...Creativity can be defined as an idea or solution to a problem or situation which is original and distinctive to other work to which can be compared (Runco, 2004). It affects many varying domains that play a substantial role in society e.g. business, innovation, arts, sciences and education (Simonton, 1997). The concept of creativity was not fully recognised until the practical developments of man aided with the economy and also the standard of living –for example the invention of the steam engine and the telephone (Sternberg and Kaufman, 2010). However, it wasn’t until the late 18th century that ‘imagination’ was accepted independently as the leading factor in creativity (Engell, 1981). Many psychologists believe that the imagination is limited due to both internal and external factors that I shall outline in my essay. Cognitive processes and knowledge are fundamental factors when attempting to comprehend creativity. It is generally agreed that obtainable knowledge greatly contributes to creativity, and the quality of creative thoughts are affected by a person’s knowledge and the way in which the aspects of this knowledge is processed (Munford and Gustafson, 1988). Some psychologists believe that there is a threshold level that above an IQ of approximately 120, there is a strong association between IQ and creativity, but above that level this hypothesis is not supported (MacKinnon, 1961). A low IQ suggests that a person would struggle with creativity – regarding both the...
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...organizational and patient expectations to deliver comprehensive and quality health care to patients while increasing productivity and efficiency within an organization. Increased productivity and efficiency within an organization depends on a strong organizational structure paired with the following key elements; effective communication, stable management, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, successful conflict resolution practices, positive organizational culture, and an emphasis on the development of employees. Communication Management Style There are many various management styles for both organizations. An effective manager should know when the right management style needs to be used in an organization. Understanding how managers collaborate with individuals or groups in an organization in everyday situation can be the main key for assisting managers in becoming more efficient and effective in directing both their activities and working well with others within the organization. Management in health care plays a vital role when it comes to helping with change without patient care disruption. Both St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital and the Veterans Health Administration managers handle various tasks from technology decisions, oversight of staff, and government relations, and patient care. Since the role of management may affect...
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...http://www.idealibrary.com on Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions Richard M. Ryan and Edward L. Deci University of Rochester Intrinsic and extrinsic types of motivation have been widely studied, and the distinction between them has shed important light on both developmental and educational practices. In this review we revisit the classic definitions of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in light of contemporary research and theory. Intrinsic motivation remains an important construct, reflecting the natural human propensity to learn and assimilate. However, extrinsic motivation is argued to vary considerably in its relative autonomy and thus can either reflect external control or true self-regulation. The relations of both classes of motives to basic human needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness are discussed. © 2000 Academic Press To be motivated means to be moved to do something. A person who feels no impetus or inspiration to act is thus characterized as unmotivated, whereas someone who is energized or activated toward an end is considered motivated. Most everyone who works or plays with others is, accordingly, concerned with motivation, facing the question of how much motivation those others, or oneself, has for a task, and practitioners of all types face the perennial task of fostering more versus less motivation in those around them. Most theories of motivation reflect these concerns by viewing motivation as a unitary phenomenon,...
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...Detrimental Effects of Reward Reality or Myth? Robert Eisenberger Judy Cameron University of Delaware University of Alberta Based on seemingly overwhelming empirical evidence of the decremental effects of reward on intrinsic task interest and creativity, the use of reward to alter human behavior has been challenged in literature reviews, textbooks, and the popular media. An analysis of a quarter century of research on intrinsic task interest and creativity revealed, however, that (a) detrimental effects of reward occur under highly restricted, easily avoidable conditions," (b) mechanisms of instrumental and classical conditioning are basicfor understanding incremental and decremental effects of reward on task motivation; and (c) positive effects of reward on generalized creativity are easily attainable using procedures derived from behavior theory. bservers of American culture have long noted a Istrong emphasis on individualistic values, including taking responsibility for one's own actions, pursuing personal interests, and exploring one's creative potential (e.g., Badia, 1990; Huber, 1971; Tocqueville, 1840/1990). Consistent with the c o m m o n presumption that individuals function most effectively and happily when they are guiding their own behavior (see Geller, 1982; Hogan, 1975), an increasingly dominant view has developed over the past quarter century contending that the strengthening of performance by reward (reinforcement) causes the unpleasant experience of...
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...My essay will be making justified recommendations to the sport of Badminton’s general reputation by using statistics of Australian Children’s participation with references to the individual, interpersonal and institutional levels of Figueroa’s framework. Figueroa’s Framework is a structural foundation developed by Professor Peter Figueroa. His theory focuses on the different factors affecting an individual with regards to participation in health and physical activity such as a person’s race. His framework investigates social factors such as Individual, Interpersonal, Institutional, Structural and Cultural level of influence, of which are all connected in one way or another. The Individual level focuses on the individual’s personal values,...
