...Participants in Terrorism: A Preliminary Analysis,” attempts to illustrate how terrorist organizations recruit young participants. Overall, the thesis is extremely well written and thoroughly researched, yet, without a clear understanding of Tunnell’s interpretation of youth the thesis lacks a substantial argument. Multiple interpretations of youth are presented in the piece but always as other authors understanding of the term. Tunnell never explicitly provides a definition of youth, hence, the conclusion is shaky at best. Foremost, Tunnell starts the thesis with an introduction to terrorism. By highlighting the differing opinions of academics about what does and does not constitute terrorism, Tunnell provides a concise and supported definition for terrorism. Starting the thesis with the definition of terrorism is an important part of creating a clear, concise argument. However, as the Defining Terrorism chapter progresses the argument and organization become muddled. As stated in the Introduction chapter, “this work seeks to examine a potential trend in the age of individual recruits; in particular, whether youthful...
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...‘Close Cousins or Distant Relatives? The Relationship between Terrorism and Hate Crime’. Crime & Delinquency 58, no. 5 (1 September 2012): 663–88. doi:10.1177/0011128712452956. (Turabian/Chicago Style) "Close Cousins or Distant Relatives? The Relationship between Terrorism and Hate Crime" is an article retrieved from the Crime and Delinquency Journal that introduces a study on the relationship between hate crimes and terrorism. The hypothesis of this research is the fact of an existing relationship between hate crimes and terrorism that the researchers are trying to prove to be right. The aim of the study is to empirically investigate the relationship between the hate crimes and terrorism; thus, the writers’ investigation tends to make a contribution to the previous studies on the topic while indicating the relationship between these two behaviours and empirically considering the possibility of one behaviour triggering the other through violence. The methodology implied by the authors in their study begins with an introduction in which they question the validity of comparing hate crimes with terrorism and whether the constructed knowledge on one of the behaviours will allow the understanding of the other. Throughout their introduction, the authors seem to follow a strategy that relies on thematic order rather than a chronological one to introduce the previous studies and findings. Moreover, the introduction presents previous theoretical and empirical research on the...
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...LaFree and Freilich are concerned with identifying concentrations of violent attacks in time and space. In their study, they are referring to highly concentrated series of attacks as ??micro-cycles.?? The authors draw on recent research demonstrating that individual crimes elevate the risk for subsequent crimes termed ??near repeats.?? They use data from the DHS and START supported Global Terrorism Database (GTD) analyze over 4,000 terrorist attacks attributed to the FMLN in El Salvador and ETA in Spain. These two terrorist organizations were both extremely active but differed greatly in terms of history, motives and grievances. Their studies show strong support that the terrorist attacks attributed to these two distinctive groups were part of violent micro-cycles based on the spatio-temporal attack and the two groups similarities....
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...Introduction 1. what is Terrorism 2. Definition from the Arab Convention for the Suppression Terrorism 3. Types/forms of Terrorism • State Terrorism • Bio Terrorism • Cyber Terrorism • Eco Terrorism • Nuclear Terrorism • Narco Terrorism • Suicide terrorism(psychological warfare) Islam and prohibition of Terrorism 1. Meaning of word ISLAM: derived from word “Salam” meaning: peace 2.Quranic Verses 3.Ahadith 4.Examples from Islamic History 5. Misunderstaing of Islam • False media projection 6.How to remove false misperception • Mass awareness • Reconstructing OIC Terrorism past & Present Scenario 1. Terrorism as a Religious Imperative 2. Trends in Terrorism 3. The Future Terrorist Threat Pakistan’s role in the war on Terror 1. Wazirastan 2. Actions 3. Effect of Pakistan role in war • On international level • Within Pakistan • Western involvement in terrorism in Pakistan 4. Future concern Causes of Terrorism 1. Social and political injustice 2. Psychological Causes of Terrorism, Violence and Extremism 3. Educational Causes of Terrorism and Extremism 4. Rapid modernization and urbanization 5. Discrimination on the basis of ethnic or religious 6. Repression by foreign occupation or colonial powers 7. Historical antecedents of political violence 8. Poverty & Economic deprivation 9. Undemocratic Governments 10. Free flow of weapons 11. Indoctrination 12. Hopelessness 13. Charities that Aren't Charities/ Business Terrorism 14. Training...
