...Content This chapter is concerned primarily with helping the reader develop a basic understanding of the Fourier transform and the frequency domain, and how they apply to image enhancement. Background Introduction to the Fourier Transform and the Frequency Domain DFT Smoothing Frequency-Domain Filters Sharpening Frequency-Domain Filters 4.1 Background • Any function that periodically repeats itself can be expressed as the sum of sines and/or cosines of different frequencies, each multiplied by a different coefficient (Fourier series). • Even functions that are not periodic (but whose area under the curve is finite) can be expressed as the integral of sines and/or cosines multiplied by a weighting function (Fourier transform). • The advent of digital computation and the “discovery” of fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm in the late 1950s revolutionized the field of signal processing, and allowed for the first time practical processing and meaningful interpretation of a host of signals of exceptional human and industrial importance. • The frequency domain refers to the plane of the two dimensional discrete Fourier transform of an image. • The purpose of the Fourier transform is to represent a signal as a linear combination of sinusoidal signals of various frequencies. = Any function that periodically repeats itself can be expressed as a sum of sines and cosines of different frequencies each multiplied by a different coefficient – a Fourier series 4.2 Introduction...
Words: 3417 - Pages: 14
...and extent .................................................................................................... 7 4.4. Information about the collection ................................................................................. 8 4.5 Results......................................................................................................................... 8 5. Why: Reasons for Digitising and Disclosing the Collection ............................................... 9 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 9 5.2 What is the social and cultural significance of the collection? ...................................... 9 5.3 What is the present importance of the...
Words: 10988 - Pages: 44
...Shetty&, Chinmai$ , Rajeshwari Hegde@ #,*,&,, Department of Telecommunication Engineering, @ Guide and faculty BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore, India # supreethkrao@gmail.com arpithaprasad@gmail.com & anushree.shetty12@gmail.com $ cpchinmai@gmail.com * Abstract— A smart navigation system based on an object detection mechanism has been designed to detect the presence of obstacles that immediately impede the path, by means of real time video processing. This paper is discussed keeping in mind the navigation of the visually impaired. A video camera feeds images of the surroundings to a Da-Vinci Digital Media Processor, DM642, which works on the video, frame by frame. The processor carries out image processing techniques whose result contains information about the object in terms of image pixels. The algorithm aims to select that object, among all others, that poses maximum threat to the navigation. A database containing a total of three sounds is constructed. Hence, each image translates to a beep, where every beep informs the navigator of the obstacles directly in front of him. This paper implements a more efficient algorithm compared to its predecessor, NAVI. Keywords— Navigation, Edge Detection, Flood Function, Object Detection, DM642, Acoustic Transformation I. INTRODUCTION Assistance for the blind or visually impaired can range from simple measures, such as a white cane or a guide dog, to a very sophisticated computer technology...
Words: 2605 - Pages: 11
...Dental X-Ray Image Analysis by Using Image Processing Techniques Qno.1. Identify the tools and technologies used in the paper. Elaborate or give details of all the tools used in the paper. In this paper author focused on to detect dental Caries. It is diseases that should be occurs in to teeth, so author used different digital image processing tools and techniques such as, Dental X-Rays, Image Processing, Image Segmentation and Binarization these all of defined and elaborate Below. 1. Dental X-Rays 2. Image Processing a) Image segmentation b) Binarization dental x-ray image is used by the dentist for the diagnosis and treatment purpose such as root canal treatment, detection of different factor similar to the...
Words: 3714 - Pages: 15
...Digital Image Processing Second Edition Rafael C. Gonzalez University of Tennessee Richard E. Woods MedData Interactive Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Pubblication Data Gonzalez, Rafael C. Digital Image Processing / Richard E. Woods p. cm. Includes bibliographical references ISBN 0-201-18075-8 1. Digital Imaging. 2. Digital Techniques. I. Title. TA1632.G66 621.3—dc21 2001 2001035846 CIP Vice-President and Editorial Director, ECS: Marcia J. Horton Publisher: Tom Robbins Associate Editor: Alice Dworkin Editorial Assistant: Jody McDonnell Vice President and Director of Production and Manufacturing, ESM: David W. Riccardi Executive Managing Editor: Vince O’Brien Managing Editor: David A. George Production Editor: Rose Kernan Composition: Prepare, Inc. Director of Creative Services: Paul Belfanti Creative Director: Carole Anson Art Director and Cover Designer: Heather Scott Art Editor: Greg Dulles Manufacturing Manager: Trudy Pisciotti Manufacturing Buyer: Lisa McDowell Senior Marketing Manager: Jennie Burger © 2002 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. The author and publisher of this book have used their best efforts in preparing this book. These efforts include the development, research, and testing of the theories and programs to determine their effectiveness...
