...History of Immigration in America Ethnic, cultural, and religious of immigrants in differences from both late nineteenth and prior to late twentieth century led to widespread assertions of the whole nation that it had made a new America. “Can We Still Afford to be a Nation of Immigration”, by David Kennedy, divides two greatest immigrants came to the United States. The author examines two historical migratory waves both in positive and negative consequences effected to the nation. America is the land of opportunities and freedom, where people come and work, seek for new better life. In either negative or positive results caused by immigrants in our economy and social culture, this country still be able to continue supporting new migrants and it will remains as the nation of immigrants. Through-out nineteenth century, mass urban and rural immigrants came from many different countries in different social culture and religious. After the first World War, population growth in Europe shipped million people out of the continent, that “population boom was the indispensable precondition for Europe to export people on the scale”. Especially by the late of this period, there were at least half of 70 millions “had left Europe” migrated to the United States. They made a huge impact to the nation and made American changed drastically and permanently. There were Italians, Jews, as well as many others from Northern and Eastern Europe. They carry with them the America Dream, in which they...
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...The twentieth century saw a great ideological conflict between communism and capitalism. Both economic systems were formed in a recent epoch of human history. Capitalism has it's roots in the industrial revolution after the abandonment of feudalism in the west. Communism and the works of Karl Marx came as a direct result of the industrial revolution and the writings of Adam smith in the late nineteenth century. The modern adaptations of each system have came closer together in the twentieth century. Capitalists had improved worker's rights as well as a social security net that came as a result of Roosevelt's policies. On the other hand, Communists under lenin and stalin had grown astray from the fundamental and often proclaimed utopianist visions of Marx. The result being, an industry driven economy with little consideration for social well being and complete state control. This economic system that is far more exploitative and dehumanizing than even the most cut-throat capitalists. Therefore, it would be obvious to conclude that capitalism has cared for its citizens far better than any communist system. This...
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...Tobacco Industry Tobacco is a green leaf that usually grows in warmer climate and the use of tobacco is by cigarette, pipe or cigar and another way of using tobacco is by chewing or sniffed through nose. Tobacco contain Nicotine (is a drug) by consuming tobacco the nicotine follow into our bloodstream and changes our body and we feel our heart beats faster and increase blood pressure. It was widely found in North and South of America and at first it was use by American as a special religious and medical purpose, before the European came from England, Spain, France, and Italy to North America. After that in 1612 American colony Jamestown, Virginia plant tobacco as a source of Income which was sold to British and it was the oldest industry in United States. Tobacco has enjoyed deeper ties to the colonization of the New World and to the expansion of international trade between the New World and Europe, Asia, and the Middle East over the last four centuries, and at the end of the twentieth century U.S. Companies such as Philip Morris and RJR Nabisco continued to dominate the International cigarette market and stood among the most profitable transnational corporations. US tobacco growing, manufacturing, distribution, marketing, and sales contributed $15 billion in wages to some 660,000 American workers. Beside that it was the symbol of modernity and in 1880s it helped inaugurate in the United States the modern era of mass consumer products, mass advertising and promotion. However...
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...The Laissez- Faire Takeover In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, America is at one of its highest points in history going into the twentieth century; it has so many resources and space still to provide for people. When the word had gotten out about America and what it had to provide, a vast amount of immigrants started pouring in, in search of a better life and better fortune. The industries of Eastern United States keenly employed these immigrants because they were willing to work long hours for low wages, and the rich capitalists took advantage of this situation. Capitalists and the incoming immigrants never saw eye to eye, and strikes would break out often, some ending in violence or death. Most workers had no political freedom nor even have a voice in the company that employed them because of the industrial system that curtailed their rights. The life of a nineteenth century American industrial worker was far from easy, even during what seem to be good times, wages were low, hours long and work conditions dangerous. The general issue that raised between the two, what has for many years before is that, little of the wealth being made is being distributed to the working class. This situation was worse for women and children who took up more of the work force than men, and still made half of what men usually would make. Work conditions were often tedious because workers would do tasks over and over while working an average 10 hour days, six days a week. Since...
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...American Labor Movement Labor unions began to develop in America in the nineteenth century because of the need for better safety and job security for workers. Workers formed labor unions in response to dangerous working conditions, low wages, and long hours. In the wake of the Industrial Revolution, men, women, and even children worked in unsafe factories for ten to twelve hours daily for a meager pay. These harsh conditions forced workers to look for ways to improve their situation. They eventually learned that by banding together and bargaining as a group, they could pressure employers to respond to their demands. The development of labor unions follows the development of the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution brought about skilled laborers and a huge increase in production, thanks to a better production system. The new factory system brought workers both steady employment in good economic times and bad working conditions and unemployment during depressions. Consequently, the Industrial Revolution changed the American class structure, turning skilled tradesmen into the working class, who found it very difficult to escape factory work. Printers, carpenters, tailors, and weavers formed local craft unions in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century. Their main objective was to maintain craft standards, to prevent employers from hiring unskilled workers and immigrant labor. The largest labor organizations emerged between 1866 and 1936. The National Labor...
