...EPA Running head: The EPA’s main mission since 1970 is to protect not only the environment, but human health as well (EPA) because each directly impacts the other. Expended foam used for fighting a fuel oil fire is filled with water runoff that is saturated with hydrocarbons. These products, while biodegradable and will not cause (permanent) long-term damage to the environment, they will still survive in groundwater for dozens of years. (Hemming) Although dykes or berms can be used in fixed installations, containment is extremely difficult on an airport runway or roadway crash site or a pipeline burst and the odds are a crash site is probably where most fire fighters tend to meet a burning liquid. (Hemming) One additional cost to complying with EPA standards is in the realm of training. Fire fighting units can use a material called ‘training foam’ that is environmentally friendly when training for a crash site response, as opposed to the real foam. This will at least reduce, while not completely eliminate, the environmental impact. But when training with real foam, a fixed site with adequate containment must be utilized. (Hemming) The U.S. Environmental laws that regulate firefighting foam from “manufacture, storage, use, release, clean-up, remediation and disposal”, (Hughes) in other words, from cradle to grave are: * Clean Water Act (CWA) * Clean Air Act (CAA) * Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) ...
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...Fukushima Radiation Causes Growing National Concern: Time for New EPA Policy Eric Zoppi 3279672 2 December 2013 On March 11th, 2011 the Tōhoku earthquake and the resulting tsunami wreaked havoc upon Japan. Unfortunately, this natural disaster resulted in the largest nuclear disaster since Chernobyl, as the tsunami crippled the Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Following this severe breach in security, numerous radioactive isotopes and radioactive particles were released into the environment, specifically the Pacific Ocean and the surrounding air/atmosphere, thus contaminating groundwater, soil and seawater, as well as effectively shutting down a myriad of Japanese fisheries. The ocean and air mainly came in contact with high levels of Iodine-131, Cesium-137, and Cesium-134, as well as lower levels of Tellurium, Uranium, and Strontium, which were concentrated closer to the surrounding area of the nuclear power plant. However, the impact that these radioactive materials will have upon the United States, in particular, has caused quite the national controversy. Despite heavy national acceptance of the occurrence of the disaster, two popular and opposing hypotheses have formed as a result of the Media’s lack of focus on recent analyses of the impending effects of Fukushima Disaster upon the U.S.: (1) the radioactive material that leaked as a result of the TEPCO nuclear power plant failure will not have a drastic, threatening...
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...Washington, DC, USA; 4RH White Consultants LLC, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA; 5Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA 2Office 3Environmental B ackground : Exposure to ozone has been associated with adverse health effects, including premature mortality and cardiopulmonary and respiratory morbidity. In 2008, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) lowered the primary (health-based) National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for ozone to 75 ppb, expressed as the fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hr average over a 24-hr period. Based on recent monitoring data, U.S. ozone levels still exceed this standard in numerous locations, resulting in avoidable adverse health consequences. Objectives: We sought to quantify the potential human health benefits from achieving the current primary NAAQS standard of 75 ppb and two alternative standard levels, 70 and 60 ppb, which represent the range recommended by the U.S. EPA Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee (CASAC). Methods: We applied health impact assessment methodology to estimate numbers of deaths and other adverse health outcomes that would have been avoided during 2005, 2006, and 2007 if the current (or lower) NAAQS ozone standards had been met. Estimated reductions in ozone...
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...Project Part 4 INTRODUCTION Global warming poses a great danger to our planet. A harmonious blend of living organisms, humans, and the ecosystem is on the verge of being unbalanced. Within recent years, the sea levels have risen, animals have become extinct and the delicate balance of nature is threatened. Whether this is a danger to Earth is still uncertain but, whatever the effects of global warming may be, there is no doubt that the consequences are going to be massive, in the form of diseases and economic decline (Times Magazine, 2013), for example. THE CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING According to Withgott and Laposata (2012), global warming refers specifically to an increase in Earth’s average temperature (p. 300). Scientists have concluded that most of the warming is due to carbon dioxide (CO2) and other air pollution that is collecting in the atmosphere like a “thickening” blanket, trapping the sun’s heat. Research states that human activity, such as burning fossil fuels, causes more greenhouse gases to expand in the atmosphere. Oil, coal and natural gas are high in carbon and when burned, produce huge amounts of CO2. “A single gallon of gasoline, and when burned, puts 19 pounds of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere,” says the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC). The issue of global warming is frequently blamed on humans’ ecologically reckless practices and technologies. In my view, causes of global warming are neither solely our fault nor that of nature...
