...nanocomputer A nanocomputer is a computer whose physical dimensions are microscopic. The field of nanocomputing is part of the emerging field of nanotechnology. Several types of nanocomputers have been suggested or proposed by and futurists. BIO TECH | INFO TECH | NANO TECH | PharmacyTools industrial | Hardware Softwarecommunication | Structural Biomedical electrical | Electronic nanocomputers would operate in a manner similar to the way present- day microcomputers work. The main difference is one of physical scale. More and more transistors are squeezed into silicon chips with each passing year; witness the evaluation of integrated circuits (IC s) capable of ever increasing storage capacity and nanocomputing is part of the emerging field of nanotechnology. Several types of nanocomputers have been suggested or proposed by and futurists. processing power. The ultimate limit to the number of transistors per unit volume is imposed by the atomic structure of dimension are microscopy. Until the mid-1990s, the term "nanoscale" generally denoted circuit features smaller than 100 nm. As the IC industry started to build commercial devices at such size scales since the beginning of the 2000s, the term “nanocomputing” has been reserved for device features well below 50 nm to even the size of individual molecules, which are only a few nm. Scientists and engineers are only beginning to conceive new ways to approach computing using extremely small devices and individual molecules...
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...development of the microprocessor. All digital computers use electronic switches. These switches represent binary digits or bits. The first computers used vacuum tubes as switches to represent on-or-off binary data, but vacuum tubes had many problems. Without the invention of the transistor, microprocessors and the modern computer would not be possible. Bell Laboratory engineers John Bardeen and Walter Brattain invented the transistor in 1947 (transistor). Transistors consumed less power than vacuumed tubes and were microscopic in comparison, this allowed smaller, faster, and more reliable computers to be designed and used. The invention of transistors set the stage for the invention of the integrated circuit and then the microprocessor. The inventor of the first practical integrated circuit in 1959, was Robert Noyce. According to Berlin, “Robert Noyce has...
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...A. 1. SWOT Analysis Strengths IBM’s continued domination of the global market produced record increases in revenues every year, with most of the revenues coming from its highly successful System/360 and System/370 mainframe series. These powerful mainframes, which fully automated a company’s manual information processing systems, became the industry standard that competitors tried to match. Apart from this, IBM’s high-priced lease strategy, backed by excellent customer service, also contributed to the rapid rise of the company’s fortunes. This leasing system tied the company to its customers, thus guaranteeing a steady cash flow. Over the years, IBM’s traditional focus on service, combined with a successful sales force, always gave it a competitive advantage. Another of IBM’s strengths is its successful alliances and joint ventures with computer, software, and marketing companies such as Intel and Microsoft. These ventures helped IBM achieve product innovation and differentiation and enter new markets. IBM’s contention system can also be considered as strength. In this system, project teams design competing product prototypes and a series of committees at all managerial levels debate the costs and benefits of each project over a time period. This resulted to the approval of generally successful projects. Furthermore, the product group structure which was implemented during the restructuring of the ‘90s proved to be very successful. In this structure, the divisions were...
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...First Generation (1941-1956) World War gave rise to numerous developments and started off the computer age. Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) was produced by a partnershp between University of Pennsylvannia and the US government. It consisted of 18,000 vacuum tubes and 7000 resistors. It was developed by John Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly and was a general purpose computer. "Von Neumann designed the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) in 1945 with a memory to hold both a stored program as well as data." Von Neumann's computer allowed for all the computer functions to be controlled by a single source. Then in 1951 came the Universal Automatic Computer(UNIVAC I), designed by Remington rand and collectively owned by US census bureau and General Electric. UNIVAC amazingly predicted the winner of 1952, presidential elections, Dwight D. Eisenhower. In first generation computers, the operating instructions or programs were specifically built for the task for which computer was manufactured. The Machine language was the only way to tell these machines to perform the operations. There was great difficulty to program these computers ,and more when there were some malfunctions. First Generation computers used Vacuum tubes and magnetic drums(for data storage). Second Generation Computers (1956-1963) The invention of Transistors marked the start of the second generation. These transistors took place of the vacuum tubes used in the first...
