student: _____________________________ Teacher: ___________________
School: ______________________________ Grade: ___________ Room No. ______

Type of class:
Regular Division _____, Resource Class _____, Related Services Pull-out ______, Self-Contained Special Education ________, Other ___________________________.

Number of Students: ________ Boys: ______ Girls: _______ No. Absent _______

Number of Staff: ________ Teachers ______ Instructional Aides ________ Other (Please Specify) ____________________________ _______________________________________¬¬_____________
Classroom:
Approximate Size of Room: ____ ft. x ____ ft. Notes: ____________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Does room appear crowded? yes ____ no _____, If no explain __________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Classroom appears neat and orderly: yes ____ no _____. If no, explain _________ __________________________________________________________________________________
Adjacent rooms : ________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Extraneous Noise (or other environmental distractions) ________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Is the classroom isolated from regular division classes? no ____ yes _____. If yes, please explain ___________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Ventilation (comfortable, hot, cold, etc) ______________________________________
Lighting (type and adequacy) ________________________________________________

Equipment:
Desk Size (or chairs if tables are used): Too large ___, Too small ___, Correct ___.
Are the blackboards of adequate size and located appropriately? _______________
______________________________________________________________________
Indicate what types of technology are available within the classroom (e.g., overhead projector, computers) ________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

Other Information:
Are there any unusual features of the classroom (e.g., shape, location, excessive damage present, clutter) or the instructional materials (e.g., lack of text books, outdated materials, outdated technology) that might add or detract from the students ability to function successfully? If so, please describe.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________ II. Classroom Rules and Instructional Style Classroom Rules:
Does the teacher have an established set of classroom rules? Yes ____ No ____
Are the classroom rules posted? Yes ____ No ____
Are there established consequences? Yes ____ No ____
Are these consequences posted? Yes ____ No ____
Are consequences modified to meet individualized student needs? Yes ____ No ____

In the spaces below, list each classroom rules. Observe the classroom interaction and indicate how frequently classroom rules are violated and what consequences are provided. Simply indicate the consequence observed following the specific rule violated. Data in this section is based on class-wide responding, If you wish to denote target student behavior, circle those violations committed by this student. Data is collected using event recording.

The violation codes include:
1 = Praise, 2 = No response, 3 = Gestural reprimand, 4 = Verbal Reprimand,
5 = Time- out, 6 = ________________________, 7 = ____________________________

Sample:
Rule Violation and Consequence
Please raise your hand before speaking
2 2 4 2 2 3 2 2 2 4 2 2

Rule Violation and Consequence

Are there behaviors other than those covered in the stated rules that are frequently displayed by students and that result in teacher delivered sanctions? If so, what are these behaviors and consequences?
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Instructional Style:

This section is designed to capture information on the instructional style of the teacher. Data on instructional methods employed may help to identify potential problems when examined in light of specific child needs. For example, a teacher employing high rates of lecture format could be problematic for children with auditory processing problems.

Subject Taught: ________________________________________________________________________
Lesson Objective: _______________________________________________________________________

In the space provided, simply enter the appropriate code for the instructional format being employed at the end of each 1 minute Momentary Time Sampling interval. For the purposes of data collection mark the box that indicates the instructional format employed with the target student.

Instructional Format Codes: 1 = Whole Group Lecture, 2 = Small Group Lecture, 3 = Question/Answer Format, 4 = Teacher Demonstration, 5 = Peer Group Directed, 6 = One-to-One Instruction, 7 = Independent Seat Work, 8 = No Task, 9 = Other ______________________, 10 = Other _____________________________

Which of the following instructional aids did the teacher employ in the observed lesson?
Chalk Board ____ Overhead Projector ____ Handouts ____ Texts ____
Audio Tapes ____ Films ____ Slides ____ Computer ____ Models ____
Manipulatives ____ Other _______________________________________________

How would you rate the pacing of the lesson for the typical classroom student? Too fast ____ About right ____ Too slow _____

How would you rate the pacing of the lesson for the target student? Too fast ____ About right ____ Too slow _____

The nature of the lesson called on students to demonstrate (check all that apply): Knowledge ____ Comprehension ____ Analysis ____ Synthesis ____

III. Classroom Sketch and Distribution of Teacher Attention

Provide a schematic drawing of the classroom. Indicate the general shape of the room, location of major structural features, and furniture. Place a five compartment data box in the place of each student (Use rubber stamp if provided). Employing event recording, indicate the number of opportunities to respond (OTR), verbal praise statements for academics(VPA), verbal praise statements for social behavior (VPB), academic corrections (AC), and verbal reprimands for social behavior (VRB) are delivered to each student. The box at he base of the sketch should be used to record responses delivered to the class as a whole or to an unspecified group of students.