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...Friday, November 13, 2009 Part III Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 112 Oil Pollution Prevention; Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure (SPCC) Rule—Amendments; Final Rule wreier-aviles on DSKGBLS3C1PROD with RULES3 VerDate Nov2008 14:49 Nov 12, 2009 Jkt 220001 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4717 Sfmt 4717 E:\FR\FM\13NOR3.SGM 13NOR3 58784 Federal Register / Vol. 74, No. 218 / Friday, November 13, 2009 / Rules and Regulations copy. Publicly available docket materials are available either electronically at http:// www.regulations.gov or in hard copy at the EPA Docket, EPA/DC, EPA West, Room 3334, 1301 Constitution Ave., NW., Washington, DC. The Public Reading Room is open from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., Monday through Friday, excluding legal holidays. The telephone number of the Public Reading Room is 202–566–1744, and the telephone number to make an appointment to view the docket is 202–566–0276. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For general information, contact the Superfund, TRI, EPCRA, RMP, and Oil Information Center at 800–424–9346 or TDD at 800–553–7672 (hearing impaired). In the Washington, DC metropolitan area, contact the Superfund, TRI, EPCRA, RMP, and Oil Information Center at 703–412–9810 or TDD 703–412–3323. For more detailed information on specific aspects of this final rule, contact either Vanessa E. Principe at 202–564–7913 (principe.vanessa@epa.gov), or Mark W. Howard at 202–564–1964 (howard.markw@epa.gov), U.S...
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...Natural Disasters B. Impacts 1. Human activity 2. Beneficial effect C. Media IV. Conclusion V. References Global Warming Global Warming is a universal concern that has gained worldwide attention. As members of Congress, we have heard and learned new and different facts about the process of Earth. Some causes and effects of global warming are easy to understand, with substantial evidence, yet there are still unanswered questions and reasoning as to why global warming is occurring. This essay is to outline the background of global warming and to display opposing viewpoints. Since there is not enough evidential research to connect global warming with natural factors, human activity, and its impacts, we might take advantage of its beneficial gain to our environment, economic, and social system. The facts and fictions of global warming will convince members of Congress that there are opposing viewpoints to global warming and its effects. According to the Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change, global warming is the increase of Earth’s average temperature. “The Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body for the assessment of climate change. It was established by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) to provide the world with a clear scientific view on the current state of knowledge in climate change and its potential environmental and socio-economic impacts...
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...U.S. gas supply by 2020 (Energy Information Administration, 2009). As hydraulic fracturing has expanded, the public, media, and Congress have expressed rising concerns about the practice. Allegations of natural gas entering private water supplies, well explosions, and polluted streams have sparked controversy about fracking. In response, Congress directed the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in fiscal year 2010 to study hydraulic fracturing and its potential impacts on drinking water. The goal of this study is to determine whether hydraulic fracturing endangers drinking water and, if so, how these risks can be mitigated. The results of the study, expected by the end of 2012, will help inform EPA‟s regulatory response to hydraulic fracturing. However, given the urgency of fracking concerns, some members of both the public and the government have called for EPA to regulate or halt hydraulic fracturing now. Thus, EPA must consider the policy options available to address these concerns. This report has multiple objectives: to provide background on hydraulic fracturing, to describe EPA‟s planned study, to discuss policy options for hydraulic fracturing, and to recommend which policy. Hydraulic fracturing has been used since the 1940s in more than one million wells in the U.S. (American Petroleum Institute [API], 2010). Fracking is a multi-step process. First, production wells are drilled to provide access to the geologic formation that holds the natural...
