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Immediate Constituent Analysis – Syntactically Ambiguous Sentences and Garden-Path Sentences

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Submitted By frktalj
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1. Apply ICA to show syntactic ambiguity in the following sentences:
a) Her new husband is a Greek wine merchant.
b) The dog bit the woman in the bathroom.
c) A British Tornado pilot survived a crash.
d) Their professional development strategy failed.
e) Henry photographed the woman with a cell phone.

Her new husband| is a Greek wine merchant.
Her| new husband | is a Greek wine merchant.
Her| new| husband| is a Greek wine merchant.
Her| new| husband| is| a Greek wine merchant.
Her| new| husband| is| a| Greek wine merchant.
Her| new| husband| is| a| Greek| wine merchant.
Her| new| husband| is| a| Greek| wine | merchant. Her new husband| is a Greek wine merchant.
Her| new husband | is a Greek wine merchant.
Her| new| husband| is a Greek wine merchant.
Her| new| husband| is| a Greek wine merchant.
Her| new| husband| is| a| Greek wine merchant.
Her| new| husband| is| a| Greek wine |merchant.
Her| new| husband| is| a| Greek| wine | merchant.

The dog | bit the woman in the bathroom
The dog | bit | the woman in the bathroom
The dog | bit | the woman | in the bathroom
The dog | bit | the | woman | in the bathroom
The dog | bit | the | woman | in |the bathroom
The dog | bit | the | woman | in |the | bathroom The dog | bit the woman in the bathroom
The | dog| bit the woman in the bathroom.
The | dog | bit the woman |in the bathroom
The | dog | bit the woman | in | the bathroom
The | dog | bit | the woman | in | the | bathroom.
The | dog | bit | the | woman | in | the | bathroom.

A British Tornado pilot | survived a crash
A| British Tornado pilot | survived a crash
A | British Tornado | pilot | survived a crash
A | British | Tornado | pilot | survived a crash
A | British | Tornado | pilot | survived | a crash
A | British | Tornado | pilot | survived | a | crash A British Tornado pilot | survived a crash
A | British Tornado pilot | survived a crash
A | British | Tornado pilot | survived a crash
A | British | Tornado | pilot| survived a crash
A | British | Tornado | pilot | survived | a crash
A | British | Tornado | pilot | survived | a | crash

Their professional development strategy failed. Their professional development strategy failed.
Their professional development strategy | failed
Their | professional development strategy | failed
Their | professional development | strategy | failed
Their | professional | development | strategy | failed Their professional development strategy | failed
Their | professional development strategy | failed
Their | professional | development strategy | failed
Their | professional | development | strategy | failed

Henry | photographed the woman with a cell phone
Henry | photographed the woman | with a cell phone
Henry | photographed the woman | with | a cell phone
Henry | photographed the woman | with | a | cell phone
Henry | photographed the woman | with | a | cell | phone
Henry | photographed | the woman | with | a | cell | phone
Henry | photographed | the | woman | with | a | cell | phone

Henry | photographed the woman with a cell phone
Henry | photographed | the woman with a cell phone
Henry | photographed | the | woman with a cell phone
Henry | photographed | the | woman | with a cell phone
Henry | photographed | the | woman | with | a cell phone
Henry | photographed | the | woman | with | a | cell phone
Henry | photographed | the | woman | with | a | cell | phone

2. Provide ten examples of syntactically ambiguous sentences and consider whether the syntactic ambiguity can be shown by means of ICA in all cases.
a) The teacher said on Friday she would tell us the results.
The teacher | said on Friday she would tell us the results.
The | teacher | said | on Friday she would tell us the results
The | teacher | said | on Friday | she would tell us the results
The | teacher | said | on | Friday| she would tell us the results
The | teacher | said | on | Friday | she | would tell us the results
The | teacher | said | on | Friday | she | would tell | us the results
The | teacher | said | on | Friday | she | would | tell | us the results
The | teacher | said | on | Friday | she | would | tell | us | the results
The | teacher | said | on | Friday | she | would | tell | us | the | results