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...Russia was a prime example of countries that industrialized later. (85). In time, the Gilded Age expanded and transformed into the era of reconstruction in the twentieth century. At one point, this age was considered to be just a transitional era filled with poverty, but now it is regarded as the beginnings of Modern America- the industrial and urban society (Desantis). Overall, the “best and worst” of times became another influential and important time period in American history. Although the United States became the most economically powerful country in the world, “[The Gilded Age] was a time of unprecedented progress and unimaginable poverty.” (Probasco.) In the end, “The Gilded Age was critical to the growth of the United States by introducing industrialization and technological advances.” (Probasco). The Gilded Age was a key factor in the transformation of the United States economy from agrarian to industrial...
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...certain literary characteristics that Seuss incorporated in The Lorax, which stemmed from successful environmental children’s literature from the late seventeenth century to the twentieth century. It will establish the success of each work due to the theme or agenda it had that reflected the social and environmental issues of its time, and will then establish to what extent Seuss’s The Lorax stands as a strong example for ecocritics and educators alike, of an environmental children’s story and its impact on the child reader. To further understand the position of this paper, it is important to identify the nature of ecocentricism and the development of the interdisciplinary field. Ecocentricism is an ethical practice that “decenters humanity’s importance in nonhuman nature and nature writing and instead explores the complex interrelationships between the human and the nonhuman,” (Buell, 2011). The practice, in the last twenty years, has become a field of inquiry in response to “growing academic concern about the response of literature and literary theory to the global crisis of environmental degradation,” (Sigler, 1994). Using an ecocentric lens, this essay explores the characteristics and social and environmental agendas that children’s literature has had from the early eighteenth century, to the nineteenth and early twentieth century, up until the 1970’s with Dr. Seuss’s The Lorax. The Lorax begins with a boy (described as a ‘Who’ but...
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...Beyond Consumerism: New Historical Perspectives on Consumption Author(s): Frank Trentmann Source: Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 39, No. 3 (Jul., 2004), pp. 373-401 Published by: Sage Publications, Ltd. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3180734 . Accessed: 21/03/2011 08:15 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at . http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=sageltd. . Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. Sage Publications, Ltd. is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access...
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...1960s, businesses and other organizations began to see the benefit of organizing work around projects. This project-centric view of the organization evolved further as organizations began to understand the critical need for their employees to communicate and collaborate while integrating their work across multiple departments and professions and, in some cases, whole industries. LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY: We can travel back even further, to the latter half of the nineteenth century, when the business world was becoming increasingly complex, to see how project management evolved from basic management principles. Large-scale government projects were the impetus for making important decisions that became the basis for project management methodology. In the United States, for example, the first truly large government project was the transcontinental railroad, which began construction in the 1860s. Suddenly, business leaders found themselves faced with the daunting task of organizing the manual labor of thousands of workers and the processing and assembly of unprecedented quantities of raw material. EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY: Taylor introduced the concept of working more efficiently, rather than working harder and longer. The inscription on Taylor's tomb in Philadelphia attests to his place in the history of management: "The father of scientific management." His studies of management focused on navy ship construction during World War I. His Gantt Charts, complete with task bars and...
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...influenced and formed by the industrial revolution, in particular the second wave that occurred in the late 1800’s. The revolution as a whole resulted in the change from economies based on agriculture and farming, to industry based profits. This second wave of the revolution not only refined and improved the prior inventions of iron and coal, but brought with it new highly developed technologies such as steel, electricity, oil and chemicals that lead to the creation of new industries that had not existed prior. The introduction of large scale steel and iron production, as well as advanced railway systems and the opening of the Suez Canal, allowed countries to export vast amounts of resources easily, therefore boosting economies. The introduction of electricity into society during this time also had a profound impact on the economic situation of many countries and individuals by allowing possible work hours to be increased dramatically. In 1914, Britain, Germany, France and the US owned 72% of the world’s manufacturing output, having a profound impact on the economies of the countries but also creating a climate of competition between the strong industrial powers. To a certain extent, this economic change throughout the world had a significant impact, and acted as a catalyst for increasing social and political change. Political change was evident during the early 20th century given that dynastic rulers still governed solely over many of the imperial nations at the start of this...
