...office and the customer’s premises. These lines are associated with toll free numbers (such as 800, 877, 888). Leased lines, also known as tie lines, are lines that are leased from the telephone company. Useage of these lines are usually gauged by the amount of time the lines are used, or where they are connected to. Private Branch eXchange (PBX) and Centrex A PBX is a localized telephone system that allows a company to organize different phone numbers within an office. This system is managed and maintained inside of the company. Centrex allows the same type of control, except the equipment is located, managed, and maintained at the phone company. The layers of the International Organization for Standardization- Open Systems Interconnection (ISO-OSI) model The application layer is where communication partners are identified, quality of service is identified, user authentication and privacy are considered, and any constraints on data syntax are identified. The presentation layer is usually part of an operating system, that converts incoming and outgoing data from one presentation format to another. The session layer sets up, coordinates, and terminates conversations, exchanges, and dialogs between the applications at each end. It deals with session and connection coordination. The transport layer manages the end-to-end control and error-checking. It ensures complete data transfer. The...
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...Open System Interconnection CMGT/245 IS Security Concepts Open System Interconnection The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) supplies all the techniques and steps of essential needs to connect one computer to any other in a network. It is a conjectural model that is used commonly in network plan, and in constructing decision. Generally, real networks cling to the Open System Interconnection, however, there are variances with views to the true model. The Open Systems Interconnection supplies an ordinary technique for how current networks work. It separate the technique and steps necessary for a network connection in seven different layers. Each higher division conforms on services given by a lower division. For a complete network connection, information is connected from the top layer on one computer throughout the remaining lower layer, and have a backup of the layers to other computers. The supporting items below explains each layer making assessment for real networking formation as required. 1. Physical Layer: The base layer, physical layer supply the features result in a physical method, used to provide a network connection. The physical layer network result in a physical method, which is a network cable that can transport bits between nodes on the physical network. The physical network can be from an end-to-end, which will result in between two points, or multipoint, which will result in between different points. It can cover half-duplex of one place at a...
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...OSI Model Open System Interconnection แบบจำลองเครือข่าย ( Network Model ) เสนอ อาจารย์ ปริญญา น้อยดอนไพร จัดทำโดย 1. นางสาวกนกอร ไกรนรา รหัสนักศึกษา 5240410501 2. นางสาวกมลชนก บัวหยาด รหัสนักศึกษา 5240410502 1. จุฑามาศ ฤทธิมนตรี 5240410516 3. นางสาวจุฑามาศ ฤทธิมนตรี รหัสนักศึกษา 5240410516 4. นายเชาวนัส นวลรัตน์ รหัสนักศึกษา 5240410521 5. นายทิชากร ศรีอาวุธ รหัสนักศึกษา 5240410530 6. นางสาวปิยะธิดา ศรีส่วน รหัสนักศึกษา 5240410549 7. นายวราพล แช่ตั้ง รหัสนักศึกษา 5240410565 8. นางสาววินิตา เพชรทอง รหัสนักศึกษา 5240410569 9. นางสาว สิริมา เพชรรัตน์ รหัสนักศึกษา 5240410578 10. นางสาวสุชากรณ์ หนูชู รหัสนักศึกษา 5240410579 8. จุฑามาศ ฤทธิมนตรี 5240410516 9. สุชากรณ์ หนูชู 5240410579 10. จุฑามาศ ฤทธิมนตรี 5240410516 11. สุชากรณ์ หนูชู 5240410579 รายงานฉบับนี้เป็นส่วนหนึ่งของรายวิชา 928-202 การสื่อสารข้อมูลและเครือข่าย มหาวิทยาลัยสงลานครินทร์ วิทยาเขตสุราษฎร์ธานี ภาคการศึกษาที่ 2 ปีการศึกษา 2553 คำนำ ในโลกปัจจุบัน คอมพิวเตอร์ ได้ก้าวเข้ามามีบทบาทในชีวิตประจำวันอย่างกว้างขวาง ทั้งในส่วนของการใช้งานโดยตรง เช่น การใช้ในองค์กรธุรกิจต่าง ๆ การควบคุมระบบการเจรจาทั้งทางบก ทางน้ำ และทางอากาศ การติดต่อสื่อสารแลกเปลี่ยนข้อมูลทั้งในระยะใกล้ไปจนถึงระยะไกล ข้ามโลก รวมไปถึงการใช้ในด้านความบันเทิงทั้งเกมส์คอมพิวเตอร์หรือภาพยน ตร์ที่สร้างด้วยคอมพิวเตอร์กราฟิก เป็นต้น ดังนั้น กลุ่มของข้าพเจ้าจึงได้จัดทำรายงาน...
