...of Qing Dynasty Qing Dynasty, 1644-1911, also known as Manchu, was the last of the Chinese dynasties. During the Qing period, imperial China reached its zenith of power and influence. The Qing dynasty lasted for almost 300 years, extended China’s borders farther than they had ever been before, and perfected the Chinese imperial system. After flourishing in the 18th century, it fell apart in the 19th. Like many complicated systems, it grew brittle and inflexible. It could not adjust as new problems arose. Bad harvests, warfare, rebellions, overpopulation, economic disasters, and foreign imperialism contributed to the dynasty’s collapse. One reason for the decline of the Qing Dynasty was that the rulers were actually Manchus and instituted many things in China which the Han people did not agree with - one was the practice of shaving the head but leaving the sides and a long tail required for all males - this practice was brought to China by the Manchus and the Han people saw it as an emblem of their domination by non-domestic rulers. Opium was also a major reason for the fall of the Qing Dynasty. Opium is a drug found in the Opium Poppy Plant and contains the major ingredient in heroin. The British were in possession of a very potent strain of Opium and illegally sold it to China. This cause most people in China to get addicted to Opium. This was detrimental to Chinese society because since everyone was always high on Opium nothing got done in China. Also when China refused...
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...Significance of the event | 1850 | -Taiping Rebellion-this was against the Manchu which was ruling the Qing Dynasty | -one of the bloodiest military conflicts in history-20 million people died, especially pedestrians | 1 August 1894 | -First sino-japanese war-this war was against China and Japan over the control of Korea -in the first six months China kept on losing which made them call for peace in February 1895 | -Intensification of imperialism -China was seen as weak so many Europeans started to partition China and take land from them which led further on to the Boxer revolution | June 1900 | -Boxer Rebellion to foreign powers and imperialism-Boxers gathered in Beijing protesting against Christianity and their act of taking land under the influence of the church | -Opened the Europeans eyes and saw that China was not as weak and fragile as they thought which made them rethink themselves | October 10, 1911 | -The Manchu Dynasty was overthrown and a republic was created.-Government lost control of the military and many provinces became independent of Beijing | -the key causes of this event would be significant causes for the Civil War that would start 15 years later: imperialism, anti-foreign attitudes, and the central government’s weakness | February 1912 | -Yuan Shikai assumed the role of president.-he was able to achieve so from the role of premier he had during the Qing dynasty and the fact that people in the south recognized him as the man who would bring a new political...
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...they hindered the development of China as a nation. The “mountains” that Mao speaks of are imperialism and feudalism. Both have plagued the Chinese for hundreds if not thousands of years. As far back as the Ming/Qing Dynasties we see the effects of feudalism and imperialism. Let us first start with imperialism, by definition it is the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over a foreign country, which the Chinese are all too well familiar with. The Chinese had been taken over by the Mongols and the Manchus during their struggle for control of their country....
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...Officer.”(Lord Kitchener) New imperialism, the act of controlling territories under a greater power of greater nations, was popular during the nineteenth century. China and India were two independent nations, so similar, but yet also so different. Their imperialists had motives over raw material, resources, and power. Their thoughts of imperialism were fixed more on controlling and taking, then making relations and building up the country. This inequality led for a struggle of freedom and independence. From the struggles, the culture and the people had been impacted greatly from the foreign influences. Industrialism was halted for India and thrived in China. From the coasts China to the riches of India, imperialism changed the countries vastly. Across India and China, imperialistic motives of the Europeans ranged from rare materials to the immense voltage of power, however how they forced upon these motives was different. These nations were both imperialized by great European powers. Furthermore, they both had Britain as a strong imperialist. In China, Britain wanted luxury goods, like silk and porcelain. Britain also looked at India for luxury goods. Gems, gold, indigo, and spices were just several of the lustful items. Different Europeans nations, ruled different parts of these nations. For India, Britain was the only critical imperialized. Unlike India, China had Britain, Germany, France, and Japan. Russia also had taken the chance to imperialize China at their weak point. After...
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...The collapse of a thousand year old Imperial in 1912 and the dawning of the Nationalist formed Chinese Republic which promised for political and social reform, to rescue Chinese people from decades of humiliation from foreign Imperialism. At the end of the Qing dynasty From 1934 to 1949 intense political violence and war plagued China, with the invasion of Japan and an intense rivalry between the ruling Nationalist party; Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist party. In due course the communists obtained victory under the basis that it was not military cunning alone, but also a stagnant socio-economic and political environment that had existed under Republican rule even after the end of dynastic imperialism. Fundamentally, that even before 1934,...