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...Historic Setting The footprint traverses the Santa Clara Valley, passing through the major urban setting of San Jose and the smaller communities of Morgan Hill and Gilroy. Between Pacheco Pass and Merced, the APE corridor crosses through rural agricultural lands and hilly uplands in Santa Clara, Merced counties, and the northern edge of San Benito County. As the footprint crosses I-5, it enters into the western edge of the Central Valley. Information gathered from the Program EIR/EIS; local groups; federal, state, and local inventories; and the broad windshield survey provided historical information on the APE corridor, as summarized below. Santa Clara Valley European colonization and settlement of Santa Clara County dates from the late eighteenth...
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...Can the concept of ‘early’ and ‘late’ industrialization explain the key institutional and organizational characteristics of national business systems, and do they have any bearing on long-term national competitiveness? Introduction The concept of industrialization has been used among different nations and regions, while many countries have carried out their own industrialization progress during the past several decades, which stimulates the development of organizations and better corporate performance. There are different kinds of national business systems with their distinctive characteristics varying among countries. Then ‘early’ and ‘late’ industrialization is applied to describe two main types of national businesses that existing in developed and developing countries, which explains the key institutional and organizational differences among countries in particular to some extend. Each country has fallowed different pathway and carried out their industrialization in different period. It is known that the UK is the first country that achieved early industrialization revolution, which was followed by the US. And then in the late twentieth century, Germany, Japan and China implemented their industrialization process with dramatic change on their economic performance. The purpose of this essay is to use the conception of ‘early’ and ‘late’ industrialization to explain the key institutional and organizational characteristics of national business systems by comparative perspective...
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...What aspects and characteristics of American health care of the 18th and 19th centuries have had a major impact on shaping today’s U.S. health care system?” The main historical developments that have shaped the health care delivery system in the United States. Knowledge of the history of health care is essential for understanding the main characteristics of the system as it exists today. For example, the system’s historical foundations explain why health care delivery in the United States has been resistant to national health insurance, which has been adopted by Canada and most European nations. Traditionally held American cultural beliefs and values, technological advances, social changes, economic constraints, and political opportunism are the main historical factors that have shaped health care delivery Because of these factors, health care in the United States is mainly a private industry, but it also receives a fairly substantial amount of financing from the government. However, government financing is used mainly ▪ Cultural beliefs and values • Self-reliance ▪ • Welfare assistance only for the most needy ▪ Social factors • Demographic shifts • Immigration • Health status• Urbanization ▪ Advances in science and technology • New treatments • Training of health professionals • Facilities and equipment Major changes driven by social, cultural, technological, economic, and political forces will be instrumental in shaping the future of medical services in the...
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...Although the interest in “motion pictures” dates back hundreds of years, it wasn’t until the early 19th century that the American people began to focus on advancing the visual art of film. DIfferent methods of image projection served as the rudimentary foundations of motion picture entertainment, and they advanced rapidly throughout the 1800s. Innovators such as Thomas Edison and Eadweard Muybridge began building off of image-projecting technologies to create the roots of America’s film industry. The history of the “motion picture” as we know it begins with photographer and entrepreneur Eadweard Muybridge in California in the late 19th century. He used timed exposures of photos of racehorses to capture the different stages of a horse’s gallop and placed them on a projector to simulate motion. He traveled with his creation in hopes of advancing his invention, and he eventually met with Thomas Edison at one of his shows. During this time, Edison and Muybridge worked together while trying to discover a way to set these moving images to sound from Edison’s phonograph. Soon after their meeting, Edison set out to create an even better camera that could capture more images, and eventually created the kinetograph and the kinetoscope. By the turn of the century, it was evident that the film industry was s profitable enterprise. Many early films contained little to no story line, such as Edison’s The Kiss and The Sneeze. Later, when the ability to pan a camera was born, cinema company...
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...A NEW WORLD OF COMMUNICATION Certainly, the first president of the United States would be awed by the power of these new media to change ideas about the world, perceptions, and even life itself. At the end of the twentieth century and the beginning of a new millennium, there can be little doubt about mass media's impact on the way the world works. Consider a few examples: The communist world collapsed, and mass media played a key role. In the Persian Gulf War of 1991, the American government seemed to be as much concerned with influencing the media as with fighting the enemy. Our politicians have spent hundreds of millions of dollars on television advertising; they are no longer judged by their ideas or leadership but by their ability to project a telegenic image. Athletes no longer seem as engaged in sportsman-like competition as they are in competing for huge salaries as mass entertainers. The 0. J. Simpson trials and the death and funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales, have shown us that celebrities often command the world's media attention more than real issues of life and death for the planet. Most of us have had some direct experience with the impact of media on our lives, and we have witnessed their power in molding institutions and shaping events. What is still debatable, however, is whether that power is being used for good or for ill. In this discussion there are many sides-and that is what this book is all about. Without question, the mass media in America are unique...
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