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...Crime, Punishment and Poverty Name 21 December 2015 Social Problems SOC 203 Ramel Oliphant Crime, Punishment and Poverty Many people do not believe that crime and poverty go hand and hand, but both are a permanent fixture within our society. While reading this you will learn more about crime, punishment and poverty. Throughout this paper we will cover such topics as; criminal sanctions and victimization and how they work to form a system of disadvantage that continues the cycle of stratification and poverty; how families, neighborhoods and other racial groups become impacted by the criminal incarceration of any individual; the disproportionate rate at which African Americans are incarcerated at a greater rate than their Whites counterparts and how economic deprivation plays a factor in criminal punishment. Persons convicted of crimes are faced with another battle due to the criminal sanctions they will face once released. It is sad that factors such as racial, geographical and social status of both the criminal and victim are used to decide the punishment. Both the criminal and the victim face hardships in the future and they must both learn to overcome such injustices. Things such as financial, physical, emotional and mental stability will eventually have an impact of both the criminal and the victim at different times and different capacities. Studies has shown that quality education is not widely available to people living in poverty which ultimately...
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...VNCI Policy Paper # 3 Vietnam Competitiveness Initiative COMPETITION REVIEW OF THE VIETNAMESE TELECOM SECTOR June 2005 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). It was prepared by Nguyen Thanh Ha and Pham Quang Thanh of Vietbid Technology & Investment Consulting Center and Jacob Gullish of the VNCI with substantive technical input from John Davis of the USAID-funded STAR Vietnam Project. COMPETITION REVIEW OF THE VIETNAMESE TELECOM SECTOR Disclaimer The authors' views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report was prepared by Nguyen Thanh Ha and Pham Quang Thanh of Vietbid and Jacob Gullish of the VNCI, with substantive technical input from John Davis of the USAID-funded STAR project. Following the completion of the first draft of the report, the results were disseminated at a public workshop hosted by the Central Institute for Economic Management on 10 November 2004. Feedback from this workshop was then incorporated into the final report. VNCI would like to thank Huynh Thanh Tung of Saigon Postel, Nguyen Manh Bang of VP Telecom and the other managers of the surveyed firms for their responsiveness to our questions and inquiries. Other acknowledgements include Steve Parker (STAR project) and Fred Burke (Baker and McKenzie) for their input and...
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...OSI Model Protocol Keisha Bullock NTC 361 December 9, 2013 University of Phoenix (Axia) Bruce Yamashita OSI Model Protocol Open System Interconnection (OSI) is a recommended suggestion for how messages should be transferred between any two users in a telecommunication network. The purpose of the OSI is to direct product implementers so that their items will regularly work with other items. The OSI model outlines seven layers of function that happens at each end of a message. The main purpose of the Open System Interconnection is that the communication procedure between two end points in telecommunication networks can be split up into different levels with each level having its own set of responsibilities ("OSI (open System Interconnection)", 2000-2013). The OSI slits the telecommunication into seven levels which is the application level, the presentation level, the session level, the transport level, the network level, the data link level, and the physical level ("OSI (open System Interconnection)", 2000-2013). The layers are broken up into two sets. The higher four levels are used when a message is transmitted from user to another user. The bottom three levels are exercised when any message passes through the main computer. Messages planned for this computer go through to the higher levels and messages intended for some other computer are not distributed up to the levels but are advanced to other host. The application level offers multiple services to the...
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...Bilag 3 FICORA, Finland National IT and Telecom Agency February/June 2005 QUESTIONNAIRE ON MOBILE TERMINATION Question 1. Does your definition of ”Mobile termination” fit the following set up ?: ”Mobile termination” in Denmark consists of: Delivery of traffic to a mobile operator for the purpose of such mobile operator terminating the relevant traffic to any end-user who is connected to the operatos network The Danish definition of mobile termination implies that the mobile termination ”starts” at the first point of interconnection (POI), where the call can be taken over by the mobile operator, who will then terminate the incoming call to the end-user, i.e. at the end-users handset. The dividing line between mobile termination (market 16) and transit services in the fixed public telephone network (market 10) is at the MSC (or the GMSC). Mobile termination hereby consists of the stretch from the POI to the end-users handset. Mobile termination in Denmark can be illustrated this way: The mobile termination service in Denmark covers all types of calls to the mobile handset, including: -Calls from own or other fixed network(s) to own mobile network -Calls from own or other mobile network(s) to own mobile network The mobile termination service Market 10 (transit) End-users mobile handset MSC Transmission equipment Point of interconnect Termination Base station Marked 15 (access) -International calls to own mobile network Answer from FICORA: No. If ”NO”...