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...New Terrorism? Predicting the Future of Terrorism Introduction/ Purpose Terrorism is an often controversial subject. “One man’s freedom fighter is another man’s terrorist.” This is a well known quote that is often used to allude to the complexity of terrorism. Terrorism, the word itself is a word that has possessed over a hundred definitions and a concept that has changed as the societies of the world have progressed. The use of the terms terrorism and terrorist are politically weighted, and are often used for a polarizing effect, where 'terrorism' becomes simply a relativist term for the violence committed by an enemy, from the point of view of the attacked. Because of the political nature of some struggles, 'terrorism' can become identified as simply any violence committed against established institutions. A terrorist is, strictly speaking, one who is personally involved in an act of terrorism. The term "terrorism" comes from the French 18th century word terrorisme (under their government's Reign of Terror), based on the Latin language verbs terrere (to tremble) and deterrere (to frighten from). The use of the term "terrorist" has had broader applications however, ranging in application from disgruntled citizens to common political dissidents. It is important to understand terrorism in our modern arena and under stand its effects on society. ‘Terrorism’, as a unified political and ideological motif did not arise spontaneously in response to particular instances...
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...constantly. Even though their training and experience attempts to prepare them for any type of situation of any degree, they are never really in full control of the situation or outcome of hazardous terrorist attacks. Frist responders frequently rush to respond to disastrous events and are on most occasions unaware of the full extent of the damage and cause until arriving on the scene. When it comes to hazardous events, first responders face potential physical and health risk that can be major. Frist responders may arrive on the scene and experience explosions, fires, and toxin exposure that could lead to skin and organ damage such as eye and throat burns, body rashes, skin burns, and death. The types of hazardous material involved in terrorism has a varied range of materials....
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...is terrorism? - The answer to the term terrorism is in the question. It simply means to cause terror - an act to endanger. * What is the meaning of radicalisation? - Steps taken by a person to adopt extreme political, social or religious ideals associated with terrorist groups. * What is meant by threat? – A statement of intention. * So called ‘Modern Terrorism’ since 7/7 was an attack without mercy. These extremist will go to any lengths to challenge, intimidate and incite fear in British Domestic Security by carrying out these attacks without regards for innocent human lives. According to National Security Strategy (NSS) ‘the current international terrorist threats to the UK comes mainly from sources involved with Al Qaeda’. The Modern Terrorism extremists are more lethal as their aim is to cause mass destruction. * Ideology behind these attacks is more or less deemed as ‘payback time’ and the backlash is linked to the British invasion on Iraq and the insurgency in Afghanistan. * UK legislations to combat terrorism -Terrorism Act 2000; Crime and Security Act 2001; CONTEST | 2. Introduction – Identify either a policy or ideology: * Identify the policy- The Government Prevent strategy – What is Prevent? What is its aim? * The Prevent strategy which was published in 2011. Prevent aim to stop people becoming terrorists or supporting terrorism and is one of the important facets of (CONTEST) --Counter-Terrorism strategy – To reduce risk of terrorism in the...
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...Shytanna Womack Everest University Online Introduction to Terrorism – 9 Instructor Ian Finley February 1, 2014 DESTRUCTION AS A HOBBY 2 Terrorism has some appealing attributes as an instrument of war because it lets the less dominant units or nations to retaliate at the dominant units. Some terrorist groups cannot do serious damage against the United States in a bona fide war. The United States is the largest country there is so therefore the other countries do not have enough soldiers or enough money that’s needed to develop a proper military regimen that is solid enough to destroy the United States (internationalpolicydigest.org). The same applies to several nations of the world. Terrorism becomes very appealing because it lets the terrorists achieve something that they could not achieve through any traditional measures. As for whether terrorism will become “the accepted method” of warfare, this depends on how the situation is looked at. Terrorism has been the technique of warfare that is generally accepted by pathetic groups as a way of fighting tough groups (internationalpolicydigest.org). In that sense, it already is “the accepted method” of warfare for the weak and pathetic. Nonetheless, if we are speaking about the beliefs of the nation as a whole, terrorism is not likely to become ethically suitable. Terrorism causes too many fatalities among guiltless inhabitants...