IV. Task Engagement and Academic Participation
This section will be used to gather data on the student’s on-task behavior and his or her willingness to participate in class activities. The form provides space for the observer to record the behavior of the target student along with that of another student (generally selected at random from others in the class) for comparison purposes.
Task Engagement – the observer will need to develop an operational definition for what they deem to be task engagement or on-task behavior.
Task Engagement: _______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
The observer should employ momentary time sampling – observe the student at the last second of a pre-selected time interval and record whether the student is engaged in the task/activity (+) or not engaged (-). The observer must specify the time interval employed (e.g., 15 sec., 1 min., 3 min., etc)

Task Engagement (Employ Momentary Time Sampling - Interval Length = ____ seconds)
Nature of the task: _____________________________________________________________________
(Target Student) Nature of the task: _____________________________________________________________________
(Target Student) Nature of the task: _____________________________________________________________________
(Other Student) Nature of the task: _____________________________________________________________________
(Other Student)

Academic Participation examines the extent and the manner in which the student displays a willingness and/or the teacher activities. The observer simply places an (x) in the appropriate involves the student in oral participation during classroom box for each opportunity provided and response given. For example, if the student if the student volunteers to answer a question, is called upon by the teacher, responds correctly, and is praised – the box would be marked as shown. Volunteers X Called on X Called out Correct X Consequence
(+/-/0) +

Academic Participation: (Employ Event Recording - Tally marks)

(Target Student)
Volunteers
Called on
Called out
Correct
Consequence (+/-/0)
(Other Student)
Volunteers
Called on
Called out
Correct
Consequence (+/-/0)

V. Compliance to Teacher Requests

Students who display challenging behaviors often demonstrate low levels of compliance to teacher requests. Academic and social success requires a basic level of compliance (approximately 70 – 80 percent). Most students comply with about 85-90 percent of all requests made of them within approximately 7 seconds of the time the request is made of them.
The observer simply indicates by marking the appropriate boxes for each request made of the target student. Requests made to the individual student, as well as those made to the group (that includes the target student) should be recorded. The teacher’s response of praise (+), reprimand (-), or no response (0) should be indicated.

Example: This student is given a request, but
Request X
Complies
Ignores X
Resists
Consequence (+/-/0) 0

Compliance: (Employ Event recording - Tally marks)
(Target Student)
Request
Complies
Ignores
Resists
Consequence (+/-/0)

(Other Student)
Request
Complies
Ignores
Resists
Consequence (+/-/0)

Often compliance will need to be increased before academic success can be anticipated. The teacher may need to become more attentive and reinforce those times the student does comply. At other times, we may need to increase compliance by “trapping the student” into a greater understanding of the positive outcomes of compliance. This will require us to identify the type of request for which the student is most likely to comply. The teacher then increases the number of times this type of request is made of the student and provides reinforcement for compliance.

Is there any observable pattern to the type of requests for which the target student complies?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

VI. Consequences for Target Behavior

One of the major interests in conducting a functional assessment is to examine the immediate consequences of the target behavior. Often teachers provide inconsistent consequences or inadvertently provide a consequence that may actually strengthen the probability of the future display of the undesired behavior.

The observer simply indicates each time the student displays the specified target behavior and records the code for the teacher (or peer) response below each. The observer should indicate the nature of the consequence codes in the spaces provided (e.g., verbal reprimand, time-out, sent to office, peer laughter, teasing).

Behaviors and Consequences* (Employ Event recording - Tally marks)
Behavior: _________________________________________________________________________
(Target Student)
Behavior
Consequence (Teacher)
Consequence (Peer)
*1 = No Consequence, 2 = _____________, 3 = ______________, 4 = _______________, 5 = _________________, 6 = _____________, 7 = _____________, 8 = ______________, 9 = _______________, 10 = _________________.

Behavior: _________________________________________________________________________
(Target Student)
Behavior
Consequence (Teacher)
Consequence (Peer)
*1 = No Consequence, 2 = _____________, 3 = ______________, 4 = _______________, 5 = _________________,
6 = _____________, 7 = _____________, 8 = ______________, 9 = _______________, 10 = _________________.

Behavior: _________________________________________________________________________
(Other Student)
Behavior
Consequence (Teacher)
Consequence (Peer)
*1 = No Consequence, 2 = _____________, 3 = ______________, 4 = _______________, 5 = _________________,
6 = _____________, 7 = _____________, 8 = ______________, 9 = _______________, 10 = _________________.

Behavior: _________________________________________________________________________
(Other Student)
Behavior
Consequence (Teacher)
Consequence (Peer)
*1 = No Consequence, 2 = _____________, 3 = ______________, 4 = _______________, 5 = _________________,
6 = _____________, 7 = _____________, 8 = ______________, 9 = _______________, 10 = _________________.

Does the data indicate that the consequence provided the target student was consistently delivered? What was the nature of the consequence delivered? How did the student appear to react to the consequence(s)?