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...STARHUB SUBMISSION ON THE IDA SECOND CONSULTATIVE DOCUMENT FOR THE Proposed Code of Practice for Competition in the Provision of Telecommunication Services Description of the commenting party and its interest in the proceeding 1 Description StarHub Pte Ltd and StarHub Mobile Pte Ltd were awarded a Public Basic Telecommunication Services (PBTS) licence and a Public Cellular Mobile Telephone Services (PCMTS) Licence in Singapore on 5 May 1998. StarHub launched its commercial PBTS and PCMTS services on 1 April 2000. StarHub acquired CyberWay (now StarHub Internet) for the provision of Public Internet Access Services in Singapore on 21 January 1999. This response to IDA’s Second Consultation Paper on the Proposed Code of Practice for Competition in the Provision of Telecommunication Services ("Code") represents the views of the StarHub group of companies, namely, StarHub Pte Ltd, StarHub Mobile Pte Ltd and StarHub Internet Pte Ltd. 2 Interest in the Proceedings StarHub has been dealing with the incumbent, SingTel, for about two years and is in a unique position to comment on the problems it faced and still faces as a new entrant to the local telecommunications market. StarHub supports appropriate regulatory intervention to achieve efficient, competitive provision of services in the telecommunication market in Singapore, as policy intends. summary of the commenting party's position StarHub welcomes the opportunity...
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...Considering the load requirements, transmission system availability, PTC has prioritized refinery locations where up gradation to 220KV transmission system should be undertaken:- Priority Refiner Location Energy Requirement Present Connectivity I Panipat 149 MW 132 KV Gujarat 117 MW 66 KV II Mathura 58 MW 33 KV Haldia 58 MW 33 KV III Bongaigaon 26.6 MW 132 KV Guwahati 17 MW 33 KV Barauni 44 MW 33 KV ASSESSING FEASIBLE GRID INTERCONNECTION I – Prefeasibility Study I. Site visit for relevant data collection and studies on optimal/feasible substations for 220KV grid interconnection in consultation with State and IOCL officials. II. Studying the technical pre-feasibility & recommendations for the identified options. III. Examining commercial feasibility of the proposed option/project based on savings accrued from competitive procurement of power through grid, cost benefit analysis and payback period II – Feasibility Study I. Collection of relevant data at different substations for grid interconnection, including the power supply scenario, voltage fluctuation, frequency variation, availability of transmission corridor for power procurement and assessing the stability of selected grid substation. II. Survey of transmission line and associated activities limited to feasibility of...
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...Telecommunication Systems This paper will describe in general terms the telecommunication system currently in use at a private optometry clinic. The facility is owner operated with six employees and one location that provides a number of services to the public and area optometrist. This includes partnering with an optometry therapist to provide a full array of eye care services for pre and post eye surgery patients. Also included in this paper are short definitions of Rotary and Dual Tone Multifrequency (DTMF), Wide Area Telecommunications Service (WATS), Private Branch eXchange (PBX), and The layers of the International Organization for Standardization-Open Systems Interconnection (ISO-OSI), telecommunication terms as the relate to this business. Gaining permission to view and evaluate the telecommunication systems of a small family owned and operated business when you have been working there less than a week can be a tricky matter. I began by explaining that my interest in the system is purely school related. I continued by letting him know that the conversation and information exchanged could assist in developing a more effective system for the business. This helped but, skepticism and caution were still the overriding view of Doctor Martin business owner and board certified ophthalmologist. Ensuring the privacy of his business records appeared to relax him a bit as did telling him that I did not want any defined information just general. Telling him that I was...
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...World Dialogue on Regulation for Network Economies Regulation and Investment: Case study of Bangladesh Harsha de Silva[1] and Abu Saeed Khan[2] August 2004 Abstract The paper considers the available evidence in determining a relationship, if any, in the Telecom Regulatory Environment [TRE] of Bangladesh and investments in to its telecommunications industry over the last decade. TRE is segmented in to market entry, access to scarce resources, interconnection, tariff regulation and regulation of anti-competitive practices while investments are all non-divestiture foreign and domestic private and public investment. The TRE in Bangladesh is found to be wanting in all defined aspects. Interconnection is the worst of the five components, where a mobile only parallel network is being created due to regulatory ineffectiveness where almost ninety percent of mobile users do not have access to a fixed phone. Investments in to the fixed sector in Bangladesh dominated by the state owned virtual monopoly have been sorely inadequate and continue to be dictated by the funds availability [or lack thereof] of the Government. The mobile sector on the other hand has seen some amount of investments flowing in led by the widely acclaimed GrameenPhone. However, once standardized to compare across the region, it is found, even though using imperfect data to compare, that the reason for this flow could...