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...Terrorism and Counter-terrorism: Similarities and differences in security and risk. Joshua Williams POL192 Perspectives on Security and Terrorism Murdoch University Semester 1, 2014 Utilizing the concepts of risk and security, critically explain the similarities and differences between terrorist strategies and tactics on one hand, and counter-terrorism measures, on the other, since 2001. The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 in the United States marked a turning point in the understanding of terrorism within the international society (Beck 2002, 39). Although the motives behind terrorism and counter-terrorism are opposite, their effects in terms of security and risk are similar. The similarities and differences between these two activities will be discussed in terms of risk and security within the international society. Central to the issues of security and risk, is the concept of an international society. An international society ‘exists when a group of states, conscious of certain common interests and common values, form a society in the sense that they conceive themselves to be bound by a common set of rules in their relations with one anther, and share in the working of common institutions’ (Bull and Watson 1984, 1). These rules, norms and institutions which make up international society is the central focus...
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...The History of Terrorism This comprehensive description for the history of terrorism analysis provides insight into the French and Russian revolutions expanding the terrorism knowledge to the Irish revolutionaries for political changes. The change of faces in terrorism activities shows as the left wing extremists slowly faded away with the collapse of the communism. The modern right wing extremist have an old history of using religious aspects as an excuse for killing innocent people to gain the political advantages. The future of terrorism takes a newer turn with the introduction for the weapons of mass destruction causing deaths of millions of innocents for the terrorist's statement, and mission. The development of the Department of Homeland Security and United States Patriot Act helped the Intelligence community, government agencies, and law enforcement departments provide viable information toward modern terrorism tactics. The fight for everlasting freedom becomes a combination of information resources working together toward the same objectives. Terrorism Phenomenon According to Jacqueline Carberry (1999), "the global terrorism phenomenon used for political aspirations, sometimes as freedom from oppression, and changing of governmental politics" (685). This phenomenon affects everyone in any city in the United States, and international world. The term terrorism has no boundaries or respect for the national and international world. Every government across the global community...
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...Krystal Martinez Professor Rosen 9th May 2014 Extra Credit Attack on Terrorism International terrorism is major problem that is occurring throughout our modern day world and has been going on for a plethora of years. Terrorism stretches back for many of years dealing with various situations. With terrorism many problems arise because of the activities that these terrorist partake in. They take innocent human lives for causes that they believe are right instead of trying to find another way to express their feelings. Terrorism causes fear and anxiety in people because you just never know when the terrorist group is going to attack. And once they attack you never know when the next time there will attack again because they do it unknowingly. International terrorism has to have these three characteristics stated by the FBI: “Involve violent acts or acts dangerous to human life that violate federal or state law; Appear to be intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian population, to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion, to affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping and; Occur primarily outside the territorial jurisdiction of the U.S. or transcend nations boundaries in terms of the means by which they are accomplished, the persona they appear intended to intimidate or coerce, or the locale in which their perpetrators operate or seek asylum” One of the major terrorist attacks occurred in our generation...
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...Security 1 Introduction 3 Terrorism in Commercial Organizations 3 Terrorism in Airlines 4 Current Threats to Aviation 5 Insider Threats 5 Automation Adds Efficiency 6 Improving Total Operations 6 Increased Threats from Advanced Explosives 6 Threat against Airline Services and Airports 7 Necessary Steps to Improve Aviation Security 7 References 9 Introduction Terrorism is the systematic use of terror. It does not have a legal binding or definition in criminal law. Commonly, it is referred to creation of fear through violence (Townshend, 2002). Terrorism is usually defined and assumed as a group phenomenon (Hofmann, 2012). Terrorism has spread across the globe with its many forms and indicators. The emotional and diplomatic use of the word terrorism has resulted in a difficulty to provide an appropriate definition of terroorism (Raman, 2008). Researches have figured out more than hundred definitions of the word. The notion of terrorism is arguable due to two main reasons. Firstly, it is often used by government and other ruling bodies to delegitimize political or other rivals, secondly, to possibly legitimize the use of equipped force against enemies. A steadfast and unique characteristic of terrorism is the undifferentiating use of strength counter to noncombatants for the aim of attainment of publicity for a group, root, or individual. The representation of terrorism can influence human fear to help attain these goals. The problem of terrorism needs to be...