The teacher | said on Friday she would tell us the results
The | teacher | said on Friday she would tell us the results
The | teacher | said on Friday | she would tell us the results
The | teacher | said | on Friday | she would tell us the results
The | teacher | said | on | Friday | she would tell us the results
The | teacher | said | on | Friday | she |would tell us the results
The | teacher | said | on | Friday | she | would tell | us the results
The | teacher | said | on | Friday | she | would | tell | us the results
The | teacher | said | on | Friday | she | would | tell | us | the results
The | teacher | said | on | Friday | she | would | tell | us | the results
The | teacher | said | on | Friday | she | would | tell | us | the | results

b) Walking dogs can cause trouble. – The ICA cannot be applied here to show syntactic ambiguity that lies within the word “walking” (activity vs. dogs that can walk)
Walking dogs | can cause trouble.
Walking | dogs | can cause trouble.
Walking | dogs | can | cause | trouble
Walking | dogs | can | cause | trouble

Walking dogs | can cause trouble.
Walking | dogs | can cause trouble.
Walking | dogs | can | cause | trouble
Walking | dogs | can | cause | trouble

c) The parents of the bride and the groom sat together.
The parents of the bride and the groom| sat together
The parents of the bride [and] the groom | sat together
The parents of the bride | the groom | sat together
The parents of the bride | the | groom | sat together
The | parents of the bride | the | groom | sat together
The | parents | of the bride | the | groom | sat together
The | parents | of | the bride | the groom | sat together
The | parents | of | the | bride | the | groom | sat together
The | parents | of | the | bride | the | groom | sat | together

The parents of the bride and the groom| sat together
The parents of the bride [and] the groom | sat together
The | parents of the bride the groom | sat together
The | parents | of the bride the groom | sat together
The | parents | of | the bride the groom | sat together
The | parents | of | the bride | the groom | sat together
The | parents | of | the | bride | the groom | sat together
The | parents | of | the | bride | the | groom | sat together
The | parents | of | the | bride | the | groom | sat | together

d) They didn't come over because they were angry – The ICA cannot be applied here to show syntactic ambiguity (They came over for another reason vs. They did not come over at all)
They | didn’t come over because they were angry
They | didn’t come over | because they were angry
They | didn’t | come over | because they were angry
They | did | not | come over | because they were angry
They | did | not | come | over | because they were angry
They | did | not | come | over | [because] they were angry
They | did | not | come | over | they | were angry
They | did | not | come | over | they | were | angry

e) He wrote beautiful poems and stories.
He | wrote beautiful poems and stories
He | wrote | beautiful poems and stories
He | wrote | beautiful | poems and stories
He | wrote | beautiful | poems [and] stories
He | wrote | beautiful | poems | stories

He | wrote beautiful poems and stories
He | wrote | beautiful poems and stories
He | wrote | beautiful poems | and stories
He | wrote | beautiful | poems | stories

f) Jane noticed the boy in the red T-shirt
Jane | noticed the boy in the red T-shirt
Jane | noticed the boy | in the red T-shirt
Jane | noticed the boy | in | the red T-shirt
Jane | noticed the boy | in | the | red T-shirt
Jane | noticed the boy | in | the | red | T-shirt
Jane | noticed | the boy | in | the | red | T-shirt
Jane | noticed | the | boy | in | the | red | T-shirt

Jane | noticed the boy in the red T-shirt
Jane | noticed | the boy in the red T-shirt
Jane | noticed | the | boy in the red T-shirt
Jane | noticed | the | boy | in the red T-shirt
Jane | noticed | the | boy | in | the red T-shirt
Jane | noticed | the | boy | in | the | red T-shirt
Jane | noticed | the | boy | in | the | red | T-shirt

g) I saw a bear walking the path
I | saw a bear walking the path
I | saw a bear | walking the path
I | saw | a bear | walking the path
I | saw | a | bear | walking the path
I | saw | a | bear | walking | the path
I | saw | a | bear | walking | the | path

