...believe that innate factors have more of an effect on motivation than learned factors do? Why or why not? In my opinion, learned factors have more of an effect on motivation than innate factors. Behavioral characteristics and individual traits stem from heredity and environmental influence. Secondly, innate factors such as DNA only influence physical traits like hair and eye color. DNA does not govern, or have an impact on any type of motivating behavior. Also, innate factors include things such as intelligence, personality, and sexuality. Just because a person is intelligent does not mean he or she will not be motivated to anger or violence, when these are thing they have been exposed to. If this individual is exposed to a violent culture or family life then they are more likely to be influenced by learned factors. 2.) What is the relationship between instincts and motives? Provide an example. Survival is what describes the relationship between instinct and motives. Instincts are described as impules which causes an individual to act which, is caused by an innate need or desire for one’s survival. One’s instincts cause motivation. When a bird builds a nest this shows a good example of the relationship between instincts and survival. The behavior is not a learned behavior because the bird does not have a supply list or document mapped out with directions. Building a nest for the bird comes from its own instincts. 3.) What aspects of human emotions appear to be innate and what...
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...personality because there are contradicting theories of personality. For example one theorist might believe that personality is innate and that people are born with certain personalities. Another theorist might believe that personality is shaped based on the environment an individual is raised in or other social factors. For this reason theorists have not been able to come up with a single definition. Why is it important to understand personality? It is important to understand personality because it is important to know why people behave and react in certain ways and why people act the way they do toward other people. For example, in a work environment it would be important to understand personality because lets say you work in an environment where every one differs with their personalities. Most people at work would not get anything done and there would be constant arguments. What factors affect an individual’s personality development? Which factor has the biggest effect? Why? Some of the factors that play a role in a person’s development of personality are biological, environmental, and experiences. Biological factors include our genes and what we basically received from our parents. Certain traits may be from the mother and other might be from the father. Both the genetic makeup and the physical traits are tendencies that are innate that make us respond to situations in a particular manner. Biology- our genes, what we have inherited. This is the reason we are...
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...Emotion Emotion is a very complex subject that has been discussed and researched for over 100 years. There are several definitions of emotion based upon the various theories that have developed over the course of that time period. However, a working definition of emotion that can be used is that emotions are the cognitive aspect of feeling or the value judgment placed on a particular experience. Emotions have a physiological basis as was studied by Cannon who gave the first descriptions of bodily changes during simpler emotions and found that the thalamus is the center of emotion. The adrenal gland and adrenaline, acting along with the autonomic nervous system, produce the physiological changes within our bodies which we then label as emotions. (deCatanzaro 6) Papez identified the limbic system as being a critical part of many emotions. He argued that “emotions influence consciousness, and hence the cortex, and in turn higher cognitive functions influence emotions.” (deCatanzaro 81) We label these physiological changes as emotions as stated in the James-Lange theory: “physiological changes occur during emotions, and our subjective experience of these emotions involves internal sensation of these changes.” (deCatanzaro 8) The relationship between emotion and cognition can be explained by theories of emotion developed by Zajonc, Leventhal, and Schacter. According to Zajonc, emotional responses can become socialized and that emotions can occur without cognition. He argued that...
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...easiest way to make a decision when a new situation approaches. Realistically, association is not always the best answer however as humans, it is natural. In our readings, I find that the Associationistic Theory is the most interesting and appealing to me. The Associationistic Theory in Philosophy refers to the idea that mental processes operate by the association of one state with its successor states. (Warren 1921) The theory was developed by Plato and Aristotle, and further developed by pioneers like John Locke, David Hume, and James Mill. In the evolution of development, Locke, Hume, Mill developed elaborate principles and its relation to neurophysiology. Their contributions have led to Psychologists tactics in describing and assessing behavior when conducting sessions. The easiest way for one to relate to a theory is applying it and associating it through one’s own experience identifying with the elements that consist of that theory. Through my experience and much research I have come to see the Associationistic theory is very much present in my life. It is exciting to see the world through your eyes and being able to make sense of our experiences and such in that regard; Well I identify with the Associationistic Theory and all of its elements are the story of my life. When looking at the Associationaistic Theory, one...
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...all “know” things, and naturally perform a lot of actions, meaning we exhibit in a lot of behaviors. Ever stop to think where all of this came from? Some are innate, while others are only acquired actively; therefore, any knowledge or behavior that we have now and were NOT born with, was one way or the other, “learned”. Learning is an integral part of all living things’ lives; some certain behaviors we are born with, innate (genetically predisposed at birth or maybe even during conception) such as certain reflexes and some specific species behaviors; while others are only gained through learning. Learning, in the field of psychology has been best described as “ . . . .a relatively permanent change in behavior or in behavioral potentiality that results from experience and cannot be attributed to temporary body states such as those induced by illness, fatigue, or drugs” (Hergenhahn & Olson, 2005). That said, in order to get a complete understanding of the mechanism of learning, in regards to the psychology field, it is really important for a person to first understand the specific role that is played by behavior, in learning, the different types of learning as well as the relationship between the two; learning and cognition. Needless to say, it is a known fact that the actual neurological processes of learning cannot actually be witnessed or observed first hand; therefore, behavior is the only thing that is left to science that can be used in learning more about the learning...
