...Imperialism’s effects on China has always been controversial and debatable. Andrew Nathan’s article on Imperialism’s Effects on China explains imperialism’s positive contributions to modern day China and defends the theory that China’s difficulties are caused by internal factors rather than external. On the other hand, Joseph Esherick’s Harvard on China: The Apologetics of Imperialism argues that China’s economic and social disruptions are caused by imperialism. However, when one examines the evidence chosen and rhetoric of both sides, one may realize the faults in Nathan’s essay which are not shown in Esherick’s. Esherick, as opposed to Nathan, delivers his arguments and defends his stance in a well-rounded manner along with wise usage of his evidence–forming a more crystalized and convincing argument. The two sides disagree on the fundamental question of whether imperialism brought harm or benefits to China in three aspects: effects on the economy, effects on politics, and the results of imperialism. Nathan focuses on the economic benefits foreign trade has brought, while undermining the arguments that his opponents made (in this case, mainly James Peck and Issac’s arguments.) Nathan explains that “it is difficult to establish a negative relationship between the foreign presence and the success of Chinese enterprise.” He attributes the failure of the Chinese industrialization process to the “failure of that sector as a whole to develop,” and states that the problem...
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...States cannot hold an organization principle or a doctrine, instead, it need to be pragmatic and maintain a realistic approach when dealing with these matters. In order to maintain its position in the world today, the United States should continue to develop both its “hard power and soft power”. I’ve identified three major challenges that the United States facing, and in order to resolve these problems, pragmatism is vital. One of the issues that the United States faces is the rise of China, which demonstrates that single doctrine or an organizing principle will not work; the United States faces China with ever-changing strategies. First of all, there are military conflicts in the South China Sea. Although China claims the South China Sea based on its history, the United States think...
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... China’s Emperors were viewed as being granted or ‘Mandated from Heaven’. This was a position of supreme power and religious importance in the ruling of China. This view changed over time as European Imperialism undermined the Chinese culture. This happened through commercial trade (opium trading led to 2 major wars), the internal ‘Taiping Rebellion’, and the ‘Boxer Rebellion’ of 1900. Unfair treaties with foreign powers led to crime, unemployment and poverty – causing the Chinese to lose confidence in their Emperor. All these factors ultimately led to the Emperor’s loss of power – the Emperor ultimately losing the mandate from heaven. The Qing dynasty could not resolve its many problems, and the 2000 year old imperial...
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...and Dutch traders, after he put down the Three Feudatories Revolt in the South. Then, the Manchu rulers turned to the Northwest which was considered as the biggest threat to the Qing empire. Galdan (r. 1671-1697), the chieftain of the Zunghar state, ruled over the area including present-day Xinjiang, the part of Qinghai, Inner and Outer Mongolia, Tibet and Kazakhstan. However, the Qianlong emperor’s (r. 1735-1795) military campaigns from 1755 to 1760 crushed the Zunghar state. The Qing conquered the West Region and took control it until the empire collapsed in 1911, which is the longest period of controlling both interior China and the Central Asian...
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...Qing China is commonly viewed by both Chinese and earlier western scholars as a dynasty that had successfully and fully assimilated into Han Culture; they attributed Manchu’s successful rule and Qing dynasty’s prosperous development entirely to the notion of “Sinicization”, under which they explains how Manchu couldn’t help but assimilate into the superior Han civilization of China. However, started from 1980s, American scholars began to take advantage of the newly opened Manchu archive and constructed a new perspective towards the concept of Sinicization by claiming that China was only a part of the larger Manchu Empire and Manchu were intrinsically foreign ruler in China. My final project aims to further reveal Manchu rulers’ Non-Han nature through the lens of government policies and institutional set up in the Qing dynasty. I will mainly examine The civil service examination, the official method for Qing government to recruit administrative officer; the Eight Banner system, a ruling apparatus for the Qing to govern China in a systematic way based on people’s ethnicity, and Qing’s policies and governmental agencies which were responsible for the supervision and administration of outlying regions. Those three policies and agencies derive from them covers wild range of areas in...
