...studies conducted by researchers, it has been shown that genetic factors affect the IQ of a person, and specific genes that take part in influencing the IQ have been identified. The studies have also proposed that performance is affected by genetic factors. However, it has not been clear whether the genes that shape the IQ are the same genes that influence test scores and grades. The high heritability of intelligence proves to be a difficult subject because it may be perceived to imply that the communities or schools that perform poorly produce unfavorable results due to the immutable characteristics present in those populations. This may imply that the poor kids should be left alone just because they are created that way. However, comprehending the reason why the school system is difficult for some people while being easy for others is important to enabling the researchers to come up with a system that suits the individual strengths of the communities and schools involved. Again, high heritability does not imply total heritability because there is yet another vital role of the environment that requires much consideration, an aspect that informs the scholars of the field of intelligence inheritability how the results can be improved through a change in the environment. A population exhibiting high rate of heritability may be interpreted as a symbol of equality in the sense that environment would be the dominant factor, or it can’t vary radically. For instance, taking height to be...
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...For centuries humans have pondered over the nature of intelligence. Many have created theories to develop a concrete understanding of its overall concept. In addition to disagreements about the basic nature of intelligence, psychologists have spent a great amount of time and energy debating the various influences on individual intelligence. The debate focuses on one of the major questions in psychology, which is more important Nature or Nurture? Charles Spearman proposed a general intelligence factor, g, which underlies all intelligent behavior. Many scientists still believe in a general intelligence factor that underlies the specific abilities that intelligence tests measure. Other scientists are skeptical, because people can score high on one specific ability but show weakness in others. Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon (Simon and Binet, 1905) produced the first form of modern intelligence testing in 1905. The test had a practical purpose and was used to identify children who may need extra help with their school work. Due to the purpose of the test, the exercises Binet and Simon asked the children to complete were very similar to tasks the children completed within schools, i.e. measures of vocabulary, comprehension of facts and relationships and mathematical and verbal reasoning. The Binet & Simon test was later modified and extended by Lewis Terman and his associates at Stanford University where it was translated for use in the United States (Terman 1916, Terman and...
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...valid without also being reliable C. Cannot be reliable without also being valid D. Cannot be both reliable and valid 4. A man receives a score of 50 on a test. In order to understand what this score means, it is necessary to A. Also know the validity of the test B. Have access to statistical norms for the test C. Get collaborating information about the man’s anger from a trained professional D. Know whether the test was administered by a professional 5. What question eventually led to the development of the first workable intelligence test was A. “What needs to be done in order to ensure a strong military-industrial complex?” B. “What needs to be done in order to produce mathematically gifted students?” C. “How can individuals be helped in their striving for self-actualization?” D. “How can developmentally disabled children be taught more effectively?” 6. An 8-year-old child has just taken Alfred Binet’s test of intelligence and has been told his mental age is ten. This means that A. His chronological age must be nine. B. He is less intelligent than most 10-year-olds C. His score equals the score of the average 10- year-old D. He is probably developmentally disabled and in need of remedial education 7. You are asked to calculate an IQ score. If you were using Terman’s method, you would A. Add mental age to chronological age and divide the result by 100 B. Add 110 to mental age and then divide the result by chronological age C. Divide mental age by...
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...wife is educated well enough. They have learned many things through the life experience. Those things can let the new born become smarter and help them in their thinking development. And the languages we are talking more than one language and we all looking to be talking and learning different languages. Plus it is getting so easy to get the information so we are able to get any information anytime anywhere. Which of the factors explaining the Flynn Effect do you accept? They have explained four different factors, which is Education, Smaller Families, Test-talking savvy and Genes. Education has been changed a lot since past years. Today students use the modern technologies for studying purpose. Internet is one of the most useful things for studying especially to get the information. And in these days students are taking a lot of tests during the semesters and they become a professional. They know how to take tests and how to do well on them and they are not afraid any more from taking exams. It helps to new generation to do well with IQ . Genes factors, my opinion maybe Genes can affect the new born children to be smart or no but still it will be depending on the willing of that child to learn and to the parents how much...