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...CHAPTER 5 – Employee Motivation ● Motivation The forces within a person that affect the direction, intensity, and persistence of voluntary behavior. o Exerting particular effort level (intensity), for a certain amount of time (persistence), toward a particular goal (direction) ▪ Intensity effort level ▪ Persistence – duration of effort ▪ Direction – effort’s goal target Employee Engagement ● Employee Engagement – individual’s emotional and cognitive motivation, particularly a focused, intense, persistent, and persistent, and purposive effort toward workrelated goals o High absorption in the work o High selfefficacy: believe you have the ability, role clarity and resources to get the job done Employee Drives and Needs ● Drives Primary Needs) hardwired characteristics of the brain that correct ( deficiencies or maintain an internal equilibrium by producing emotions to energize individuals ○ Prime movers of behaviour by activating emotions ○ Represent a universal and innate brain function that produces emotions that energize individuals to act on their environment. ○ Drives are innate and universal; we are born with them and everyone has them. ○ ○ ● Several human drives identified in research: i. Drives for social interaction ii. For knowing what goes on around you iii. For competence or status iv. For defending against physiological & psychological harm or loss Needs goal directed forces that people experience ...
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...Consumer Traits and Behaviors Paper and Presentation References PSY/322 Team C: Jesika Corbet, Marshaye Glasscock, Jane Riscica, Yulonda Coleman, and Brandon Treece May 26, 2014 1. Kacen, Jacqueline, J. (2002). The Influence of Culture on Consumer Impulsive Buying Behavior Journal of Consumer Psychology, Volume 12, Issue 2, Pages 163-176 This article would be a helpful resource because it demonstrates the impact annual sales volumes increase in many cultures through impulsive buying. It also allows us to see just how individualism-collectivism, self-identity, and purchase behavior whether it is planned or impulsive contributes to a culture in different fashions. Impulse buying generates over $4 billion in annual sales volume in the United States. With the growth of e-commerce and television shopping channels, consumers have easy access to impulse purchasing opportunities, but little is known about this sudden, compelling, hedonically complex purchasing behavior in non-Western cultures. Yet cultural factors moderate many aspects of consumer's impulsive buying behavior, including self-identity, normative influences, the suppression of emotion, and the postponement of instant gratification. From a multi-country survey of consumers in Australia, United States, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Malaysia, our analyses show that both regional level factors (individualism–collectivism) and individual cultural difference factors (independent –interdependent self-concept) systematically...
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...Barbara Lazear Ascher in “On Compassion” believes that compassion is something that we learned and develop, not something that is embedded in our DNA. Compassion is a trait that we are born with. After all, would compassion even exist if one did not have it in the first place? In order for humans to survive, we had to naturally have compassion in order to survive on our own and as a race. When a human is born, their innocence to the world makes them naturally have an instinct of compassion and to help others. When can haul this behavior is hate. Hate is something that is learned overtime. A child has no hate in his or her’s heart until taught to by their environment. They are taught not to talk to a certain someone, or they are bad, or “I don’t...
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...Are perceptual abilities innate? Psychologists have argued whether perceptual abilities are innate or due to a nurturing process. Gibson and Walk (1960), Bower et al. (1965), Slater et al. (1990) etc. supported that we are born to have perceptual abilities. However there are many studies that criticised their experiments were insufficient enough to prove it is innate. They argued that past experiment and knowledge are needed to build up perceptual abilities; also there are some researchers who state that environmental factors are also a requirement for us to develop perceptual abilities. There were many infant studies which supported that perceptual abilities are innate. Gibson and Walk (1960) have studied and tested whether infants could distinguish depth by the time they know how to move (i.e. crawl). They aimed to test whether perceptual behaviors of infants were an innate characteristic of humans and non-humans. They have tested 36 infants aged 6-14 months for depth perception, by putting the infants on the visual cliff. Infants were put in the middle of the half transparent visual cliff, and their mother was standing on the other side. If the infants wanted to crawl to their mother, they had to crawl through the transparent side. As a result, infants would not cross to the transparent side of the cliff - meaning that the depth perception ability is innate. Moreover, to increase the reliability of the study, non-human animals such as chicks and goats were used in this experiment...
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...Discuss one or more explanation of attachment. (12 marks) One explanation of attachment is the Learning theory. The learning theory proposes that all behavior is learned rather than inborn. This means when a child is born they learn a certain thing over time rather than being born with it. The leaning theory, put forward by behaviourists who prefer to focus their explanations solely on behaviour, tells us what people do rather than what may or may not being going on in their minds. They also suggest that all behavior, including attachment, is learned through either classical or operant conditioning. According to Ivan Pavlov ‘learning is a conditioned reflex also known as classical conditioning. The learning theory states that when an infant is hungry, milk (unconditioned stimulus) naturally produces a sense of pleasure (unconditioned response). The person who feeds the infant (conditioned stimulus) becomes associated with the food thus an association between the feeder and the pleasure produced when the infant’s hunger is satisfied (conditioned response), creating a stimulus-response (S-R) link. This new association is the attachment bond. However according to Skinner ‘learning is due to the kind of reinforcing response our actions produce’ also known as operant conditioning. Dollard and Miller’s theory of attachment suggests that infant’s naturally seek to reduce their discomfort of hunger. Feeding satisfies this need and thus the child learns to repeat this behaviour whenever...
