...(Incoterm) INternational COmmercial Term By Prasad Shetty WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY INCOTERMS? The INCOTERMS (International Commercial Terms) is a universally recognized set of definitions. international trade terms, developed by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) in Paris, It defines the trade contract responsibilities and liabilities between buyer and seller. Why are they Important? • The most complex & important tool of international trade is language. Small changes in wording can have major impact on the business agreement. For the avoid this misunderstanding. This is where “INCOTERM” comes into existence. • The INCOTERMS was first published in 1936‐‐and it is revised periodically to keep up with changes in the international trade needs. NECESSITY • Costs: who is responsible for the expenses involved in a shipment at a given point in the shipment's journey? • Control: who owns the goods at a given point in the journey? • Liability: who is responsible for paying damage to goods at a given point in a shipment's transit? What are they? This terms are divided into four different categories (EFCD) • E The seller only makes the goods available to the buyer at the seller’s premises. • F The seller delivers the goods to a carrier or place appointed by the buyer. • C The seller has to contract at his costs for carriage and insurance • D The seller must assume most costs, obligations and risks needed to bring the goods to the place of destination ...
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...1. La construcción de una oferta comercial y cómo utilizar los Incoterms Usted debe controlar los riesgos desde el inicio de una venta o compra en el extranjero. Utilizando los Incoterms para garantizar la correcta entrega. Los Incoterms definen las responsabilidades y obligaciones de un vendedor y un comprador en virtud de un contrato del comercio. 2. Comprender la importancia de la logística y una estrategia Usted debe medir la importancia de cada elemento de la logística para tener mas poder en las negociaciones con los socios. Luego, puede elaborar un plan logístico más rentable para garantizar la correcta entrega de las mercancías. 3. Control de las operaciones de transporte Usted debe ser consciente de los diversos modos de transporte y elegir el que sea más apropiado para la carga y su destino. Además, debe prever los daños y las controversias del método elegido para evitar el descontento de los clientes. Usted también debeasegurarse contra los riesgos de transporte para que los daños eventuales queden totalmente compensados. También tiene usted que estar al corriente de los costos de los auxiliares o de los intermediarios de transporte para hacer realizar ciertas prestaciones o para realizarlas usted mismo. 4. Aduanas y almacenamiento Debe conocer los procedimientos y formalidades de aduana para efectuar o controlar usted mismo el pago de los derechos de aduana. Tiene también la posibilidad de depositar sus mercancias en los almacenes (informarse previamente)...
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...SEMINARIO DE ESTRATEGIA INTERNACIONAL Desarrollar una metodología para implementar estrategias internacionales no es nada fácil. Por lo que es importante basarnos en las dos estrategias internacionales fundamentadas por Ghemawat y Porter, y asi obtener una solución más completa y adecuada para desarrollar una estrategia de internacionalización. Existen tres estrategias genéricas para la creación de valor en un contexto global de adaptación, agregación y arbitraje conocido como Marco Estratégico Mundial de Ghemawat "AAA". Este ofrece 3 enfoques genéricos que tratan de aumentar los ingresos y la cuota de mercado mediante la adaptación de uno o más componentes del modelo de negocio de una empresa para adaptarse a las necesidades y preferencias locales. 1.- Adaptación Adaptación de creación de valor global, cambiando uno o más elementos de la oferta de la empresa para cumplir con los requisitos o las preferencias locales. (Precios, sabor, cantidad, imagen, entre otros). Ghemawat subdivide estrategias de adaptación en cinco categorías: · Variación: Estrategias de variación no sólo implican la realización de cambios en los productos y servicios, sino también de hacer ajustes a las políticas , el posicionamiento de negocios , e incluso las expectativas de éxito. · Enfoque: Utiliza un enfoque en productos particulares , geografías , escenarios verticales de la cadena de valor de mercado o segmentos como una manera de reducir el impacto de las diferencias entre las regiones...
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...Arturo Lemmen Meyer Comercio exterior INCOTERMS Los Incoterms son un conjunto de reglas internacionales, regidos por la Cámara de Comercio Internacional, que determinan el alcance de las cláusulas comerciales incluidas en el contrato de compraventa internacional. Los Incoterms también se denominan cláusulas de precio, pues cada termino permite determinar los elementos que lo componen. La selección del Incoterm influye sobre el costo del contrato. El propósito de los Incoterms es el de proveer un grupo de reglas internacionales para la interpretación de los términos mas usados en el Comercio internacional. Los Incoterms determinan: * El alcance del precio. * En que momento y donde se produce la transferencia de riesgos sobre la mercadería del vendedor hacia el comprador. * El lugar de entrega de la mercadería. * Quién contrata y paga el transporte * Quién contrata y paga el seguro * Qué documentos tramita cada parte y su costo. CFR (Cost and Freight) - Costo y Flete (puerto de destino convenido) Para el vendedor los alcances son los mismos que la cotización FOB con la única diferencia de que la empresa debe encargarse de contratar la bodega del barco y pagar el flete hasta destino. El riesgo de pérdida o daño de las mercaderías así como cualquier coste adicional debido a eventos ocurridos después del momento de la entrega, se transmiten del vendedor al comprador El término CFR exige al vendedor despachar las mercaderías...