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...Motivation: The Forgotten Tool Motivation: The Forgotten Tool By Consuelo Moran EDCI 6304 Learning & Cognition (Fall 2007) School of Education University of Texas at Brownsville and Texas Southmost College Literature Review Motivation. The importance of motivation is widely known, however, the high drop-out rates in our school and low test scores at our schools suggest that maybe we have all forgotten just how important motivation is. “High motivation and engagement in learning have consistently been linked to reduced dropout rates and increased levels of student success” (Halwah, 2006, p.1). Literature has shown that “student's motivation for learning is generally regarded as one of the most critical determinants, if not the premier determinant, of the success and quality of any learning outcome” (Halwah, 2006, p.3). Therefore, motivation as well as the relationship between motivation and academic achievement need to be studied as well. This study will discuss motivation in details through my personal experience with motivation and the significance it plays in learning. This research offers an insight to the age-old question of how we should get our school children to learn and keep them from dropping out of school. Many children, especially adolescence, often believe that they know everything and they have no need to learn something new. Lack or motivation is derived from this exact sentiment which impedes the learning process. “If there really is no need to acquire anything...
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...Cross-Cultural Motivation and Self-Determination Susan McGilloway Walden University Self-Determination Theory For decades researchers have studied human motivation and the process of developing self-determination (Deci & Ryan, 1980, 1985, 1991; Deci & Ryan, 2000; Ryan & Deci, 2000; Deci & Ryan, 2008; Vallarand, Pelletier, and Koestner, 2008). Human motivation is the drive to change personal or public behaviors on an individual or societal level. Self-determination theory presupposes that motivation is the inner impetus to implement sustained change independent of control by others (Deci & Ryan, 2000; 2008). Deci and Ryan (2008) and Milyavskaya and Koestner (2011) suggested that SDT applies to multiple spheres of life domains such as health, education, and work. The concept of motivation and self-determination goes beyond mere goal achievement and addresses the concepts of psychological, emotional, and physical well-being (McGilloway, 2011). According to Deci & Ryan (2009), SDT is in contrast to the Hull drive (Hull, 1943) and Skinner reinforcement theories (Skinner, 1953). However, White (1959) suggested that an innate motive that is psychological supplements drive theory - a precursor to the concept of intrinsic motivation and the satisfaction of psychological needs. In contrast to the drive theory of Hull and the reinforcement theory of Skinner, SDT strays from the concept of “deficit principles” (Deci & Ryan, 2000). In SDT psychological needs are understood as constructs...
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... the serving and preparation of meals. The houses will also contain safe educational toys, games, and books for the entertainment of the children. The roles of the stakeholders in the education and child care field range from the owners to the children. These stakeholders will shape various projects within the business, ensure resources are available to contribute to our business's success, and provide insight regarding the reaction to a project's outcome, which will create adjustments within the our company when necessary to win organizational support. Our focus is to provide a stimulating early care and educational experience, which promotes each child's social/emotional, physical and cognitive development. Our goal is to support children's desire to be life-long learners. As a the CEO and owner of Second Home Educational Child Care, I am an important stakeholder in this business as the business will affect my...
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...Employee motivation has the power to increase the productivity, performance and loyalty of your workforce, if you choose the right rewards and incentives. By rewarding your employees for their effort and commitment, and giving them the recognition they deserve, this will engage and motivate them to work even harder. Whether you want your employees to produce better sales, increase their productivity, or exceed their targets, engaging them with rewards and incentives will give them the motivation to strive for these results by that they work By TEAM meaning Together We Archive More . Employee motivation can be divided into two groups: intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation is “the work motivation in the absence of such external factors as pay, promotion, and co-workers” (Aamodt, 2012, p.326). Extrinsic motivation, on the other hand, arises from a range of compensational factors such as financial rewards, career opportunities, co-workers etc. Moreover, motivation in organisations can be divided into three different perspectives: need-based, process-based and learning-based. Need-based perspective on motivation is central to the idea that “humans are primarily motivated by deficiencies in one or more important needs or need categories” (Griffin and Moorhead, 2011, p.93). Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is the most basic and the most popular theoretical frameworks related to need-based perspective on motivation. According to the theory human needs can be classified...
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...Why do parents become involved in their children’s education? We begin our review of non-economic literature by presenting theories of why parents of school-aged children become involved in their child’s education. What are the relevant process variables according to research in psychology, sociology, and education, that motivate the decision by parents to become involved, and why does this involvement positively influence educational outcomes? According to the psychological model proposed by Hoover-Dempsey & Sandler [1995], three (dynamic) constructs primarily influence parents’ involvement decisions: 1. The parents’ understanding of their role in the child’s life: what they believe that parents are supposed to do in relation to their children’s education and educational progress. Parents become involved in schools if they hold the belief that they should be involved. 2. The parents’ sense of efficacy for helping their child succeed in school: do parents believe that their involvement can exert a positive influence on children’s educational outcomes? 3. The general invitations, demands, and opportunities for parental involvement by both the child and the child’s school: do parents perceive that the child and the school want them to be involved? Scholars in this field have constructed scales, rooted in psychologic role and efficacy theories and assessed for reliability, that allow scholars to rank parents with respect to their role construction and their sense of efficacy; ...