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...Is intelligence associated with health and longevity and if so, why? Discuss with reference to relevant empirical studies. Associations between measures of socioeconomic status (SES), health and survival rates have been firmly established by social epidemiologists. Nevertheless, in spite of improving western living conditions and wide access to health services and information, social inequalities in health and mortality still prevail. In some instances, wide accessibility to health care appears only to deepen socioeconomic divisions of health and mortality rates (Gottfredson, 2004). Why this should be the case has led researchers to seek out further predictors of morbidity and mortality across the social spectrum. From these efforts a new field of study, cognitive epidemiology (Deary & Der 2005) is seeking to establish general intelligence scores as risk factors for mortality and certain health outcomes. This is a comparatively new field of research, and findings with regard to the extent and exact causal mechanisms of an association between intelligence, health and longevity remain far from conclusive. For instance, some researchers claim that intelligence is the ‘elusive fundamental cause’ of health inequalities (Gottfredson, 2004); whilst others negate the impact of intelligence once SES factors and education are controlled for (Singh-Manoux & Kivimaki, 2009; Hauser & Palloni, 2008). Intelligence tests are long established as valid predictors of occupational...
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...Definition of Intelligence Intelligence can be defined in a variety of ways depending on one’s viewpoint or position. Defining this science is not confined to particular skill or test but can be identified through various approaches, models, or skill sets. In responding to a widely accepted fact that “only 50% of the population will have an IQ of average or above”, one must first briefly understand the origins of intelligence. There has been a debate among researchers and psychologists of whether intelligence is a unitary phenomenon or consists of various s skills and abilities. The two primary views of intelligence, global ability and specific talents, can be used to categorize individuals, as it relates to this science. Global consists of one’s ability to reason and acquire knowledge that manifests itself in a variety of ways, such as memorizing a long poem or solving a maze. Specific talent defines one’s ability to some areas but not in others. For example, a person may be able to compose a sonata but unable to solve a verbal reasoning problem. (Bukato, Daehler 2004 p.348) In order to further understand intelligence one must have a foundation for the various models’ and theories that are widely accepted and used to measure this field. One of the methods for understanding intelligence is the psychometric model (Binet-Simon 1905), which is based on testing large groups of individuals to quantify differences in abilities. The basic assumption with...
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...Module 5 Homework Assignment PSY140: Introduction to Psychology November 21st 2011 1. Define cognition and name the basic units of thinking. Cognition is defined as mental processes of perceiving, believing, thinking, remembering, knowing, and deciding. Concepts are the basic units of thinking. Concepts are general categories of things, events and qualities that are linked by a common feature or features, in spite of their differences. Which help us make sense of information in the world. Concepts also enhance our memory and guide our behavior. Lahley, Benjamin B. / Psychology an Introduction/ 9th Ed. 2. How is language learned and how does it relate to thinking? Language is learned so early that it is difficult to explain how it is managed. Some psycholinguists have proposed that language is learned by special genetically programmed procedures that are unique to language learning. Others contend that the general analytic capacity of the human brain is such that even complex language rules can be worked out without any innate knowledge or special language acquisition procedures. Regardless of which view is correct, experience with one’s native language must be critically important. Narrative skill differences are connected to the way that mothers converse with their children. If they use an elaborative style, engaging in lengthy discussions about children’s past experiences, providing lots of details, asking questions and encouraging children...
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... However if asked many people can not define “intelligence”. Sternberg and Detterman in 1986 asked a large number of theorists what intelligence means. They were not able to find two persons to give them the same definition, though all the theorists asked stated that intelligence is the ability of an individual to learn and remember things. Therefore the individual will also will be able to use his knowledge and even put them into practice to solve certain tasks.(Martin et. al. 2010). The modern ideas of intelligence have been formed just before the end of the nineteenth century. This was possible due to work of to important people in psychology; the French Alfred Binet and the English Francis Galton. Alfred Binet was instructed by the French Ministry of Public Instruction to create and develop an intelligence test to check the level of intelligence of children found in the schools. The purpose of this test was to find if the children will perform the intelligence tests designed for their age and if they are up to the level of intelligence they should be at their age. Another important matter of this tests was to find that if there are any children that did not reach the level of intelligence they should have and if those need special education. Therefore in 1905 Binet and Theodore Simon created the Binet-Simon scale, which was the first intelligence test, actually was the base on the development pyramid of intelligence tests.(Maltby et. al. 2010). Charles Spearman...