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...1. Explain the difference and the relationship between information technology (IT) and information systems (IS). Information Technology and Information Systems work hand in hand in many business scenarios, although they are not the same. Information Technology (IT) refers to the technological side of an organization, but is not limited to communications. The IT department is the division of engineering that deals with the use of computers and telecommunications to get, transmit, and store information. The IT department of any given company could handle anything from hardware installation to software deployment. It is the use of networks, computers, software, programming languages, and computer hardware; these are all examples of the scope information technology. Managed Information Systems (MIS) is the practice of how information is delivered, communicated, organized and used in order to achieve any number of goals. The MIS department is a division of the general in-house controls of a business that deals with the use of people, documents and procedures by management. The MIS department uses these controls to solve business problems, report data to management, finance and sales. The MIS department would provide and collect information for research and development to provide a service or a business-wide strategy. The MIS department would essentially be a part of everything from management, finance, sales, research and development to final production. Although most information...
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...many people believe that computers started with the abacus, a simple counting device. The abacus is believed to have been built in Babylon in the fourth century B.C. The "First Generation" of computers started in the very late 1930's. These computers were grotesquely slow, colossal in size, created much heat, used hundreds of kilowatts of power, and were about as reliable as a used up match (www.pbs.org). As time went on, these computers evolved from using vacuum tubes to transistors. Transistors mark the beginning of the "Second Generation" of computers in 1947. Unfortunately, the 2nd Generation did not advance as much as most people hoped, but eventually, the "Third Generation" was brought about by the invention of integrated circuits in 1958. Integrated circuits...
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...The Five Generations Of Computers The 21st century is the age of computer technology and it has brought about a major change in every aspect of our life. “It has largely changed the way we communicate and the way information exchange is used in today's world. The computer is a growing creation that is a result of advances of many other generations of computers, for example, the common personal computer, personal tablets, and even our smartphones, all came from the concepts of the previous 4 generations of computers” according to (Duncan, Becky) in her article over the importance of computers. This time and age we are now using the fifth generation of computers. Computers are so beneficial to the world today because, Computers are now a part of everyone's existence, including work, school, learning and play. Many modern activities, such as social media, information sharing and business applications require computers, and people cannot complete these actions without one. “The computer is an electronic device used in almost every field even where it is most unexpected. It is made up of two things one is the hardware and other is software. All physical components of computer like keyboard, mouse, monitor etc. comes under the hardware while all the programs and languages used by the computer are called software.” (Trigg, Paula). These days’ computers are the tools for not only engineers and scientists but also they are being used by millions of people around the world. First Generation...
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...[pic] AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY BANGLADESH – AIUB ‘ Business to Business marketing’ Report on: Intel Submitted to: Khan tahsina nimmi Lecturer Department of Marketing School of Business Submitted By: |Rased Abdur |09-14501-2 | |Anoy Md Shakib Ahamed |09-14497-2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | Executive Summary The internal complexity of the personal computer has grown to a staggering level. Today’s most advanced processors and chipsets incorporate millions of transistors, and must be compatible with dozens of operating systems, hundreds of platform components and thousands of hardware devices and software applications. To ensure leading performance, reliability...
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...Electronics FOR DUMmIES by Gordon McComb and Earl Boysen ‰ TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine ! Electronics For Dummies® Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc. 111 River Street Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774 Copyright © 2005 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Legal Department, Wiley Publishing, Inc., 10475 Crosspoint Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46256, (317) 572-3447, fax (317) 572-4355, e-mail: brandreview@wiley.com. Trademarks: Wiley, the Wiley Publishing logo, For Dummies, the Dummies Man logo, A Reference for the Rest of Us!, The Dummies Way, Dummies Daily, The Fun and Easy Way, Dummies.com, and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates in the United States and other countries, and may not be used without written...