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...INCOTERMS Los Incoterms son términos utilizados mundialmente en el comercio exterior, creados por la Cámara de Comercio Internacional de París, que deben ser estrictamente aceptados por el Importador o Exportador para definir las condiciones de un contrato. Los siguientes incoterms son utilizados en todas las modalidades de transporte (Aéreo, Marítimo, Terrestre, Fluvial): (PROECUADOR, 2015) EXW, FCA, CPT, CIP, DDU, DPT. Para el transporte aéreo se utiliza: FCA Para el transporte por Ferrocarril y Terrestre: FCA y DAF. Para el transporta marítimo, fluvial y lacustre: FAS, FOB, CFR, CIF, DES, DEQ. Breve reseña del significado de cada incoterm: (PROECUADOR, 2015) EXW, también llamado EN FABRICA, significa que el vendedor ha cumplido su obligación de entrega cuando ha puesto la mercadería, en su establecimiento a disposición del comprador. FCA, también llamado FRANCO TRANSPORTISTA, significa que el vendedor ha cumplido su obligación de entregar la mercancía cuando la ha puesto, despachada de aduana para la exportación, a cargo del transportista nombrado por el comprador, en el lugar o punto fijado. CPT, también llamado TRANSPORTE PAGADO HASTA, significa que el vendedor paga el flete del transporte de la mercadería hasta el destino mencionado. CIP, también llamado TRANSPORTE Y SEGURO PAGADOS HASTA, significa que el vendedor tiene las mismas obligaciones que bajo el CPT, pero incluyendo además un seguro para cubrir cualquier riesgo que pueda ocurrir a la mercadería durante...
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...Incoterms 2000 Quick Reference Best Terms for Buyers (our preference and priority in red) FOB – Free on Board – Ocean only. FOB point must be the origin port. Buyer controls ocean freight routing. Seller must deliver the freight to the named origin port. 2) FCA – Free Carrier – All modes of transportation. Best when used from seller’s premises but can also be from the carrier’s terminal at origin. Unlike FOB the loading charges come forward to the buyer. Buyer controls ocean or air freight routing or, in the case of “FCA seller’s premises”, door to door. DDU – Delivery Duty Unpaid – All modes of transportation. Seller must deliver all the way to the buyer’s door and is responsible for any loss along the way. Buyer takes care of Customs clearance. This term is based for shipments of replacement parts or when the buyer has little resource to handle international logistics. 1) EXW – Ex Works – All modes of transportation. Buyer takes care of everything once the freight is pushed out of the door of the seller onto a truck. Seller provides documents but the buyer must arrange export formalities at origin (export customs clearance). “FCA seller’s premises” is the preferred term. Buyer controls freight from door to door. Best Terms for Sellers CFR – Cost and Freight – Ocean only. CFR point must be a destination ocean port (no inland points allowed, see CPT). Seller controls the freight all the way to the destination port but risk for loss passes to the...
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...New INCOTERMS effective January 1, 2011 The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC ) has published revisions to its International Commercial Terms, also known as INCOTERMS®, that take effect on January 1, 2011. The revised rules, designated "INCOTERMS 2010", contain a series of changes, such as a reduction in the number of terms to 11 from 13. The DAF, DES, DEQ, and DDU designations have been eliminated, while two new terms, Delivered at Terminal (DAT) and Delivered at Place (DAP), have been added. INCOTERMS 2010 also attempt to better take into account the roles cargo security and electronic data interchange now play in international trade. WHAT INCOTERMS ARE - INCOTERMS are a set of three-letter standard trade terms most commonly used in international contracts for the sale of goods. First published in 1936, INCOTERMS provide internationally accepted definitions and rules of interpretation for most common commercial terms. In the US, INCOTERMS are increasingly used in domestic sales contracts rather than UCC shipment and delivery terms. WHAT INCOTERMS DO - INCOTERMS inform the sales contract by defining the respective obligations, costs and risks involved in the delivery of goods from the Seller to the Buyer. WHAT INCOTERMS DO NOT DO - INCOTERMS by themselves DO NOT: • Constitute a contract; • Supersede the law governing the contract; • Define where title transfers; nor, • Address the price payable, currency or credit terms. These items are defined by the express terms in the...