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...Acido (2010) who identified students in public high school in Manila who performed low due to poor study habits. In the local setting specifically in Davao City, Nacito (2006) and Azarcon, et.al. (2004) found that Grade Six students enrolled in Piedad District of Toril S.Y. 2005-2006 as well as the Freshmen students of Erico T. Nograles National High School both need to improve their study habits due to their low academic performance. In addition, college students of the University of Mindanao, where the researcher is currently studying, observed that most of the students lack study habits. It is due to these alarming issues that the researchers see the necessity to conduct this study that would thereby determine the relationship between motivation and study habits of Maa National High School Students. Statement of the Problem This study will aim to determine the significance...
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...The project approach Katz, Lilian G. Scholastic Early Childhood Today12.6 (Mar 1998): 43-44. Turn on hit highlighting for speaking browsers by selecting the Enter button Abstract (summary) TranslateAbstract Engaging children in active investigations of topics that have personal meaning for them can enhance a curriculum and a child's desire to learn. Projects are ways to help children answer their own questions and learn more about the world. Full Text * TranslateFull text * Headnote Enhance your curriculum by engaging children in active investigations of topics that have personal meaning for them. Projects are ways to help children answer their own questions and learn more about the world. A PROJECT IS an in-depth investigation of a topic worth learning more about. The study is undertaken by a small group of children within a class, by a whole class, or occasionally by an individual child. The key feature of a project is that it is a research effort focused on finding answers to questions about a topic posed by children, the teacher, or both. Rather than simply seeking right answers, the goal of a project is to learn more about a topic. The Place of Project Work The project approach should be seen as complementary to the more informal parts of the early childhood curriculum. Project work is not a separate subject; it provides contexts for applying specific skills learned in other parts of the curriculum. Nor is project work an "add on" to the basics; it is integral...
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...Feeling Accepted and Appreciated Douglas Bosted EDU 490 Daisha Oshiro August 8, 2011 Feeling Accepted and Appreciated Everyone and everything has value. Some things are valued more because of their beauty or because of how rare the item is. Other things only have value to one person. But what gives an item its value? It is feelings and emotions. Our emotions play such a huge role in our daily lives. It is these feelings and emotions that we associate with certain things, which cause us to place value in them. These feelings can be powerful motivators. As educators it is vitally important to find out what is important to the students and how to connect with them as early as possible. Taking the time to get to know the students on a deeper level can pay big dividends down the road. How you feel directly influences how you think and solve problems (Jensen, 2008. p. 82). How many times have you gotten out of your bed and stubbed your toe, and then your day went downhill from there. Nothing seemed to go right; if something could go wrong, it did. But, how many times have you gotten out of bed really awake and refreshed from the previous night’s sleep and had a great day. In both instances, it wasn’t the events happening, it was the emotion you put with the experience. This is why it is so important to foster a positive learning environment. To this day I don’t care for math because of some negative experiences I had with a couple of teachers in school. We butted...
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...CHAPTER 1: The generally accepted definition of play would include three large categories: (1) sensori-motor plays (large and small motor activity) (2) symbolic play, which involves representational abilities and includes the fantasy play of socio-dramatic play. (3) Construction play, which involves symbolic product formation. Play is a natural activity for children, helps understand social, community and cultural work, impacts child’s social, moral& emotional development: six societal issues are technology,childhood obisitey, outdoorplay,poverty,culture,consumerism. Cultural norms are behavior patterns or beliefs that are common among specific groups of people, such behaviors and beliefs are generally learned from parents, extended families, peers. Principles of brain development- childs environment shapes brains wiring, brain operates on use it or lose it principle. Maria Montessori play has more of a focus on adult child interactions and less child-initiated exploration. Lev vygotsky young children benefit from mixed age groups in their play because they gain new ideas. Jean Piaget play experience moves from simple to complex, and are built and sequenced on previous experiences. DEFINE PLAY there are many perspectives on what the term play means. Poverty impacts more than 1 million children living in Canada. Play is intrinsically motivated, focused on process rather than product, child-directed, non-literal / pretend, using familiar objects rather than exploring new...
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...between highly creative and less creative scientists. He replied, "The labor of love aspect is important. The most successful scientists often are not the most talented. But they are the ones who are impelled by curiosity. They've got to know what the answer is."' Schawlow's insights about scientific creativity highlight the importance of intrinsic motivation: the motivation to work on something because it is interesting, involving, exciting, satisfying, or personally challenging. There is abundant evidence that people will be most creative when they are primarily intrinsically motivated, rather than extrinsically motivated by expected evaluation, surveillance, competition with peers, dictates from superiors, or the promise of rewards.^ Interestingly, this Intrinsic Motivation Principle of Creativity applies not only to scientific creativity, but to business creativity as well. Often, financial success is closely tied to a passion for the work itself. Michael Jordan, who by the mid-1990s was the most financially successful basketball player in history, insisted on a "love of the game" clause in his contract—securing for him the right to play in "pick-up" games whenever he wished. Robert Carr, a primary developer of the first pen computer, was captivated by the opportunity to do something spectacular that had never been done before. When entrepreneur Jerry Kaplan described the idea to him, Carr reacted with intense excitement: "Jerry, it's not a question of whether I want to do...
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