...Center’s (2006) Case Study 1, there are two options for identifying students with learning disabilities. The first option available is the IQ-Achievement Discrepancy Model. This model identifies struggling readers who have learning disabilities and is the traditional model in use for more than three decades (The Iris Center, 2006). The use of this model often results in students having to wait a long time before receiving services because the student is most often doing poorly in school before the teacher refers the student to the school psychologist for the test (The Iris Center, 2006). The test is easy to employ, and the teacher does not have to spend lots of time in the identification process (The Iris Center, 2007). One concern regarding this model is that it rarely identifies students with learning disabilities in the early grades, and students struggle for years before they are finally identified (The Iris Center, 2007). The second option for identifying students with learning disabilities is the Response to Intervention (RTI) model. RTI has the potential to improve the education of struggling readers based on a...
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...Weschlers test of intelligence for children The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), developed by David Wechsler, is an individually administered intelligence testfor children between the ages of 6 and 16 inclusive that can be completed without reading or writing. The WISC takes 65–80 minutes to administer and generates an IQ score which represents a child's general cognitive ability. ------------------------------------------------- History The original WISC (Wechsler, 1949) was an adaption of several of the subtests which made up the Wechsler–Bellevue Intelligence Scale (Wechsler, 1939) but also featured several subtests designed specifically for it. The subtests were organized into Verbal and Performance scales, and provided scores for Verbal IQ (VIQ), Performance IQ (PIQ), and Full Scale IQ (FSIQ). A revised edition was published in 1974 as the WISC-R (Wechsler, 1974), featuring the same subtests however the age range was changed from 5-15 to 6-16. The third edition was published in 1991 (WISC-III; Wechsler, 1991) and brought with it a new subtest as a measure of processing speed. In addition to the traditional VIQ, PIQ, and FSIQ scores, four new index scores were introduced to represent more narrow domains of cognitive function: the Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI), the Perceptual Organization Index (POI), the Freedom from Distractibility Index (FDI), and the Processing Speed Index (PSI). The current version, the WISC-IV, was produced in 2003 followed by the...
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...naturalist, and intrapersonal." Although they do subdivide up into categorizes, adolescence and adults alike shouldn't have to worry whether they were "smart" or not because of tests they took. Being advance, or interested, in certain areas shouldn't make you a "freak". The tests administered shouldn't be given. It's usually not even professionals giving the tests, especially in a school setting. Most of the teachers had to the tests themselves and didn't enjoy it but they don't try to end the testing for future generations. Herrington also had said, "The most important responsibility that we all hold as human beings is to come to the realization that each person deserves the unfailing right to respect according to their individuality, and that IQ should not be the determining factor of their whole persona." Basically, what she had said was that people shouldn't be judging who or what people are or like based upon results of a test. That we should judge them basked on who they make themselves out to be. Not everyone can take every detail and thing they have learned and repeat it back. Everyone learns at different paces and ways. Not one person should tell you that there is one set way to learning things. Another article I had found interesting was John Huddle's. Within the article he says, "We wouldn't use a micrometer as the single tool to build the car." This is his way of saying that people cannot all be judged upon he same tool. The only way to properly test people is to use tools...
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...Conway, S. J., & Kovaleski, J. F. (1998). A model for statewide special education reform: Pennsylvania’s Instructional Support Teams. International Journal of Educational Reform, 7, 345–351. Deno, S., Grimes, J., Reschly, D., & Schrag, J. (2001). PSM review team report. Minneapolis: Minneapolis Public Schools. Foorman, B. R., & Torgesen, J. (2001). Critical elements of classroom and small group instruction promote reading success in all children. Learning disabilities: Research and Practice, l6(4), 203–212. Fuchs, D., Mock, D., Morgan, P., & Young, C. (2003). Responsiveness-to-intervention: Definitions, evidence, and implications for the learning disabilities construct. Learning Disabilities: Research and Practice, 18(3), 157–171. Fuchs, L. S., Fuchs, D., & Speece, D. L. (2002). Treatment validity as a unifying construct for identifying learning disabilities. Learning Disability Quarterly, 25, 33–45. Gresham, F. M. (2002). Responsiveness to intervention: An alternative approach to the identification of learning disabilities. In R. Bradley, L. Danielson, & D. P. Hallahan (Eds.), Identification of learning disabilities: Research to practice (pp. 467–519). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Ikeda, M. J., & Gustafson, J. K. (2002). Heartland AEA 11’s problem solving process: Impact on issues related to special education (Research Rep. No. 2002-01). Johnston, IA: Heartland Area Education Agency. Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement...
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...Students are typically given new information that they are taught to absorb and apply to everyday life. Most instructors try to relate their curriculum to situations that students will find relevant and applicable to conditions or circumstances that have occurred or will occur in the future. Through that technique, the facilitation of comprehending and remembering the material comes into effect. Just as different teachers have varied teaching styles, students also have different ways of learning and affixing meaning to certain information. The Kolb Model of Experiential Learning classifies four modes in the learning cycle. The first mode, concrete experimentation, is learning through doing something. The second mode, reflection, concentrates on thinking about the information relayed. Abstract conceptualization, the third mode, involves talking with others and applying what is already known to the situation. The last mode of Kolb’s model is active experimentation, which entails doing something new or doing the same thing in a more highly developed manner based on what has been learned. Even though the primary focus of learning is the informational aspect; there are a number of other underlying factors that contribute to...