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...Adjusting to Terrorism Paper Introduction Terrorism is a fear that we face day to day, and it’s all around the world. Every country has some type of problem with terrorism, whether it’s a training camp in their country or an actually terrorism act. It’s a reality that we live with today, many people think that with causing pain and suffering to others that it would make other people believe in their believes. But it doesn’t work that way, sometimes people do get scared but more then all it makes them angry and makes them want to fight back. According to an article by Prevent.com and it states that “Combating terrorism is no easy task and it is something that cannot be done overnight. It will be a long struggle that could be quite dangerous. One of the first things to do is to find out all of the methods that these terrorists use and understand their strategies. How do they attack us? In what ways have they been most successful? If we can find out all of the ways they may attack, it will be much easier to set up defenses and stop them before they harm any innocent people” (Tobias, 2014) this makes a great point for us, we need to find out how these terrorism have been successful in the past, and make a plan to block their resources that help them with attacks. One idea that could work would be to place a hold on any individual that wants to get a visa to come into the United States or anyone who wants to become an U.S. Citizen. Basically put a red flag on their profile...
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...Law 10 – May – 2010 Terrorism Is No Longer A Threat To The U.S. Since the 9/11 terrorist attacks, many experts claimed that it only proves the vulnerability of the United States to big and devastating terrorists attacks. This means that even the United States is considered as the most powerful country in the world not only in terms of economic sustainability but also in military and intelligence capabilities, terrorists still can able to do terrorism acts to the country (Scheppler, 2005). Despite of this factor, it leads to the conclusion during those times that terrorism becomes a big threat to the peace and order, and security of the people of the United States. Generally, the even wanted to show that terrorism is a big threat that needs to be addressed by every country in the world. Today, due to the different efforts and actions made by the United States government since the 9/11 terrorist attacks, it was been claimed that terrorism is no longer a threat for the country. The different laws, programs, and the way the laws were implemented was claimed an effective effort to proactively avoid and eliminate the risk to once again attacked by any terrorists groups. This study will discussed and give points about the different efforts made the United States government in order to eliminate any threat of terrorists attacks in the country. Different points will be discussed and how it contributes to the conclusion that terrorism is no longer a threat to the country. ...
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...Cyber terrorism Assignment #10 6/15/2012 TS 5999 Table of Contents Abstract………………………………………………………2 Introduction…………………………………………………..3 What is Cyberterrorism?....................................................3-4 History…………………………………………………………4 Examples of cyberterrorism…………………………………4-6 Level of cyber terror capability ……………………………..6 Figure 1……………………………………………………….7 Prevention of cyberterrorism……………………………….7-8 Conclusion ……………………………………………………..8 Reference ……………………………………………………...9-10 Abstract Cyberterrorism has increasing become one of the most significant threats nationally and internationally. Being that the internet makes it easier for terrorist to communicate, organize terrorist cells, share information, plan attacks; the internet also is used to cyber terrorist acts. Since the September 11th terror attacks on the US, American have remained on high alert for possibly another terror attack. The government has many action plans ready in the event that they get wind of another attack or an attack happens. Law enforcement has received training in terrorism prevention and detection techniques, granted terrorist are always looking for ways to improve their methods of attack. This paper will look at all the different aspects of cyberterrorism and review the different cases of cyberterrorism nationally and internationally. Introduction The use of computers and the internet have been an important part of our daily lives. Computers and the internet makes...
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