Words: 66542 - Pages: 267
...1-1 : Introduction :- Increased use of digital images in recent years due to the availability of echnology equipment Has made the process of dealing with images of things possible, onventional cameras are based physicist based controls Lighting by the user entering the lens by controlling the amount and direction of light, while the camera Digital not only require a simple knowledge by the user, and the principle of its work depends on converting light into Electrical discharges, and converts the image into a series of binary digits (zeros and ones) to represent the points of the image [kareem1] . The enormous development of computer technology, the great advances in digital recording of images Helped the emergence of devices that...
Words: 2221 - Pages: 9
...KODAK and the Digital Revolution 1. Evaluate Kodak's strategy in traditional photography. Why has the company been so successful throughout the history of the industry? Kodak had several core competencies to its advantage. Of primary importance were its “user-friendly” qualities, cost, extensive advertising that helped built its name; perceived quality of its products and its customer focus that lead to strengthening an important core competency i.e. customer satisfaction. Kodak’s leadership also came from marketing and its relationships with retailers (for shelf space and photo-finishing) and also its investments in R & D. During its heyday, its technological capabilities and its rapid design to market cycle times were success factors. Kodak used a razor-blade strategy wherein film was regarded as the consumable so it sold cameras for low cost and profited from increased sales of films. 2. Compare traditional photography to digital imaging. What are the main structural differences in the industry? (Use the 5-forces model) | Traditional | Digital | Rivalry among competing firms in industry | Initially none until 1976 when Fuji came in | High- many companies producing different brands at all price category | Bargaining power of suppliers | Low – since Kodak was their main consumer | ...
Words: 1252 - Pages: 6
...Kodak’s current position in digital imaging? Would Kodak’s position be different had the company adopted a different digital imaging strategy in the eighties and the nineties? Evaluate Kodak’s strategy starting in the mid-eighties. In 1983 Kodak’s stated objective was to invest in digital imaging R&D, but the company’s structure and culture were not aligned to promote this innovation. From the 1980s through the early 1990s, Kodak did not have a clear opinion and view of how digital imaging would drive the industry or how to commercialize any of their R&D findings. As a result, Kodak continued to seek ways in which it could marry chemical-based and electronic image to preserve the company’s cash cow, selling high-margin consumables (photographic film and paper). Through 1993, Kodak had spent $5 billion in digital imaging R&D but had little to show for it besides an image sensor that competitors had used to compete for the low-end consumer market and theKodak’s Photo CD device, which was ultimately unsuccessful. Management failed to focus on the merits of developing digital on a stand-alone basis. For example, the Photo CD utilized digital imaging but required it to be used in tandem with traditional photography. Kodak’s pricing was too steep and the product was inappropriately targeted, against the advice of Kodak’s own invention team, to the consumer market rather than the commercial market. As a result, Kodak missed out on establishing an initial digital imaging market position...
Words: 822 - Pages: 4
...RELEVANT TO ACCA QUALIFICATION PAPER P3 Studying Paper P3? Performance objectives 7, 8 and 9 are relevant to this exam POSITION-BASED AND RESOURCE-BASED STRATEGIES Imagine you are in the middle of a country. To your north there is a mountain range, to the south an ocean, to the west a desert and to the east, jungle. You are running out of food and have to move. But to where? So you look at whatever evidence you can get: weather forecasts, travellers’ tales, unreliable maps (because this is before GPS). No direction is without peril and all offer some reward, but you have to go somewhere. There seems to be a storm brewing in the mountains, malaria in the jungle and it’s the wrong season to tackle the desert. So you go for an ocean crossing, hoping to find a promised land, but always aware that more information might make you rue your choice, aware that you might have to change your direction, and aware that at some point, a change of direction will become impossible because you have reached a point of no return. Essentially, what has been described above is a position-based approach to strategy. The destinations are four possible strategies or business developments, the weather forecasts, tales and maps are the equivalent of tools such as PESTEL and Porter’s Five Forces. You are dealing with imperfect information and might have to abandon or modify a strategy. These tools might indicate that market and environmental factors make some strategies seem very unattractive, but...