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...dynasties and the dictatorial Manchu’s rule. A republic was set up in China under the leadership of Yuan Shikai. It also marked China’s parting with the past. The Chinese began to turn away from Confuscious ideals and became more exposed to western influence. The creation of a western-style republic speeded up and extended modernization in all areas of Chinese city life and culture. Also, the international status of China had increased after 1911. It seemed that China had changed a lot after 1911. However, many things remained the same as before. The 1911 revolution developed China in many ways, bringing down the Manchu Dynasty was most important. “such was the decline in support for the Manchu government that the last years of its life between 1908and 1911may be fairly described as a revolution waiting to happen”( page 19 Lynch) This end to 2,000 years of Imperial rule was most significant, as it was the Manchu's, who were seen as the roadblock to reform and the development of China. Throughout Chinese history, old dynasties had been overthrown or replaced by new dynasties. However the 1911 revolution was the first to cause the downfall of a monarchy entirely and attempt to extend the ideas of democracy and human rights throughout China, this had never been done so before. After 1911 Revolution, a republic was set up in China. This put an end to more than two thousand years’ in a dynastic cycle. China s leadership no longer proclaimed to hold a ‘Mandate of Heaven’ and was...
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...During the years of 1850-1920 China did have some factors of being revolutionary, the decline in imperial China, their rise of their military as well as the change in the political parties, China also had factors of being a continuation such as their economy and the leaderships. However there wasn’t many factors of China showing to be a continuation this was because China was changing massively and at a fast rate during this period of time. One way to show that China was a revolutionary was the Boxer Rising. This was a popular anti-western movement in China, which was supported by peasants (such as farmers) uprising in 1900 which was set up to drive all foreigners out of China. It was a violent anti-foreigner and anti-Christian movement; it was motivated by proto-nationalists and backed by the empress dowager CIXI. In 1900 the Boxers besieged the foreign embassies in Beijing for two months until they were relieved by an international force. The rising was intervened by the Great Powers, which defeated the Chinese forces; because of this it further reduced the authority of the QING dynasty. The Boxer Risings changed China quite a lot: It made the leaders of China realise that they had to modernize and adopt European technology as well as this it also helped to opened the doors for Revolutionary movements such as the Communist Party and the to rise and to gain the support of China's people. Another factor that shows how revolutionary China was, was the End of the Chinese Empire...
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...How far can the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 be considered the key turning point in the development of China in the years 1900-2000? During the years 1900-2000 there were many turning points in China's history. We saw such things as The fall of the Qing Dynasty and imperialism February 1912, The warlord era 1915, The rise of the nationalists 1928, The formation of the PRC in 1949, The Korean and Vietnam wars 1950 and 1964, Nixon's visit in 1972 and Deng Xiaoping's Third Plenum. The key Turing point in China's history would have to be the rise of Deng Xiaoping in 1976. The reason behind this is by looking at social political, economic and international development Deng achieved greater positive development over the 4 topics and few limitations in comparison to the other turning points. The fall of imperialism and the Qing dynasty in 1912 lead to some major development in China.in china at the time there was a huge social divide. This was most notable in the rural regions where in some communities some people were consuming up to 4000 calories per day, while others were only consuming 1400. Likewise socially development in china was far behind the rest of the world. At the time China had a literacy rate of only 3.6% while Japan had a rate of 26.3% however, during the Qing dynasty economically they were prospering and catching up with the rest of Asia. This was best shown by jack Gary’s Rebellions and revolutions where he puts a more positive spin...
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...the Manchus, the Mongols fought on behalf of the Qing to turn the Chinese agricultural territories, the oases of the Turkic peoples in Xinjiang, and the Tibetan plateau into Qing territory. Qing rule lasted for 300 years, but in the 19th century “barbarians” with blond hair and blue eyes arrived by sea. The Mongolian cavalry fought fiercely against the Westerners at the fort of Tianjian near Beijing, but the enemy’s heavy artillery forced the mounted warriors to withdraw. As military allies of the Manchu during the Qing era, the Mongolians were named to high positions as noblemen. Their grasslands were carefully protected, with the migration of Chinese peasant farmers into those areas strictly prohibited. These restrictions lasted until the Qing court was defeated by the European powers. The Qing eventually opened passages in the Great Wall so that Chinese peasants could enter the north; conflicts between the Mongolians, who sought to follow their nomadic ways, and the Chinese, whose intentions were agricultural, became inevitable. In October 1891, Chinese peasants in the southeastern part of Southern Mongolia rebelled. The...
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...The pervasive teaching systems of Confucianism were ingrained into the impressionable minds of Chinese scholars and lay citizens alike, as people thrived off of philosophical thought during the 5th century and dispersed its message quickly. The longevity of the Qing dynasty, which lasted from 1644 to 1912, demonstrates the crystallization of governmental and social institutions through the adherence of piety and hierarchy laid out in Confucius’s Analects. This societal harmony, however, was perturbed by the ever-expansive Britain in the late 1800’s, who began to smuggle large chests of opium in order to promote global trade and to receive silver from China. Lin Zexu, a confucian scholar and administrator, was sent to the only port in Canton by the Daoguang Emperor in 1838 to eliminate all illegal trade of opium, for he was already renowned for his role as a provincial administrator in Hubei. Lin publicly renounced opium for its effect on the Chinese masses and epitomizes Confucian ideology at play because his public displays of destroying opium were clearly aimed at pushing out British influence and maintaining the Qing legacy. As a result, Lin Zexu’s exaggerated take on the suppression of opium offended Britain’s capitalistic motives of free trade and triggered the Opium War in 1840....