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...about these types of scores being used to compare you with another person? Please explain. I do believe the test measures intelligence accurately in general. After taking the IQ test I received a score of 95. I answered 24 questions out of the 30, but 16 were answered incorrectly. The questions were simple and straight forward. The IQ tests measures one’s ability to solve a problem, and takes into account the age of the participant. I do feel that the IQ tests are designed for an audience that is too broad. IQ tests are used to measure areas that need reinforcement, cognitive issues, and helping someone make career decisions. Most of the questions are math related problems, and if you are not strong in math you will not do well in the test. It also has the down side that if one sets to learning to answer the type of questions the test uses it will alter the final results, and some people do not test well under the pressure of a test setting. In the end the score received might not be relevant to everyone’s intelligence. I believe that the test is biased. The test is designed to make certain assumptions. My background is different from that of many people born here in the United States. At times, a question takes longer to make sense to me, but the test was timed. In an effort to be relevant, the test only quizzes a few areas of your intelligence. It assumes that some of this general knowledge is relevant to everyone in the same manner. I am average at math, but the test...
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...(2015) intellectual abilities are abilities needed to perform mental activities – thinking, reasoning, and problem solving (p. 53). Intelligence quotient (IQ) are controversial testes designed to ascertain a person’s general intellectual abilities (Robins et al., 2015, p.53). A substantial amount of intellectual ability is said to be inherited (Robins et al., 2015, p.62). A New Zealand political philosopher name James Flynn does research on intelligence and his resulted are called the “Flynn effect” (Wikipedia, n.d). Flynn Effect is the substantial and long-sustained increase in both fluid and crystallized intelligence test scores measured in many parts of the world from roughly 1930 to the present day (Wikipedia, n.d). Robins et al. (2015) states that now Flynn is saying that though the scores continue to rise, it would “probably be better to say that we are “more modern” than “smarter” (p.62). Three questions that will be answered in this text will be: (1) Do you believe people are really getting smarter? (2) How do you reconcile Flynn’s recent description of the modern mind with the General Social Survey’s findings that U.S. adults preform poorly on scientific questions and aren’t knowledgeable about scientific method? and (3) If the Flynn effect is real, does this undermine the theory that IQ is mostly inherited? Keywords: intelligence abilities, Flynn effect, IQ Case Incident 1 Levitating IQs Questions 2.16. Do you believe people are really getting smarter...
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...This chapter provides an overview of the world of testing. Of course, everyone knows, at least roughly, what we mean by a “test” or “testing.” Everyone has at least some familiarity with a variety of tests, for example, college admission tests, final examinations in courses, vocational interest inventories, and perhaps some personality measures. However, as we begin formal study of this world, it is important that we develop both a more comprehensive and a more precise understanding of the field. More comprehensive so that we consider all types of tests and all relevant issues:We do not want to miss anything important. More precise so that we begin to acquire the technical expertise needed by professionals within the broader fields of psychology and allied disciplines: We will not be satisfied with just a passing acquaintance with these topics.This is an ambitious agenda for one chapter. However, this opening chapter seeks only to provide an overview of these matters. The remaining chapters supply the details. There are a variety of ways to accomplish our goal of providing an overview and orientation to the field. No single way is best. We will use five perspectives or approaches to introduce the field, viewing it, as it were, from different angles or through different lenses. First, we outline the major categories of tests. Most of these categories correspond to chapters in the latter half of this book. In the process of describing these major categories, we mention examples...