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...ANALISIS DE LAS MODIFICACIONES A LAS REGLAS INCOTERMS , A LAS BASES GRAVABLES Y SU RELACIÓN CON OTROS IMPUESTOS LINEAMIENTOS GENERALES INTRODUCCIÓN: Las Reglas Incoterms ® 2010 son usos internacionales emitidos por la Cámara Internacional de Comercio, que se emplean para distribuir los costos y riesgos en que incurren los compradores y vendedores internacionalmente. Si se emplean de manera adecuada, son además una herramienta muy útil para determinar la correcta integración de la base para el pago de impuestos de importación pues permiten distinguir lo que se encuentra incluido en el precio pagado. OBJETIVO: Conocer la forma correcta de integrar la base gravable en importaciones y su relación con las nuevas Reglas Incoterms® 2010 TEMARIO: 1. Elementos del valor en Aduana en México 1.1 Valor de Transacción 1.2 Incrementables 1.3 No Incrementables 2. Conceptos incluidos en el precio pagado dependiendo de la regla Incoterms® 2010 elegida 2.1 Las 11 reglas: EXW, FCA, CPT, CIP, DAT, DAP, DDP, FAS, FOB, CFR y CIF 2.2 Principales cambios entre los INCOTERMS 2000 y las nuevas Reglas Incoterms ® 2010 2.3 Uso de las Reglas Incoterms ® 2010 en los contratos, el arbitraje, los no aplicables en México y los medios de transporte correcto para cada Regla Incoterms® 2010. 3. Bases gravables para otros impuestos, derechos y aprovechamientos 3.1 El DTA 3.2 El IEPS 3.3 El ISAN 3.4 El IVA 3.5 Las cuotas...
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...SBI PO Exam Special Current Affair Supplement Latest Developments in Banking and Financial Sector Latest questions pertaining to Governance, Policies, Panels and Committees Miscellaneous Current Affairs (Very Important for upcoming competitive exams) A publication of Nirdeshak.com Latest Developments in Banking & Financial Sector 01 SBI PO Exam - Special Current Affair Supplement 1) India implemented Basel III norms, which comprises of new global capital rules for banks, from which date? – 1 April 2013 (Under Basel III norms, Indian banks will have to hold core capital of at least seven percent of risk-weighted assets) 2) What is the name of the bill passed by the Lok Sabha on 18 December 2012, which seeks to strengthen banking regulations in the country? – Banking Laws (Amendment) Bill 2011 (This bill seeks to raise voting rights of investors in private sector banks to 26 per cent from present 10 per cent and also allows RBI to supersede boards of private sector banks to increase the cap on their voting rights to 10 per cent from 1 per cent 3) Financial sector regulators – The Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA) and Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA), on 8 March 2013 joined hands by signing an agreement under the auspices of the Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC). What are the main objectives of this move? – These regulators would...
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...* Re: BIG BAD WOLF BOOK SALE 30/10/2012 To: Seong Ee Wei Hi, Ee Wei, Thank you for your application to be our Big Bad Wolf (BBW) book sale crew. Please come for the interview together with Ke Ying this Thursday (1.11.2012), 11am at Amcorp Mall, PJ. (please logon to www.bookxcess.com for the address). Please bring along 1 photocopy IC (front & back in 1 page). Before hand, kindly refer to the below for the terms & conditions as the BBW crew for your perusal: Working Date: 3rd-24th December 2012 Venue: The Mines Convention Centre WORKING HOURS 1. 9.00am to 9.00pm daily, you are required to report to the respective leader by 8.30am daily. 2. Selected appointed staff are required to stay back after 9pm to complete their task ie. Doing sales report. 3. There will be 2 breaks daily (each break is 30 minutes), Lunch and Dinner will be provided daily. ADDITIONAL WORKING HOURS 1. If the Employee required to work more than the regulated working hours per day as mentioned above, the Employee shall be paid a rate of RM15 per hour. 2.The minimum additional hour to clock in per day is ½ hour. TERMINATION OF THE CONTRACT The Employer reserves the rights to terminate Employee’s contract on the following conditions and the Employer has the absolute rights to reduce the hourly rate from RM10 to RM7for the number of days worked by the Employee. The conditions are: (a) Poor performance deemed by BBW Management; (b) Late – more than 3 working days; (c) Failed to...
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...CHAIRMAN’S NOTE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY MODULE 1: ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF THE INDUSTRY Malaysian Economic Performance – Overview for the Year 2012 3 6 11 13 C&M Industry Performance – Overview 2012 Global and Malaysian GDP Growth Communications Services Contribution to Growth Bursa Malaysia ACE Market – An Overview of Licensees C&M Industry Financial Performance Overview Telecommunications Companies Broadcasters Trends of C&M Companies Financial Performance Digital Signature C&M Revenue by Services Market Segment ARPU Comparison Contribution of the C&M Industry to Bursa ...