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...complaints and state investigations of well water contamination attributed to this practice, has led to calls for greater state and/or federal environmental regulation and oversight of this activity. Historically, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) had not regulated the underground injection of fluids for hydraulic fracturing of oil or gas production wells. In 1997, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 11th Circuit ruled that fracturing for coalbed methane (CBM) production in Alabama constituted underground injection and must be regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). This ruling led EPA to study the risk that hydraulic fracturing for CBM production might pose to drinking water sources. In 2004, EPA reported that the risk was small, except where diesel was used, and that national regulation was not needed. However, to address regulatory uncertainty the ruling created, the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct 2005) revised the SDWA term “underground injection” to explicitly exclude the injection of fluids and propping agents (except diesel fuel) used for hydraulic fracturing purposes. Consequently, EPA currently lacks authority under the SDWA to regulate hydraulic fracturing, except where diesel fuel is used. (In May, EPA issued draft permitting guidance for use of diesel during fracturing.) As the use of this process has grown, some in Congress would like to revisit this statutory exclusion” (Congressional Research Services). 2. State the primary environmental...
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...What is Environmental Justice? http://www.epa.gov/compliance/environmentaljustice/ Abstract- Among evidence of environmental injustice is the fact that three out of five African-Americans and Hispanics, and nearly half of all Native Americans, Asians and Pacific Islanders live in communities with one or more uncontrolled toxic waste sites, incinerators or major landfills. A recent Greenpeace study found that minorities make up twice as large a population share in communities with these unwanted sites as in communities without them. In 1980 the average minority population near a landfill or hazardous waste facility was about 22%; in 1994 it was 36%. I. INTRODUCTION People of color in the United State and around the world are subjected to a disproportionately high level of environmental health risk in their neighborhoods and on their jobs. Minorities, who tend to be poorer and more disadvantaged that other residents, work in the dirtiest jobs where they are exposed to toxic chemicals and other hazards. More often than not they also live in urban ghettos, barrios, reservations and rural poverty pockets that have shockingly high pollution levels and are increasingly the site of unpopular industrial facilities, such as toxic waste dumps, landfills, smelters, refineries and incinerators. Environmental Justice combines civil rights with environmental protection to demand a safe, healthy, life-giving environment for everyone. II. ORIGIN In 1987 the Reverend Benjamis Chavis...
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...GE's Sustainability Assessment Week 2 Assignment | AbstractAn analysis of GE's sustainability efforts and missteps, from the years in which the company was under the leadership of Jack Welch to ongoing activities today. Abdul H Shakur DeVry University – March 2016 Sustainability Operations Professor: Brad Bergman | GE's Sustainability Assessment Week 2 Assignment | AbstractAn analysis of GE's sustainability efforts and missteps, from the years in which the company was under the leadership of Jack Welch to ongoing activities today. Abdul H Shakur DeVry University – March 2016 Sustainability Operations Professor: Brad Bergman | GE's Sustainability Assessment Introduction General Electric, (GE) the 1892 brain child, and merger of two companies Thomson-Houston Electric and Edison General Electric. Early on the main products included light bulbs, motors, toasters, elevators, and other appliances. From the humble beginnings the General Electric Company (GE) has grown into a monolith. The company now manufactures products such as engines for airplanes, petroleum production equipment, power and nuclear generators. Also GE is a common household name and has long been one of the top providers of household appliances. GE is reponsible for producing some of the greatest innovations that the world has known. GE, while famous for big innovation is also recognized...
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... November 7, 2012 Table of content Title 1 Abstract 4 Introduction 5 1.1 Scope 5 1.2 Background 5 Animal and plant deaths 8 2.1 Birds 8 2.2 Mammals and other animals 10 2.3 Plants and plant food 11 Environmental impacts 12 3.1 Physical impacts 13 3.2 Chemical impacts 14 3.3 Biological impacts 14 3.4 Human impacts 15 3.5 Economic impacts 16 Societal Responds 17 Conclusion and Recommendation 20 References: 21 List of figures Figure 1: A pack of plastics at the shores of Kamilo Beach, Island of Hawaii 8 Figure 2: Bird corpse with ingested plastic 10 Figure 3: Seal entangled in fishing nets and lines 11 Figure 4: DPSIR model analysis of the pacific gyre 18 Abstract The pacific patch is the most devastating problem of our generation yet there is little public knowledge about the nature and severity of the situation. There is also little to no awareness as to the way we humans either intentionally or unintentionally contribute to the worsening situation in our water bodies. This study used the DPSIR model in analyzing the problem of the pacific gyre from a systems perspective. It focused on the impacts of the pacific gyre on the environment, plants, animals as well as the ecosystem. The study also looked at societies responds to this problem of plastic debris and those the author suggest as alternatives. The study found that the total world figure of garbage in the Pacific Ocean...