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...Portugal partitioned the world -In 1494 the phase of High Imperialism was between:-1870 War I The Qing population of China doubled- 1800 The Taiping rebellion happened -1851-1864 The Kuomintang or Nationalist Party was -1912 The Treaty of Nanjing was signed in:1842 The Boxer rebellion happened-1898-1901 India was considered as British -1858-1947 East India Company rule in India ended -1858 The Struggle for Independence took-1857-1858 Dutch merchants started going to India in-1595 Dutch merchants formed Dutch East-1602 The first Anglo Maratha War took-1775-1782 In which year did Japan become a -1956 Meiji Period lasted between:1868 – 1912 Japan received its first European style-1889 The Ottoman period came to an end only in:1922 The first Ottoman war with the city- 1423–1430 Conquest of Constantinople was in: 1453 Treaty of London that consist of the Ottomans-1840 The Ottomans were forced to recognize-1832 The Grand National Assembly of Turkey-29 October 1923 In what year was made the law that entitled -1938 When was the Triple Alliance established? 1888 When did Queen Elizabeth II become-1952 When had English settled seventeen -1624-1641 When had the West Indies populations had - 1660 When did John Rolfe of Jamestown purchase?-1619 When did ambiguity change?-1460-1480 Spain and Portugal partitioned the world -In 1494 the phase of High Imperialism was between:-1870 War I The Qing population of China doubled- 1800 The Taiping rebellion happened -1851-1864 ...
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...Opium War There were two Opium Wars. The first one was from 1839-1842. This war was fought between China and Britain. This war was fought over the two not seeing eye to eye on a lot of things. The second Opium War was from 1856-1860. In this war the British forces fought toward the legalization of the Opium trade. The reason they did this was to be able to expand coolie trace, to be able to open all of China to British merchants, and also to be able to expand foreign imports from internat transit duties. This was when France then joined the British. In this essay we are going to cover both of the Opium Wars. The expansion of European imperialism in Asia was all economic. In the British market there was a high demand for Chinese tea, also Chinese silk, and also Chinese porcelain. But, Britain did not have the right amount of silver to be able to trade with the Qing Empire. So, a system of barter and trade was put into effect, which was based on the Indian Opium which was created to help bridge the payment problems that Britain was having. Because of the “the subsequent exponential increase of opium in China brought about a generation of addicts and social instability.” (He, T.). This caused the British merchants and the Qing government to clash, which led to the Opium Wars. So as a “result, the British were given the island of Hong Kong and trading rights in the ports of Canton and Shanghai.” (He, T.). The first Opium War was over their conflicting views and points of their...
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...China has gone through major changes throughout the second half of the 19th century up till the early 20th century. The result of the Opium Wars opened up China to the rest of the world, which contributed to the fall of the Qing dynasty. The Wars struck a crippling blow to the Qing Empire and it demonstrated how weak China was compared to the European powers. The ailing Qing dynasty during the middle of the 19th century created opportunities for the European imperialists who were interested in crippling China. They wanted to undermine China by enforcing foreign policies in the country, which would contribute to the growing discontent among the citizens since their monarch was hopeless. After the naval expeditions of Zheng He (1371-1435) during the Ming dynasty, the Hongwu Emperor decided to ban all trade and from then onwards, China became increasingly isolationist. The Chinese feared that the result of foreign intervention would be an attempt to take over the country therefore, all the dynasties after that continued to adopt these policies in order to prevent invaders such as Japanese pirates. During the Qing dynasty, the Qianlong Emperor rejected an offer to expand trade because he feared that by trading with foreign countries, the imperialist nations would attempt to take over China by imposing their ideas on the Chinese. China’s desire to shut itself away from the foreign countries was because of its desire to protect itself. After the Industrial Revolution, the...
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...Imperialism is a policy of expanding a nation's power and influence through colonization, use of the army, or any other means. In the process of the Chinese revolution, this has been the primary factor hindering the revolution process. According to Cheek (2002) , imperialism goes hand in hand with counterinsurgency which is a military or political action taken against the revolutionaries. These two led to the rise of dictatorship in China leading to oppression to the citizens. Mao Zedong was the prominent person in the fight against imperialism as he championed the transformation into a semi-colony and later into a colony. In this assignment, we will look at how the Chinese revolution tells us about anti-imperialism and counterinsurgency. Chinese...
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...The Boxer rebellion is one of the most famous wars in Chinese history. It took place in the 1900s, when China had lost several wars against foreign countries and Japan, they threatened the Qing dynasty to sign several unfair treaties, such as extraterritorial rights and immunities from the Qing dynasty’s law. China was just like nonexistent country because foreign countries were each ruling different parts of China. At the fall of the Qing dynasty, a long drought followed by several floods and aggression by foreign countries [History.com Staff. 2009]. People were suffering from hunger, unfair rights and poverty. As a result, there was hatred and xenophobic reactions among the Chinese. Qing Empress Dowager Cixi declared a war on 8 nations. [History.com...
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