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...High Incidence Disabilities & Learning Needs Characteristics & Strategies Complete the chart below. Be sure to fully address each section. Bulleting is appropriate in this activity. | Definition(in your own words) | Identification Procedures | Characteristics(address academic, cognitive, social, emotional & behavioral as appropriate) | Ideas, strategies, suggestions for working with students in the classroom | Learning Disabilities | This is a disorder in which students are unable to perform the basic processes in understanding subjects such as language arts, math, etc. Sometimes it affects one or many areas. | * Unexpected underachievement in one or more academic areas * Severe discrepancy between expected achievement (standard test of intelligence) level and actual achievement (standard achievement test). * After unexpected achievement is documented, the exclusion clause is applied to student identification. | * Academic achievement is significantly below grade level. * Cognitive skill deficits related to memory, attention, impulsivity and or meta-cognition. * Possibly also diagnosed with ADHD. * Possible social deficits and difficulty getting along with others. * Motivational problems. | Provide clear and concise directions; adapt the curriculum to the student’s appropriate skill level; provide close supervision for the student; resource room may be a good accommodation. | Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder | Students are unable...
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...Abstract For big organization such as Goldman Sachs, valuable data that has large impact on the firm businesses is usually fragmented between multiple departments. The ideal data structure that the large organization should have is one single data base with customized data cut for each department. Large organization have been paying a lot of money and effort to reach this state, from large retail store trying to consolidate regional sale data base to online retailer like Amazon to enhance their data bank for analytical purposes. This dissertation will analyze Goldman Sachs data structure. We will go in depth to give the strength and weakness of the current structure and how it will limit the bank ability to adapt the changing environment. Lastly, we will discuss some changes that can be made to the current structure to improve those disadvantages and what benefit those changes will help the bank in current financial environment. Back Ground Company Background: Goldman Sachs is an American multinational Investment Bank who generates main revenue from Broker Dealer, Investment Management, Advisory and Investment Banking activities. Founded in 1869, the firm is headquartered in New York and as of 2014, the firm has offices in all major financial centers around the world. As of 2013, Goldman Sachs had 32,000 employees worldwide. In 2007, amid of Financial Crisis, Goldman open the commercial bank franchise headquartered in Salt Lake City, UT for private lending...
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...Assessments module 30 Trait, Learning, Biological and Evolutionary, and Humanistic Approaches to Personality Trait Approaches: Placing Labels on Personality Learning Approaches: We Are What We’ve Learned Biological and Evolutionary Approaches: Are We Born with Personality? Humanistic Approaches: The Uniqueness of You Try It! Assessing Your Real and Ideal Self-Concept Comparing Approaches to Personality module 32 Intelligence Theories of Intelligence: Are There Different Kinds of Intelligence? Practical Intelligence and Emotional Intelligence: Toward a More Intelligent View of Intelligence Assessing Intelligence Variations in Intellectual Ability Exploring Diversity: The Relative Influence of Genetics and Environment: Nature, Nurture, and IQ Psychology on the Web The Case of . . . Mike and Marty Scanlon, the Unlikely Twins Profiles of Success: Raymond J. Matlock Full Circle: Personality and Individual Differences module 31 Assessing Personality: Determining What Makes Us Distinctive Self-Report Measures of Personality Who was the Real Bernie Madoff? To some, Bernard L. Madoff was an affable, charismatic man who moved comfortably among power brokers on Wall Street and in Washington. He secured a long-standing role as an elder statesman on Wall Street, allowing him to land on important boards and commissions where his opinions helped shape securities regulations. And his employees say he treated them like family. There was, of course, another side to Mr. Madoff. Reclusive, at...
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...delay in all areas of development, by difficulties across the more formal structural aspects of language or in phonological skills. Methods & Procedures: The study included 138 monolingual English-speaking children: 63 (45.7%) boys and 75 (54.3%) girls aged between 5 and 12 years. All children were assessed blind to educational attainment in the school. Outcomes & Results: Nearly 40% of children had delayed language development with 10% having severe difficulties. The children presented with an uneven profile with much lower structural language scores than reading, general communication skills or non-verbal performance. Although service use was high in the group as a whole, the proportion who met criteria for specific language impairment on discrepancy criteria were not those who were being referred to speech and language therapy. Conclusions & Implications: Although many children were performing well within the normal range, a substantial proportion were not, having considerable implications...