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...applications in digital electronics. A flip-flop is a synchronous version of the latch. The first electronic flip-flop was invented in 1918 by William Eccles and F.W. Jordan. It was initially called the Eccles–Jordan trigger circuit and consisted of two active elements (vacuum tubes).Such circuits and their transistorized versions were common in computers even after the introduction of integrated circuits, though flip-flops made from logic gates are also common now .Today, the term flip-flop has come to mostly denote non-transparent (clocked or edge triggered) devices, while the simpler transparent ones are often referred to as latches. The word latch is mainly used for storage elements, while clocked devices are described as flip-flops. There are a number of types of Flip-flops such as: - Set-Reset Flip-flops, also known as SR Flip-flops - Toggle Flip-Flops - JK Flip Flops - Master–slave pulse-triggered D flip-flop - D Flip Flops - Gated latches and conditional transparency Flip-flops are essentially 1-bit storage devices .i.e. outputs can be set to store either 0 or 1 depending on the inputs. A flip-flop in combination with a Schmitt trigger can be used for the implementation of an arbiter in asynchronous circuits. Flip-flop integrated circuits (ICs) also exist that provide one or more flip-flops. We can use any one of the flip-flop type to build any of the others. This is only an introduction of the topics I have to cover while preparing my term paper. ...
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...Discount Rate ( d ) 10% Sales Growth = 0% (assumption) 1+d 1.10 Attrition Rate 14% Retention Rate ( r ) 86% Customer Life Expectancy (1/(1-Retention Rate)) 7.37 Years 8700 Profitable Year "CF if Client Margin (m)" "Prob Survival (r^n)" (1+d)^n PV Factor 1/(1+d)^n m*r^n*(1/(1+d)^n) CLV 0 -41 1.00 1.00 1.00 -41.00 -41.00 1 427 0.86 1.10 0.91 335.26 294.26 2 465 0.75 1.21 0.83 287.15 581.41 3 505 0.65 1.33 0.75 244.76 826.17 4 505 0.56 1.46 0.68 192.31 1018.48 5 505 0.48 1.61 0.62 151.11 1169.59 6 505 0.42 1.77 0.56 118.73 1288.33 7 505 0.36 1.95 0.51 93.29 1381.62 8 505 0.31 2.14 0.47 73.30 1454.92 9 505 0.27 2.36 0.42 57.60 1512.52 10 505 0.23 2.59 0.39 45.26 1557.78 11 505 0.20 2.85 0.35 35.56 1593.34 12 505 0.17 3.14 0.32 27.94 1621.28 13 505 0.15 3.45 0.29 21.95 1643.24 14 505 0.13 3.80 0.26 17.25 1660.49 15 505 0.11 4.18 0.24 13.55 1674.04 16 505 0.10 4.59 0.22 10.65 1684.69 17 505 0.08 5.05 0.20 8.37 1693.06 18 505 0.07 5.56 0.18 6.58 1699.64 19 505 0.06 6.12 0.16 5.17 1704.80 20 505 0.05 6.73 0.15 4.06 1708.86 21 505 0.05 7.40 0.14 3.19 1712.05 22 505 0.04 8.14 0.12 2.51 1714.56 23 505 0.03 8.95 0.11 1.97 1716.53 24 505 0.03 9.85 0.10 1.55 1718.07 25 505 0.03 10.83 0.09 1.22 1719.29 26 505 0.02 11.92 0.08 0.96 1720.25 27 505 0.02 13.11 0.08 0.75 1721.00 28 505 0.02 14.42 0.07 0.59 1721.59 29 505 0.01 15.86 0.06 0.46 1722.05 30 505 0.01 17.45 0.06 0.36 1722.41 31 505 0.01 19.19 0.05 0.29...