Words: 2967 - Pages: 12
...Automation is the use of control systems and information technologies to reduce the need for human work in the production of goods and services. In the scope of industrialization, automation is a step beyond mechanization. Whereas mechanization provided human operators with machinery to assist them with the muscular requirements of work, automation greatly decreases the need for human sensory and mental requirements as well. Automation plays an increasingly important role in the world economy and in daily experience. Automation has had a notable impact in a wide range of industries beyond manufacturing (where it began). Once-ubiquitous telephone operators have been replaced largely by automated telephone switchboards and answering machines. Medical processes such as primary screening in electrocardiography or radiography and laboratory analysis of human genes, sera, cells, and tissues are carried out at much greater speed and accuracy by automated systems. Automated teller machines have reduced the need for bank visits to obtain cash and carry out transactions. In general, automation has been responsible for the shift in the world economy from industrial jobs to service jobs in the 20th and 21st centuries.[1] Movable type is the system of printing and typography that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document (usually individual letters or punctuation). The world's first known movable-type system for printing was created in China around 1040 A.D. by Bi...
Words: 7787 - Pages: 32
...breast cancers because it can show changes in the breast up to two years before a patient or physician can feel them. Digital Mammograms allow manipulation of fine differences in image contrast by means of image processing algorithms. Different Computer Aided Detection Systems (CAD) have been developed for the specific tasks required in breast imaging, diagnosis, and screening. The...
Words: 1651 - Pages: 7
...Graphics Vol. 2, No. 1, May, 2011 Identification of Abnormal Masses in Digital Mammography Images Indra Kanta Maitra Research Fellow, Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Calcutta, India E-mail: ikm.1975@ieee.org Sanjay Nag Research Fellow, Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Calcutta, India E-mail: sanjaynag75@gmail.com Prof. Samir Kumar Bandyopadhyay Professor and Senior Member IEEE, Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Calcutta, India E-mail:skb1@vsnl.com Abstract Mammography is at present one of the available method for early detection of masses or abnormalities which is related to breast cancer. The most common abnormalities that may indicate breast cancer are masses and calcifications. The challenge lies in early and accurate detection to overcome the development of breast cancer that affects more and more women throughout the world. Masses appear in a mammogram as fine, granular clusters, which are often difficult to identify in a raw mammogram. Digital mammogram is one of the best technologies currently being used for diagnosing breast cancer. Breast cancer is diagnosed at advanced stages with the help of the digital mammogram image. In this paper, a method has been developed to make a supporting tool. This will make it easy and less time consuming for identification of abnormal masses in digital mammography images. The identification technique is divided into two distinct parts i.e. Formation...
Words: 4564 - Pages: 19
...Digital forensics is the process of uncovering and interpreting electronic data for use in a court of law. In The main goal of the process is to preserve any evidence in its most original form while performing a structured investigation by collecting, identifying and validating the digital information which will be admissible in a court of law. To collect the document is has to follow certain guidelines. United States v. Gourde (2006) and United States v. Zeigler (2007) are both great examples of cases to investigate the case. The primary goal of this document is to demonstrate the importance of digital forensic in solving criminal investigation. In the following paragraph two criminal cases are studied and analyzed. In United States v. Gourde,...
Words: 980 - Pages: 4
...over the camera enable better photographs to be taken? Introduction The digital world of photography change how humanity communicates and exchange images in a matter of few seconds provoking to have less privacy in your everyday life. Digital photos in the Web are very common, which is a useful tool for people to share memories and personal events, but once the pictures are downloaded and shared it’s impossible to erase. Almost everyone have digital access from either a camera phone or digital camera, which creates a whole new era of artistic art that helps humans to express feelings and emotions (Helmut and Alison, 2011). Technology made it easier to play and experiment with common features of devices and programs to have a variety of pictures with different effects that creates artistic photos. Digital Photography transforms the view on how humanity has access to instant photos from family and friends, editing, and digital artistic. Discussion Capturing digital images comes back in 1960s where NASA use digital signals to capture the surface of the moon with the help of computer technology to improve the images that the space probes were sending. The government used satellites to spy and helped to advanced digital imaging. The private sectors made big contributions like Texas Instruments invented a film-less electronic camera in 1972. Sony released an electronic camera that recorded images onto a mini disc (Helmut and Alison, 2011). According to Daniel Carp, Kodak...
Words: 7189 - Pages: 29
...service team. The professionals understand the importance of a format, specific components, characteristics, functions, and legalities of a prime dental record. Generally, dental clinic face the problem in uncovering outdated, inadequate, and disorganized paper dental records. To overcome these issues, companies have introduced digital patient registration forms, an easy record keeping system that has been extensively clinical tested before being introduced. It offers convenience to the doctors to know...
Words: 547 - Pages: 3
