...Terrorism has changed the role of intelligence in law enforcement. Borders have higher security and surveillance. People don’t have as much privacy as they used to. Phone calls, texts, emails are being recorded for safety purposes. Technology has improved. Law enforcement uses high, new technology. Before 9/11 things were different, people weren’t recorded without suspicious acts. For safety purposes the people in United States gave up some of their rights. Travel record is huge and airports have all kind of different scanners and cameras. In general, law enforcement has more control over the people and their daily activities. People are being watched, bank accounts are controlled, and phone calls are recorded, which means American’s way of...
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...Abstract Terrorism is a very complex term to define, and means different things to different people depending on the person you ask. For the purpose of this assignment the author will use the following definition for the term terrorism which is when individuals or groups/organizations use illicit force/violence or the threat of force/violence in an attempt to progress their personal or organization’s objectives with the government. There are multiple forms of terrorism including international and domestic. The author will analyze domestic terrorism, why in recent years there has been an increase in domestic terrorism, and how domestic terrorism has impacted the criminal justice system in America. Domestic and Foreign Terrorist...
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...Family who has caused more than $40 million in property damage and disrupted numerous lives and business from 1996-2001. Eco-terrorist are becoming a serious threat to homeland security (Deshpande & Ernst 2012). Some minor criminal actions related to eco-terrorism include tree sitting, disrupting government proceedings, and pulling up survey stakes. Type two criminal actions include major property damage and include putting salt or sugar in fuel tanks of logging equipment, breaking into animal labs and removing multiple animals, and setting fire to buildings. Type three criminal acts include bomb hoaxes, harassing phone calls, and vandalizing private homes and cars. Type four criminal acts involve...
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...This paper seeks to create a hypothetical task force to respond to cyber terrorism. The task force is informed by the scenario of Jim, the computer hacker who enjoys into breaking into other people’s accounts and corporate accounts. The hacker knows how to access confidential government documents and social security numbers of millions of Americans. To avert this problem, it is crucial to come up with a task force that will work in conjunction with local, state, and federal agencies to ensure safety for Americans and corporate entities. The National Counter-terrorism Task Force This task force will be mandated to strengthen the coherence and coordination of counterterrorism efforts in the country. It will consist of agencies, such as Federal...
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...more than 150 sections and amends more than 15 federal laws. The law's full name is the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001, hence the acronym USA PATRIOT Act. It deals primarily with combating terrorism and gives the executive branch of the federal government more tools to fight suspected terrorist activity, but it also aroused the anger of civil libertarians. Critics of the act have charged that the government gained the power to investigate and detain persons with little oversight from the courts. In the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, U.S. political leaders sought to address terrorism with new vigor. President George w. Bush and Attorney General John Ashcroft presented Congress with proposed legislation on September 17, 2001, that focused on intelligence gathering, immigration, criminal justice, and money laundering. The administration sought new powers to conduct searches of people suspected of terrorism; to detain and deport persons suspected of terrorist involvement; and to remove statutes of limitations on terrorism. In addition, the administration wanted the justice department to have the power to place wiretaps on the phones and computers of anyone suspected of terrorism. This initial proposal became the framework for the USA PATRIOT Act, which was first introduced in the House of Representatives on October 2, 2001. A similar law was introduced in the Senate...
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...activities conducted on behalf of national security. By this act, in order to actively monitor national security threats, Congress desired to approve legalistic and congressional oversight of foreign intelligence surveillance activities. Subsequently, electronic surveillance and the ability to physically locate individuals related to espionage or international terrorism affecting the US was also stipulated. In addition, as the statute describes there may be engagement in applying surveillance to the American population if the court dictates that there is a probable cause, meaning a relation with foreign powers. Many Americans may see this as something wrong and maybe even invasive to the personal life, and although I think it is, this act is about security. Opening up and having some vulnerability may ultimately yield a positive result for our own security. Efforts transcending back for more than a decade and being highly supported by the World Trade Center amongst other attacks is the legislative result of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996. This act is defined with the intention to deter terrorism, provide...
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...Although it is true that some terrorists have infiltrated the country, the government has violated American's civil rights by spying on innocent people in an attempt to avoid another attack. It is a precarious situation, on the one hand, the government is accused of not doing enough in order to protect our country from terrorism, and on the other hand, they are also accused of harassing innocent people who do not have any ties to the terrorists groups. How is it possible to do the right thing by investigating all possible leads without bothering unsuspecting civilians in the process? Is the loss of citizen's civil rights justified in order to keep the country safe? Seems like most everyone has been inconvenienced at one time or another, especially when traveling. Getting caught in long lines, forced scannings, luggage checks and increased scrutiny at airports and border...