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...negotiating through the process of buying goods and services. There are psychological and social processes that may have an influence consumer behavior. Some of those influences come from the process developed by the marketing communications. There is also a relationship between the consumer traits and their purchasing behaviors that will be evaluated in this paper. Culture also is important to consumer behavior and can affect regional and social needs. Finally, consumers are analytical and can interpret marketing messages to benefit their needs. All these points will be evaluated and explored in this paper on consumer traits and behaviors. Psychological and Social Processes that Influence Consumer Behavior Consumers are driven by the desire to satisfy needs when they decide to make a purchase. Many of these needs are considered to be our Innate or primary needs. These needs are the physiological needs that we, as humans, require to help keep us alive, things such as food, air, water, shelter and sex. The satisfying of these physical needs are only a part, although a major one, of what drives us to buy the things we need. The problem with humans is that we are not completely satisfied with meeting our physical needs, but we also have to satisfy our Acquired needs or secondary needs. Just like the satisfaction of our innate needs helps us to feel good about our physical self. The meeting of our acquired needs, which consist of self-esteem, prestige, power, learning...
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...Phobias and Addictions Paper Osvaldo L Mercado University of Phoenix Classical Conditioning refers to a procedure by which a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after it is paired with a stimulus that automatically elicits that response.” (Kowalski & Westen, 2011) The unconditioned stimulus or ‘US”, is an occurrence which causes an innate, involuntary response or reaction. When someone smells a favorite food cooking they most oftentimes begin to feel hungry; in this scenario the unconditioned stimulus, is the aroma of the food. The feeling of hunger in relation to the aroma of the food is referred to as the unconditioned response or “UR”; once again, the term unconditioned means that this is a naturally occurring reaction which has not been learned by the individual who experiences the feelings of hunger. In regards to phobias, theories of classical conditioning can be applied due to the fact that most irrational fears are learned by association and with the introduction of a stimulus which would otherwise not cause a reaction i.e. a neutral stimulus. There are thousands of documented phobias from the world, most are believed to have developed due to a response from a negative environment that the individual encountered at one point in life. According to the American Psychiatric Association (2012). Symptoms of a phobia include the following: * Recognition that the fear goes beyond normal boundaries and the actual threat of danger * Reactions...
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...This issue frequently gets critical when Christianity and homosexuality are addressed together. How could a loving God make somebody a gay person, but then condemn him or her for satisfying his innate nature? God did not mean for the same genders be in a relationship. If so, he most likely would have made just men or just ladies. Homosexuality might not have been said by Jesus, but numerous other sexual varieties were not, either. Be that as it may, He couldn't have spelled out the measure for sexual expression all the more obviously: male to female, united as God designed them to be. He can't be expected to have endorsed of anything less. That is the reason why I believe homosexuality is a...
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...Descartes’s Mind Body Dualism Rene Descartes was a dualistic thinker. He believed, like previous psychologists, that the body and mind were two different entities. His views were somewhat different though because he believed in mutual interaction between the body and the mind. Descartes also believed the mind had two kind of ideas derived and innate as he outlined in his doctrine of ideas. Derived ideas are basically ideas that you learn from external stimuluses’ and innate ideas that come from your mind that don’t need to be stimulated by an external stimuli. Descartes doctrine of ideas was widely used in the “new” era of psychology and moved psychology into a new direction and his work influenced many of future psychologists. Marshall...
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...Cognitive Psychology The definition of cognitive psychology is, "a branch of psychology concerning the mental processes, including perception, thinking, learning, and memory; with respects to internal events occurring with sensory stimulation and overt oppression of behavior" (Merriam-Webster Inc., 2013). The importance of cognitive psychology is understood through various views, theories, and research studies. Cognitive psychology had many milestones encouraging the development of this branch of psychology beginning with ancient Greek times when merely thoughts and questions surrounded its understanding. The ancient Greeks knew little about the human mind and the mental processes it possessed. Cognitive psychology spawned a desire for people to understand how the mind works and what processes involve learning. Philosophers and early psychologists alike studied the mind. Speculating the workings of the mind and displaying consistent curiosity set the milestones seen today in the developments of cognitive psychology as a discipline (Willingham, 2007). Four Key Milestones in Cognitive Psychology Surprisingly, milestones dating back to the ancient Greek times have set a precedent in today’s views of cognitive psychology. Even though most of the Greeks' answers to their own questions about the mind and knowledge were incorrect, the assumptions they made contribute to the field of cognitive psychology...
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