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...changed on them. So when putting together a growth strategy companies should think rapidly. Best approach could be take one step at a time. ➢ One of the ways for developing a business growth strategy for Purple HR could be buying a competing business or businesses.Employing such a strategy will add to the company’s growth and it will also eliminate another barrier standing in front of company’s future growth namely- a real or potential competitor. Paychex, Inc. is a provider of payroll, human resource, and benefits outsourcing solutions for small to medium-sized businesses.Paychex, acquired key competitors over the years which proved beneficial for them as their share in the market increased.. In January 2012, the Company acquired Icon Time Systems, Inc. In December 2012,...
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...volume variance= (850,000 X 125)-(800,000 X 125) =$106,250,000-$100,000,000 = $6,250,000 Favourable 3. Absorption costing. | $ | $ | SalesLess: Cost of goods soldOpening inventoryProduction(850,000 X (255+125))(-)Ending inventory(30,000 X 405)Gross MarginAdjustments for production variance(850,000-800,000)x125Operating Income | 0323,000,000(11,400,000) | 450,000,000(311,600,000) | | | | | | 138,400,0006,250,000F | | | 144,650,000 | Income Statement for the year ended 31December 2012 4. Variable Costing Income Statement for the year ended 31 December 2012 | $ | $ | SalesOpening inventoryProduction(850,000 X 255)(-)Ending inventoryContribution MarginFixed factory overheadOperating income | 0216,750,000(7650,000) | 450,000,000(209,100,000) | | | 240,900,000(100,000,000) | | | 140,900, 000 | 5. Based on the calculations of absorption costing and variable costing for the year 2012,it would be better to calculate and measure using the absorption costing because it has the favourable variance of production . Moving on, applying the absorption costing is able to make us visualise the operation income aggregate moreover variable costing. Other than that, if the budgeted production unit is lower than the actual production units will affect the operating income to raise with using the absorption costing. As a conclusion, it is better that L.A...
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...researching had a particular problem with its on-going sickness levels. After researching more about this HR area I noticed that this year overall both in private and public sectors there have been a noticeable decrease in absence levels. However this year also sees an increase in “presenteeism” – people continuing to work when not well. This can have an effect for not only the individual but the organisation. Despite decreasing absence levels, it is imperative to continue to manage absence effectively, focusing on employee well-being. How I analysed and interpreted data The attached graph has been taken from a Hotel’s absence/sickness levels. I have looked at each department’s sickness records and figures from the last financial year 2012. After analysing the organisations sickness over the last 12 months and having taken figures from monthly HR records, I have interpreted the data and devised a graph. Each line on the graph shows the amount of days off sick each department has had per month. Findings The graph shows me that the organisation’s sickness levels could be better and are below average from other similar organisations that I further researched. It shows that it has a higher level of absence in the winter months than the summer months. This could be due to temperatures of weather and employees being off with cold and flu like symptoms. Also the epidemic of the Norovirus throughout December seemed to make its way round the hotel which led to a lot of absentees...
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...1 STAFF SELECTION COMMISSION Combined Graduate Level Examination, 2012 - Declaration of Final result SSC conducted CGL (Tier-I) Examination, 2012 on 01.07.2012 and 08.07.2012. Re-examination of certain candidates was held on 4.9.2012. Based on their performance in Tier-I, candidates were called for Tier-II Examination held on 3rd & 4th September, 2011. The result of Tier-II Examination for calling candidates for Interview/Skill Test was declared subsequently. Following Lists were declared:List-I: Candidates qualified in Tier-II for all Interview posts (other than Statistical Investigator/Compiler) – 5742 Candidates List-II: Candidates qualified in Tier-II for the posts of Statistical Investigator/Compiler - 1443 candidates List-III: Candidates qualified in Tier-II for all Non-Interview Posts - 19644 candidates List-IV: Candidates qualified in Tier-II for post of Tax Assistant – 27640 candidates 2. (i) Computer Proficiency Test (CPT) and Data Entry Skill Test (DEST) are of qualifying nature. CPT consists of 3 modules. Module I is the Data Entry Skill Test. Module II and III of CPT are on Spreadsheets and Power Point respectively, and each paper had 100 marks. Fixation of cut-off in Module I for evaluation of CPT Module II & III 2. (ii) The Commission decided to fix Cutoff of upto 5% mistakes for UR and 10% mistakes for other categories in Module I (same as DEST) for qualifying candidates for evaluation of Module II & III of CPT. Category-wise number of candidates qualified...
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