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...significant contributions in many areas of psychology, including psychometrics, statistics, and the study of human intelligence. He developed methods for scaling psychological measures, assessing attitudes, and test theory, among many other influential contributions. He is best known for the development of new factor analytic techniques to determine the number and nature of latent constructs within a set of observed variables. Thurstone considers intelligence as a mental trait and the capacity to make impulses focal at their early, unfinished stage of formation. To him therefore, Intelligence is the capacity for abstraction, which is an inhibitory process. Zeichner (2007) defines intelligence as the ability to learn quickly, solve problems, understand complex and abstract issues and generally behave in a reasonable, rational and purposeful manner. Intelligence derives from the Latin verb intelligere, which means to comprehend or perceive. It is the mental quality that consists of the abilities to learn from experience, adapt to new situation, understand and handle abstract concepts and use knowledge to manipulate ones environment. Intelligence can also be described as being able to think logically, analyze issues, and solve problems and to cope with life in a new environment. Thurstone (1887-1955) offered a differing theory of intelligence. Instead of viewing intelligence as a single, general ability, Thurstone's theory focused on seven different "primary mental abilities. (Schmuck...
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...This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers. This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly. Copyright 1998 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 0033-2909/98/S3.00 Psychological Bulletin 1998, Vol. 124, No. 2, 262-274 The Validity and Utility of Selection Methods in Personnel Psychology: Practical and Theoretical Implications of 85 Years of Research Findings John E. Hunter Michigan State University Frank L. Schmidt University of Iowa This article summarizes the practical and theoretical implications of 85 years of research in personnel selection. On the basis of meta-analytic findings, this article presents the validity of 19 selection procedures for predicting job performance and training performance and the validity of paired combinations of general mental ability (GMA) and Ihe 18 other selection procedures. Overall, the 3 combinations with the highest multivariate validity and utility for job performance were GMA plus a work sample test (mean validity of .63), GMA plus an integrity test (mean validity of .65), and GMA plus a structured interview (mean validity of .63). A further advantage of the latter 2 combinations is that they can be used for both entry level selection and selection of experienced employees. The practical utility implications of these summary findings are substantial. The implications of these...
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...views of intelligence are: i. Intelligence is a “general, underlying cleverness which is fixed for life”. ii. There can be multiple intelligences, not just one general intelligence. iii. Intelligence can be developed. a) 1st View of intelligence. Intelligence is a general underlying cleverness which is fixed for life. This view was supported by early psychologist who believed that each and every person has a general level of intelligence. This was known as the IQ in full the intelligence Quotient. The Psychologist who supported this included Charles Spearman An Terman. They believed tht Intelligence was single fixed. Charles Spearman for example created a theory called G. The g meant a particular quantity that was obtained after carrying out statistics. This came to be in that when an individual is given a mental test to answer. The mental test of a person can be divided into two factors one of which can be divided into a general same for all individuals known as the general factor that is the G and a difference in answers called the specific factor. G is in the normal course of events determined innately; a person can no more be trained to have it in higher degree than he can be trained to be taller. b) 2nd View of intelligence. There is multiple intelligence, not one general intelligence. This according to Thurstone, he did an experiment involving several college students. He tried to prove that there was no evidence of any general fixed form of intelligence. He created...
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...percent of 12 to 17 year olds are now online. That is a lot of exposure to information, and at the same time misinformation to an easily impressional demographic. So it begs the question, are children smarter because of the internet? So how do we define what “smarter” actually means? Smarter can mean many different things to different people. Smart is often defined as the general mental ability to learn and apply knowledge to manipulate your environment. But other definitions include the ability to evaluate and judge, the ability to comprehend complex ideas, the capacity for original and productive thought, the ability to learn quickly and learn from experience, and even the ability to comprehend relationships. Intelligence or smarts are measured by an Intelligence Quotient or IQ test, which has shown increases in IQ from generation to generation. The Flynn effect is research that was conducted by James Flynn, who discovered that IQ scores increased from one generation to the next for all countries in which the data has existed. His research has shown that countries have seen generational increases between 5 and 25 points. A potential cause of IQ gains may be that the level of education has increased. People are spending larger amount of time learning and being examined in formal education. While others may argue that IQ gains are caused by societal changes. The parent goals are to protect, educate, and set their children up for success. Parents strive to want nothing but...
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