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...The Economic and Social Benefits of Mobile Services in Bangladesh A case study for the GSM Association Barney Lane Susan Sweet David Lewin Josie Sephton Ioanna Petini April 2006 LEGAL NOTICE: Neither the GSM Association nor their Members or Associate Members are responsible for the use that might be made of this publication. The views expressed in this publication are the sole responsibility of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the GSM Association, their Members or Associate Members The Economic and Social Benefits of Mobile Services in Bangladesh 1 Executive Summary The GSM Association commissioned Ovum to conduct a study into the economic and social benefits of mobile services in Bangladesh. We were asked to examine whether there were any policy barriers that may prevent the full extent of any benefits of mobile services from being realised. In the event that policy and legislative barriers were found, we were asked to identify recommendations for change. In recent years, the mobile industry in Bangladesh has developed at an extraordinary rate. Today there are approximately ten million mobile customers and coverage extends to 90% of the population. With a population of 44 million (2005 figures), Bangladesh is the seventh most populous country in the world. Our key findings from the study are as follows: • • • • • • • • Almost a quarter of a million Bangladeshi depend on the mobile industry, directly and indirectly. Mobile services...
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...and interconnecting media. The network nodes fall into two major classes: Data terminal equipment (DTE) - Devices that are either the source or the destination of data frames. DTEs are typically devices such as PCs, workstations, file servers, or print servers that, as a group, are all often referred to as end stations. Data communication equipment (DCE) - intermediate network devices that receive and forward frames across the network. DCEs may be either standalone devices such as repeaters, network switches, and routers, or communications interface units such as interface cards and modems. LANs take on many topological configurations, but regardless of their size or complexity, all will be a combination of only three basic interconnection structures or network building blocks....
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...& Engg. School of Engineering and Technology Sharda University, Gr. Noida UP, INDIA Mysteriousrao@gmail.comApril 14, 2015 | Abstract In recent days for computing, distributed computer systems have become very important and popular issue. It delivers high end performance at a low cost. Computers are connected by means of a communication network in a distributed computing environment which is arranged in a geometrical shape called network topology. In the present paper a detailed study and analysis on network topologies is presented. Definitions of Physical and Logical Topologies are also provided. Introduction Network Topology is the study of the arrangement or mapping of the elements (links, nodes, etc.) of a network interconnection between the nodes. Topologies can be physical or logical. Physical Topology means the physical design of a network including the devices, location and cable installation. Logical Topology refers to the fact that how data actually transfers in a network as opposed to its design. Some of the most common network topologies are: Physical Topology Physical Network Topology emphasizes the hardware associated with the system including workstations, remote terminals, servers, and the associated wiring between assets. Physical topology defines how the systems are physically connected. It means the arrangement of devices on a computer network through the actual cables that transmit data. There are eight basic topologies. In below each...
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...Cambridge TECHNICALS OCR LEVEL 3 CAMBRIDGE TECHNICAL CERTIFICATE/DIPLOMA IN IT COMPUTER NETWORKS R/601/7320 LEVEL 3 UNIT 7 GUIDED LEARNING HOURS: 60 UNIT CREDIT VALUE: 10 COMPUTER NETWORKS R/601/7320 LEVEL 3 UNIT 7 AIM OF THE UNIT This unit aims to give the learners an understanding of the key components, the network protocols and the services provided by network systems. Learners will develop skills required to ensure network security, gain an understanding to the functions of hardware and software components, the purpose, connections and connection devices and why network security is important. Networks are used not only in large organisations but in small businesses and homes. Learners will understand the types of network and the principles across LAN and WANs. They will understand the options for wired and wireless networks and the and appreciate the benefits and risks to businesses of a network. www.ocr.org.uk 2 Computer Networks Level 3 Unit 7 ASSESSMENT AND GRADING CRITERIA Learning Outcome (LO) Pass The assessment criteria are the pass requirements for this unit. Merit To achieve a merit the evidence must show that, in addition to the pass criteria, the learner is able to: Distinction To achieve a distinction the evidence must show that, in addition to the pass and merit criteria, the learner is able to: The learner will: 1 Know types of network systems and protocols The learner can: P1 describe the types of networks...
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