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...Agency (EPA) is required to establish air quality standards and also grants states substantial freedom to implement plans in order to meet those standards. Assuredly, the CAA is a momentous and notable cause, but the act itself is challenged with several problems, such as the possible spread of air pollution. Air pollution itself is a multifaceted problem and does not observe state boundaries. For example, smokestack emissions from a coal-fired power plant in one state can contribute to pollution problems in another, downwind state hundreds of miles away. Further complicating the problem, most upwind states emit pollutants to more than one downwind state, many downwind states receive pollution from multiple upwind states, and some states qualify as both upwind and downwind. Moreover, the impact of air pollution is not confined to just the air, for what goes up must come down, meaning air pollutant’s will inevitably be deposited on the ground where they are washed into rivers, lakes, and streams....
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...December 14, 2014 Abstract This paper will discuss one environmental law. Major provisions will be summarized as well as the economic impact of the law. Global warming will also be discussed as well as whether the U.S. should adopt additional policies to curb greenhouse gas emissions. Unit 5 Individual Project – Environmental Policies Introduction This paper will discuss the Clean Water Act. This law was passed initially in 1948 and was known as the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. It was reorganized and expanded upon in 1972 when it became known as the Clean Water Act (EPA, 2014). This paper will summarize the major provisions of this law as well as the economic impact. It will also describe what, if anything, the law has improved. Finally, global warming will be discussed and whether additional policies should be adopted to curb greenhouse gas emissions. Provisions and economic impact of the law The Clean Water Act was the first major law to address water pollution. One of the major provisions of this act are that it prohibits the discharge of any pollutant except those in compliance with the Act. The Act imposes limitations on existing sources and how the pollutant is discharged (whether the pollutant goes directly into an open body of water or to publicly owned treatment plant). This law requires the EPA to maintain water quality criteria, pretreatment programs and administration of the NPDES (National Pollution Discharge Elimination System)...
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...Contents * Introduction * Impacts of E-Waste Exports * Concerns About Domestic E-Waste Disposal * E-Waste Management Requirements * Relevant Waste Disposal Requirements * Factors Influencing E-Waste Exporting * Costly and Complex Domestic Recycling * Conclusions Introduction Electronic waste (e-waste) is a term that is used loosely to refer to obsolete, broken, or irreparable electronic devices like televisions, computer central processing units (CPUs), computer monitors (flat screen and cathode ray tubes), laptops, printers, scanners, and associated wiring. Rapid technology changes have led to increasingly large e-waste surpluses. Electronic devices, particularly older units in use today or in storage, contain a host of hazardous constituents such as lead, mercury, or chromium, as well as plastics treated with brominated flame retardants. The presence of these constituents has led to end-of-life (EOL) management concerns from state and federal environmental agencies, environmental organizations, and some Members of Congress. E-waste is essentially unregulated at the federal level—meaning it can be disposed of with common household garbage in municipal solid waste landfills (the primary disposal method) or incinerators. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has stated that landfill disposal of ewaste is safe. However, EPA’s preferred method of EOL management is reuse or recycling. Further, state and local waste management agencies have...
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...OUTLINE THE CLEAN AIR ACT I. Introduction A. The clean air act has evolved from a set of principles designed to guide states in controlling sources of air pollution (the 1967 Air Quality Act) to multiple levels of pollution control requirements (the 1970, 1977, and 1990 Amendments to the Act) that the federal government implements by regulation and that the states administer and apply. B. The CAA regulatory programs fall into three categories. 1. New and existing sources of air pollution are reviewed and regulated to ensure attainment and maintenance of ambient air quality levels designed to protect public health and welfare. a. This ambient air quality program is implemented through source specific emission limitations contained in state implementation plans. 2. New sources of pollution are subject to preconstruction review to ensure attainment of air quality standards and the application of more stringent control technology requirements. 3. The act addresses specific pollution problems, including acid deposition, hazardous air pollution, and visibility impairment, through programs written by Congress to address the particular issues associated with each type of pollution. II. Clean Air Act Regulatory Programs A. Air-Quality Regulation 1. The centerpiece of the Clean Air Act is the national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) program, which addresses pervasive pollution that endangers public health and welfare. 2. NAAQS have been established...
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