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...Negative. The impact caused China millions of lives and left much of China's problems today. On country level: If weren't for the imperialists' invasions, Taiwan wouldn't be a problem (Japan took Taiwan away). Tibet wouldn't be a problem (Britain tried to take it away and combine it with its Indian colony, it led to today's problems in Tibet and Britain and India backing the Tibetan separatists). Xinjiang wouldn't be a problem (weak Chinese government due to foreign invasion led to Xinjiang's separatist activities to build East Turkestan which eventually led to terrorism in this province.) Mongolia would still be part of China (Russia backed Outer Mongolia into independence, leaving China with only Inner Mongolia.) Part of the Siberia would still be China. (Part of Siberia used to be Chinese territory but fell to Russian invasions) China was forced in years to pay enormous amount of silver to the western powers, especially Britain and France, which funded the western industrialization and economic boom and greatly destroyed the Chinese economy, millions died in hunger. China's fall led to its lost of political and cultural influence in east and central Asia. Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Thailand, Philippines, Kazakhstan, etc, all turned away. Western cultural moved into East Asia. On cultural level: Chinese cultural and art no longer had great influence worldwide. Westerner people started to appreciate their own culture and art, Japan turned completely western. People started...
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...chance to unite China simply because of their position relative to the rest of the country. Although they were outnumbered in area by the warlord clans, who had fifteen groups of warlord-controlled sectors of the country, the nationalist support was centralized on the coast of China. Specifically, they had control of the majority of the regions of Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, and about half of Henan. This territory bridges the land between the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea, making it a powerful plot of land. Again, this is mainly due to coastline access, but population is much higher in this area as opposed to warlord groups closer to Tibet or in the south, like Li. The nationalist strategy to defeat the communists led by Mao Zedong was to defeat the smaller groups of CCP Soviets in southern China first, in regions such as Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Anhui, and Fujian. By 1935, four of these Soviet groups were eliminated. The nationalists must have planned to confine as many Soviets as they could in Shanxi by chasing them out of their bases. Two of the four defeated Soviet groups migrated and eventually ended the march in the same place as the Front Army. For example, the Soviets in Anhui were defeated, so they moved to...
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...Officer.”(Lord Kitchener) New imperialism, the act of controlling territories under a greater power of greater nations, was popular during the nineteenth century. China and India were two independent nations, so similar, but yet also so different. Their imperialists had motives over raw material, resources, and power. Their thoughts of imperialism were fixed more on controlling and taking, then making relations and building up the country. This inequality led for a struggle of freedom and independence. From the struggles, the culture and the people had been impacted greatly from the foreign influences. Industrialism was halted for India and thrived in China. From the coasts China to the riches of India, imperialism changed the countries vastly. Across India and China, imperialistic motives of the Europeans ranged from rare materials to the immense voltage of power, however how they forced upon these motives was different. These nations were both imperialized by great European powers. Furthermore, they both had Britain as a strong imperialist. In China, Britain wanted luxury goods, like silk and porcelain. Britain also looked at India for luxury goods. Gems, gold, indigo, and spices were just several of the lustful items. Different Europeans nations, ruled different parts of these nations. For India, Britain was the only critical imperialized. Unlike India, China had Britain, Germany, France, and Japan. Russia also had taken the chance to imperialize China at their weak point. After...
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...American Imperialism Imperialism is defined as a policy which stronger nations extend they’re economic, political, or military control over weaker territories and this policy is often associated with the establishment of colonies. Since the American Revolution, American Imperialism has been a part of the United States history. European countries had been involved in imperialism for centuries before the United States started to build a colonial empire. During the American Imperialism, the main focus was a political and economic expansion and was supported by interests, actions, and strategies. This is how American became such a powerful nation. The United States became involved with Hawaii, Cuba, Spain, Philippines, and China during this policy. In the late 1800s, the people in the United States had wanted to become more involved in Imperialism. Henry Cabot Lodge, a senator from Massachusetts was one of the supporters of the US expansion. He believed that the United States must not fall out of the line of (Mathews, 2006) March, because of the smaller states that were trying to expand their future. In 1826, the United States first became involved with Hawaii, missionaries went to Hawaii to convert them to Christianity, this was one of the first treaties between the United States and Hawaii, and there became peace and friendship between the two of them (American Imperialism: Political and Econimic Expansion (1826-1914)) In 1875, the beginning of the Americans owned...
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...American imperialism in the late 19th century and early 20th century was beneficial and necessary for the country. American imperialism was beneficial to many countries, along with America itself. It helped America with trade, benefited other nations, and helped other countries with economic advancements, and protection. American imperialism helped America with trade, because according to the map in Document C, many of America’s annexations and acquisitions were located in the Pacific. This was for both oil, and trade purposes. Because the islands were in the Pacific, and America had access to islands like the Philippines, trade was increased with Asia (specifically China). Many islands like Hawaii were also beneficial due to their abilities...