I | saw a bear walking the path
I | saw | a bear walking the path
I | saw | a | bear walking the path
I | saw | a | bear | walking the path
I | saw | a | bear | walking | the path
I | saw | a | bear | walking | the | path

h) He drank the whisky in the kitchen
He | drank the whisky in the kitchen
He | drank | the whisky in the kitchen
He | drank | the | whisky in the kitchen
He | drank | the | whisky | in the kitchen
He | drank | the | whisky | in | the kitchen
He | drank | the | whisky | in | the | kitchen

He | drank the whisky in the kitchen
He | drank the whisky | in the kitchen
He | drank | the whisky | in the kitchen
He | drank | the | whisky | in the kitchen
He | drank | the | whisky | in | the kitchen
He | drank | the | whisky | in | the | kitchen

i) She touched the man with a box.
She | touched the man with a box
She | touched | the man with a box
She | touched | the | man with a box
She | touched | the | man | with a box
She | touched | the | man | with | a box
She | touched | the | man | with | a | box

She | touched the man with a box
She | touched the man | with a box
She | touched | the man | with a box
She | touched | the | man | with a box
She | touched | the | man | with | a box
She | touched | the | man | with | a | box

j) Anna greeted the girl in the pink dress.
Anna | greeted the girl in the pink dress
Anna | greeted the girl | in the pink dress
Anna | greeted | the girl | in the pink dress
Anna | greeted | the | girl | in the pink dress
Anna | greeted | the | girl | in | the pink dress
Anna | greeted | the | girl | in | the | pink dress
Anna | greeted | the | girl | in | the | pink | dress

Anna | greeted the girl in the pink dress
Anna | greeted | the girl in the pink dress
Anna | greeted | the | girl in the pink dress
Anna | greeted | the | girl | in the pink dress
Anna | greeted | the | girl | in | the pink dress
Anna | greeted | the | girl | in | the | pink dress
Anna | greeted | the | girl | in | the | pink | dress

3. Provide five examples of garden-path sentences and consider how ICA applies to them.
a) While Jack hunted a cow passed
While Jack hunted | a cow passed
While | Jack hunted | a cow passed
While | Jack | hunted | a cow passed
While | Jack | hunted | a | cow passed
While | Jack | hunted | a | cow | passed

b) That John is always there bothers.
That John is always there | bothers
That | John is always there | bothers
That | John | is always there | bothers
That | John | is | always there | bothers
That | John | is | always | there | bothers

c) The municipality plans to renew the building failed.
The municipality plans to renew the building | failed
The | municipality plans to renew the building | failed
The | municipality | plans to renew the building | failed
The | municipality | plans | to renew the building | failed
The | municipality | plans | to | renew the building | failed
The | municipality | plans | to | renew | the building | failed
The | municipality | plans | to | renew | the | building | failed d) The media influences have become greater nowadays.
The media influences | have become greater nowadays
The | media influences | have become greater nowadays
The | media | influences | have become greater nowadays
The | media | influences | have become greater | nowadays
The | media | influences | have become | greater | nowadays
The | media | influences | have | become | greater | nowadays

e) The recession causes date back to 2008
The recession causes | date back to 2008
The | recession causes | date back to 2008
The | recession | causes | date back to 2008
The | recession | causes | date back | to 2008
The | recession | causes | date | back | to 2008
The | recession | causes | date | back | to | 2008

These five examples of garden-path sentences may confuse the reader at first glance, but reading through them again should be enough for the reader to understand the meaning. This is due to the partial homonymy of the nouns and adjectives that are used in the sentences. When it comes to translating the term garden-path, I have come up with vijugave rečenice – conveying the meaning “you need to think carefully about the sentence” and “a path that is winding” resembling the English term.

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