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...multiple shootings in the past year and the Federal Bureau of Investigation is trying to stop them by finding evidence and getting leads to stop future terrorists.The FBI has been investigating the San Bernardino attack because there main goal is to stop terrorism in America and make it a safer place and recently, the FBI acquired Syed Farook’s iPhone and is trying to unlock it ,but since the Apple Iphone is very secure with a six digit passcode it would take five and a half years long to unlock it at 12 tries a second (Guo).The FBI has asked Apple many times to help unlock the phone and they have denied every time and the FBI has brought it to court. This is a problem for the FBI because they could unlock the iPhone and find encrypted data, that would reveal much needed terrorist information. Apple should unlock the Iphone of the terrorist even though it violates his privacy because the Patriot Act allows the FBI...
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...especially in recent years, those geopolitical cycles have intersected with changes in the way the tactic of terrorism is employed and in the actors employing it. The Arab terrorism that began in the 1960s resulted from the Cold War and the Soviet decision to fund, train and otherwise encourage groups in the Middle East. The Soviet Union and its Middle Eastern proxies also sponsored Marxist terrorist groups in Europe and Latin America. They even backed the Japanese Red Army terrorist group. Places like South Yemen and Libya became havens where Marxist militants of many different nationalities gathered to learn terrorist tradecraft, often instructed by personnel from the Soviet KGB or the East German Stasi and from other militants. The Cold War also spawned al Qaeda and the broader global jihadist movement as militants flocking to fight the Soviet troops who had invaded Afghanistan were trained in camps in northern Pakistan by instructors from the CIA's Office of Technical Services and Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence directorate. Emboldened by the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, and claiming credit for the subsequent Soviet collapse, these militants decided to expand their efforts to other parts of the world. The connection between state-sponsored terrorism and the Cold War ran so deep that when the Cold War ended with the Soviet Union's collapse, many declared that terrorism had ended as well. I witnessed this phenomenon while serving in the Counterterrorism Investigations...
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...officials can begin to make changes to help protect the United States from the ever changing and evolving technology that terrorist are using. By evolving to the changes in technological advancement, the threats can be diminished and the home front can be better protected from terrorist and their operatives. Historical threats Terrorism is an issue across the world. In the United States we have had our share of terrorism. Not all terrorism is committed from international groups. Terrorist acts are divided into two categories: domestic and international. According to Lewis, "Domestic terrorism involves acts of violence that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or any state, committed by individuals or groups without any foreign direction, and appear to be intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian population, or influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion, and occur primarily within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States." (Lewis, 2004, para 3). There are many different groups ranging from the Ku Klux Klan to anti-abortionist, the order, etcetera that have been involved with domestic terrorism along with the Animal Liberation Front. The Animal Liberation Front (ALF) carries out its attacks against people and businesses they believe are abusing animals, such as animal shelters, zoos, specialty grocery stores, and clothing stores. There are many reasons that the Animal Liberation Front poses a great threat to the...
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...Act or the numerous provisions that resulted from the passing of this bill, individuals will likely have clashing viewpoints. The vast majority of the controversies surrounding the act involves whether or not it falls in line with the U.S. Constitution. Opponents of the act argue that it should have never passed through Congress due to its unconstitutionality. Those who support the Patriot Act often use its success in fighting terrorist threats as a reason to maintain it. After analyzing the bill and its provisions, its successes were made apparent, as well as its unconstitutionality. The Patriot Act: A Constitutional Analysis The Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act, commonly known as the USA Patriot Act (USAPA), was signed into law during one of the most distressing periods in American history. Its hasty introduction spawned controversy across a variety of political spectrums. Concerns regarding the constitutionality of this act have caused many to oppose the act and call for its annulment. On the other hand, many individuals argue in favor of the act due to its successes. In order to formulate an experienced opinion on the Patriot Act, its history and the circumstances surrounding its creation must first be investigated. History of the USAPA The terrorist attacks that occurred...