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...use Opium to trade with the chines the British got hong-kong and 5 other trade ports from the Treaty of Nanjing. The British had become dominant economic power of china. The reasons here was a rush to colonize Africa and it's main reason was for industrialization . I am against Imperialism. Imperialism is when one nation take over other countries either by using force or by gaining control of the political or economic system. I am against it it because it is wrong to take our a country with out it consent also the effect of imperialism will be bad for bath countries.The reasons I am against this is because it will cause a war that devastates both sides and will also lead to great enemies. I came to this decisions by look how it has worked in the past. IMPERIALISM: is when other nations take over of countries by force or by taking over the politician & economic . GOALS OF IMPERIALISM:is to gain control an take over other countries. BOXER REBELLION: was a anti wester rebellion by a group of Chinese that had opposed the imperialist in power. PROPAGANDA: when the press in the USA had used the idea of brining civilization to the those who don't have modern civilization. Con of imper: causes wars and destroyed lives. Pros imper:increasing population and increases land Imper in china: imperialism in China had brought a huge optimism trade but also led to and war and treaty that gave Britin access to trade locations and...
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...Imperialism can grow a nation into a world power and still respect different cultures. Americans viewed the growing nation as a “melting pot” mixing all cultures into the “American culture”, which was at the root, white-supremacy. Imperialism was executed poorly and if the expanding nation valued the nations and coexisted with the different cultures, instead of plundering the traditions, American could have saved an incredible amount of culture and lives. Expanding America should be a “mixed salad”, each ingredient is valued on its own and works with the other ingredients and is bound together by a common ingredient. This way cultures are appreciated and respected, brought together by America and freedom. There is still some mixing from the...
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...Compare and Contrast Japanese and Western Imperialism in Asia and the Pacific 23 October 2013 at 18:10 The Japanese pursuit for an empire in South East Asia helped changed the balance of world power away from Europe, by taking their most lucrative colonies. Soon after the Japanese defeat in World War II, most of the colonies won their independence from their European masters. This essay will be arguing that despite the vast geographical distance and cultural, racial differences, as well as the different time periods involved, Japanese and European intentions were very similar, and that these similarities contributed to the weakening of Imperialism as a doctrine. To do so, this essay will be examining the reasons for the Japanese conducting policies of imperialism, when they expanded, what methods they use to expand and the systems of government. Japanese Imperialism will be compared to those of a well known European power active in the region, Britain. J.A Hobson’s seminal work Imperialism: A Study puts forward the idea of the ‘Economic Taproot of Imperialism’. A taproot is the largest root in some plants and is the plant’s primary source of nourishment. Military aggression is simply capitalist expansion. He described it as “As one nation after another enters the machine economy and adopts advanced industrial methods, it becomes more difficult for its manufacturers, merchants and finaciers to dispose profitably of their economic resources and they are tempted more and more to...
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...In the late 1890s, the United States faced a dilemma: they were in the midst of one of the greatest economic depressions in their time. There were many influencing factors in this depression, but many economists believed that the lack of customers had resulted in the over-production of steel, oil and other goods. These were the leading causes of the economic crash. Luckily for the United States, the age of Imperialism has begun. Imperialism is the act of annexing foreign colonies. In the early 1900s, European powers started aggressively conquering colonies, racing to build the largest Empires. The question is, should the United States have joined this conquest, and how did they benefit? Without the rise of big business in the late 1890’s, the United States would not have sanctioned Imperialism, nor would they have annexed colonies in the East, conveniently forming a route to China’s market....
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...influence on the other parts of the world. Asia, in particular, was faced with the decision of whether to adopt and conform to the western ways or to reject and stick with their traditional ways of life. In the end, Asia adapted to ways of the western “devils”, but most of their efforts seemed unsuccessful while others were quite successful. The main countries that experienced the western influence were China, Korea and Japan. Although all three countries experienced their share of internal and external strife, China and Korea’s modernization efforts were, in comparison to Japan, unsuccessful. The reason for this was because Japan was able to fully utilize their resources and take advantage of the opportunities that they were presented with in Asia, whereas China and Korea were occupied with internal and external conflicts. Although China and Korea weren’t total failures, the Land of the Rising sun overshadowed them. China’s first experience with western imperialism is seen in the 1830’s when they had conflict with the spread of opium and the dwindling of silver within the country. China wished to stop both these events so when they confiscated supplies of opium from British traders, the British government used its newly developed military power to make their dissatisfaction known to the Chinese. This, along with other factors, led to the First Opium War (1839-1842). The result of this was the Treaty of Nanjing, which gave the British Hong Kong and allowed them to stop the trade monopoly...
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