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...Summary Tri-Cities Furniture is small business company categorized under Furniture Stores and located in Jacksonville, Alabama. The company has been in operation for more than twenty years and has two other stores operating in Anniston and Gadsden area. Albert Mendoza, who is also the sales manager, a part-time sales person, and bill collector, owns Tri-Cities. Transactions including sales, purchases, inventory, income, and payments are handled and documented by the bookkeeper, Alice Cook. Ray Silva operates the current IT system and is also a sales person. Tri-Cities’ current IT system consist of a small IBM computer, believed to be one of IBM’s earliest small systems, which is used to keep records of inventory of all stores and installment payments. Also, the computer is used to print furniture price tags. (RV) Problem The main problem with Tri-Cities IT system is that it is obsolete and underutilized. The system was bought with good intentions, however at this point it used very little. The owner, Mr. Mendoza, would like to compile some information about sales and other business measurables, however at this point has not been able to do so. One reason for this is that there is no documentation for the software that is loaded. The computer was purchased on the advice of an accountant from a friend. No one involved in the purchase of the computer is knowledgeable about the operation of the system within the business parameters. In addition, no one on Tri-Cities’ staff...
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...Intel’s famed technical prowess was not without mishaps. Its greatest mistake was the so-called “Pentium flaw,” in which an obscure segment among the Pentium CPU’s 3.1 million transistors performed division incorrectly. Company engineers discovered the problem after the product’s release in 1993 but decided to keep quiet and fix the problem in updates to the chip. However, In 1994 American mathematician Thomas Nicely was using a personal computer equipped with the then new Pentium chip from the Intel Corporation when he discovered a flaw in the chip that was producing inconsistent results in his calculations of Brun’s constant. Negative publicity from the mathematics community led Intel to offer free replacement chips that cost them millions of dollars in revenue. My analysis of the way the Intel Corporation handled the Pentium flaw of the 90's was irresponsible. They seemed to basically dismiss that there would be noticeable problems that could affect the user with their computer. Although in most cases this assumption is correct, it still shows a great deal of dishonestly from the company because it seemed as if Intel tried to cover it up. I feel that Intel was lazy and simply not willing to fix the problem that they created due to cost concerns. If I were to sell a bicycle to someone knowing the breaks were faulty, causing occasional break failure, I think people would be pretty upset and I would most likely be sued for sub sequential harm caused. On December 20, 1994,...
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...means of accident prevention using eye blink wherein the vehicle is stopped immediately and intimated wherever needed. In this project we have two sections. One is transmitter section which is located in the vehicle and another one is Receiver section located in remote place (Police station, near ones, etc). In the transmitter section the eye blink sensor is placed near the eye to sense the blink count and this information is transmitted in the form of pulses and is given to the Microcontroller. The Microcontroller uses this information to compare with the normal eye blink programmed in the chip and if any abnormal situation arises the vehicle is stopped with an alarm indication, this operation is enabled by means of the driver circuit connected to the vehicle motor and the signal is transmitted via RF-transmitter at the frequency of 433.92 MHz. In the Receiver side the transmitted signal is received and the signal is decoded and given to the Microcontroller, which uses this information for displaying the alert message in the LCD as programmed, simultaneously a buzzer alert is given. Block Diagram Transmitter[pic] Receiver [pic] HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS • Microcontroller Unit and Power Supply • LCD • Alarm unit • RF transmitter and receiver SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS • Embedded C • Keil Compiler LIST OF HARDWARE MODULES: MODULE 1: ...
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...I believe that although computers can be used as a tool to spread awareness about problems in the environment, they cause a lot of environmental problems themselves. Pollution caused by the production of computer hardware, as well as from the cleaning agents used to clean computers, is a great hazard to the Environment and the people that live in it. People leave their computers on non-stop resulting in a lot of energy consumption and enormous amounts of paper are being used daily to print out electronically stored data. It causes health problems as well as economic problems and is in urgent need of treatment. Also when examining the problem of pollution caused by computers and their production, it is evident that all computer hardware is responsible for the problem, for it is the hardware's production that causes the pollution. Pieces of hardware such as keyboards, monitors, mice etc. are all made out of plastic, which is usually not recyclable. Other chemicals found in these tools are also often bad for the environment and cause damage. As a result of the assembly of pieces inside the computer such as wafers and computer chips a lot of toxic materials are given off causing further harm to the environment. The evolution of computers causes harm because old computers are often thrown out only to be replaced by larger computers, which consume more energy and therefore cause even more pollution. They too, will eventually be thrown out and replaced. As the demand...
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