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...The USA PATRIOT ACT, commonly known as the Patriot Act, is an acronym for Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate tools required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001. On October 23, 2001, Republican Rep. Jim Sensenbrenner introduced H.R. 3162 incorporating provisions from a previously sponsored House bill and a Senate bill also introduced earlier in the month. The next day on October 24, 2001, the Act passed the House 357 to 66, with Democrats comprising the overwhelming portion of dissent. The following day on October 25, 2001, the Act passed the Senate by 98 to 1, with Russ Feingold the only opposition. This act was signed then into law by former president George W. Bush on October 26, 2011, just six weeks after the September 11th attacks to the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. This act reduced restrictions in law enforcement agencies’ gathering of intelligence with the U.S. The act also expanded the definition of terrorism to include domestic terrorism. The Patriot Act made many changes to U.S. law, such as the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (FISA), the Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 (ECPA), the Money Laundering Control Act of 1986 and Bank Secrecy Act (BSA), as well as the Immigration and Nationality Act. It was strongly opposed by Senator, Russ Feingold; he was the only Senator to vote against the bill. The final Act had a number of sunsets that was supposed to expire on December 15, 2005. On May 26, 2011, President...
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...The USA PATRIOT ACT, commonly known as the Patriot Act, is an acronym for Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate tools required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001. On October 23, 2001, Republican Rep. Jim Sensenbrenner introduced H.R. 3162 incorporating provisions from a previously sponsored House bill and a Senate bill also introduced earlier in the month. The next day on October 24, 2001, the Act passed the House 357 to 66, with Democrats comprising the overwhelming portion of dissent. The following day on October 25, 2001, the Act passed the Senate by 98 to 1, with Russ Feingold the only opposition. This act was signed then into law by former president George W. Bush on October 26, 2011, just six weeks after the September 11th attacks to the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. This act reduced restrictions in law enforcement agencies’ gathering of intelligence with the U.S. The act also expanded the definition of terrorism to include domestic terrorism. The Patriot Act made many changes to U.S. law, such as the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (FISA), the Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 (ECPA), the Money Laundering Control Act of 1986 and Bank Secrecy Act (BSA), as well as the Immigration and Nationality Act. It was strongly opposed by Senator, Russ Feingold; he was the only Senator to vote against the bill. The final Act had a number of sunsets that was supposed to expire on December 15, 2005. On May 26, 2011, President...
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...clandestine and terrorist activities. Although, a significant amount of discourse revolves around male participation and leadership within terrorist organizations the literature presented exposes how valuable women have been in progressing various causes. Through recruitment and of their own volition women have entered into a male dominated arena to assert their capability to effectively navigate operating within an organization that promotes terror. The literature to follow presents historiographical patterns as to how women become involved in such regimes and how they survive the life of their involvement as a female combatant. Oppression has been a motivating factor for women to become involved with terrorist organizations. Upon investigating female terrorists in the Russian Socialist Revolutionary Party, Knight (1979) found that many of the women who flocked to groups such as the previously mentioned one felt that their opportunities were jilted by an androcentric system. Knight (1979) postulated that the women driven towards committing terrorist acts endorsing violence were “highly motivated, self-assertive young women who may have turned to terror out of a sense of isolation and frustration nurtured in a society that offered them so little opportunity” (p. 145). Oppression being a highly motivating factor to propel women into committing heinous acts was also echoed in Hellmann-Rajanayagam’s (2008) depiction of women members of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. Hellmann-Rajanayagam...
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...Justice Terrorism has never been in the States; only in third world countries. Since 9/11-2001 is has been a reality and ongoing nightmare and hit close to home. The attack on the World Trade Centers in New York was a wakeup call. United States has been on high alert ever since, waiting for the next possible Terrorists attack. This paper will explain why terrorism is a law enforcement concern as well as how terrorism is considered a crime. At last the paper will state some recommendations that the American Criminal Justice should do, to better prepare for future crimes. Why is terrorism a law enforcement concern? In the Criminal Justice System law enforcement is one of the agencies that are dedicated to enforcing the laws as well as maintaining order, and control crime within the community. Law Enforcement police officers are the most visible representative of the government in American society; therefore police agencies are responsible for a wide variety of services (Fagin, 2005). Some of those responsibilities include traffic enforcement, accident investigation, patrol and first response to incidents, property crime investigation, violent crime investigation as well as investigating deaths and murders (Fagin, 2005). In other words law enforcement agencies are the ones that physically interact with the community most of the time. After the attack that happened on September 11th on the WTC and the Pentagon, “the criminal justice system assumed new roles on terrorism” (Fagin...
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