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...physician well-being. The special millennial issue contains 15 empirically minded articles by eminent authors in the field of academic psychology. This field marks a deliberate steering away from the dominant “disease model” of human functioning. In the disease model, clinical psychology had become almost exclusively a science about healing damage or controlling maladaptive impulses. In contrast, the primary purpose of positive psychology is to measure, understand, and then build human strengths and civic virtues, including hope, wisdom, creativity, courage, spirituality, responsibility, perseverance, and satisfaction. The special issue is divided into 4 sections: evolutionary perspectives, positive personal traits, implications for mental and physical health, and fostering excellence. As the editors and several authors point out, positive psychology has significant implications for improving the quality of personal and professional life through applications on both individual and societal levels. The first of the 4 sections includes 2 ambitious articles that examine positive psychology within an evolutionary framework. In “The Evolution of Happiness” David Buss offers 3 hypotheses to explain why positive states of mind are so often elusive: first, the discrepancies between modern and ancestral environments; second, mechanisms evolved that are “designed” to produce subjective distress (i.e., functional jealousy and worry); and third, competitive mechanisms evolved that function...
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...Are people born to be bad? I think that this statement summed up this week's area of concern on the topic "Biology and Misbehaviour". From my personal understanding prior to the class, I have always thought that any misbehaviours are usually trigger or due to the situational factors such as poor family upbringing, peer pressure, social norms and other environmental factors. This could be due my belief that people are kind in nature gathered from the first verse of a Chinese Classic text, Three Character Classic. After the discussion on the topic, I have gain a new perception on the cause or reasons that misconduct is not only attributed by situational factors but complemented by individual factors. From the readings, case presentation and class discussion, I have gain a deeper insight into three correlations between biological traits and misbehaviour, On top of that, I have also gain knowledge of how situational factors influence the correlation of the two. They are discussed in the lesson includes the correlations between physical appearance (biological) and misbehaviour, personality traits (biological) and misbehaviour, and cognitive ability (Biological) and misbehaviour. Firstly, for the physical appearance, from reading the article "Ugly Criminals", I have learnt that there is a positive correlation between being ugly looking (from the perspective of the social norm) and higher tendency in committing crime. In the study, it shows that respondents that are considered...
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...determining the likelihood that a sample statistic could have been selected, if the hypothesis regarding the population parameter were true. The method of hypothesis testing can be summarized in four steps. 1. To begin, we identify a hypothesis or claim that we feel should be tested. For example, we might want to test the claim that the mean number of hours that children in the United States watch TV is 3 hours. 2. We select a criterion upon which we decide that the claim being tested is true or not. For example, the claim is that children watch 3 hours of TV per week. Most samples we select should have a mean close to or equal to 3 hours if the claim we are testing is true. So at what point do we decide that the discrepancy between the sample mean and 3 is so big that the claim we are testing is likely not true? We answer this question in this step of hypothesis testing. 3. Select a random sample from the population and measure the sample mean. For example, we could select 20 children and measure the mean time (in hours) that they watch TV per week. 4. Compare what we observe in the sample to what we expect to observe if the claim we are testing is...
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...Children living in poverty have lower education attainment, increased school dropout, lowered IQs, increased behavior problems, and increased psychiatric disorders (Household Poverty And Nonfatal Violent Victimization, 2008–2012). Instead of punishing the poor, the United States government should try to provide better opportunities for these children because right now they are failing them. It is unethical to provide wealthier people with better schools and jobs. It leaves the impoverished to feel like poverty is all they will ever know. People living in poverty have double the rate of committing crimes than those who live in high income areas (Household Poverty And Nonfatal Violent Victimization, 2008–2012). This is not because they are terrible people destined to become criminals. It is because they grow up in a world the wealthy cannot...
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...Question# 1 The geocentric view of the universe was long since developed in ancient Greece by an astronomer named Claudius Ptolemy (AD 90- 168). Ptolemy believed that the sun, stars and other planets revolved around the earth. The idea of “Geocentric” means everything revolves around Earth. It wasn’t long until Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543), an astronomer from Poland came up with a new theory that the solar system actually revolved around the sun. He invented the idea of a solar system. Revolutions (1543) was Copernicus’ final work explaining the heliocentric view of the universe. “The trouble was that nothing he could say or do made people feel they were living on a moving, spinning planet” (Gingerich & MacLachlan, 2005, p. 111) The four major contributors to the development of modern astronomy after Copernicus were Johannes Keppler, Galileo Galilei, Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein. Keppler defended the Copernican system in developing the three laws of planetary motion. Kepler’s First, Second and Third Laws are 1. The orbit of every planet is an ellipse with the sun at a focus. 2. A line joining a planet and the sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time. 3. The square of the orbital period of a planet is directly proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit. ("Johannes Kepler Facts, Quotes, Laws of Planetary Motion, Astronomy, Information", n.d., p. 1) Galileo in some cases is given credit to creating the telescope but in...
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...Low-Income Families In American society, education is considered by many to be an equalizing force for people from all walks of life. It allows the nation’s best and brightest to distinguish themselves from their peers through intellectual merit - at least in theory. Unfortunately, the reality of the situation does not live up to the ideal, especially for children from low income families. Children who are already growing up with the disadvantages of poverty are further hindered by underfunded and ineffectual primary schooling, setting them even further behind middle and upper class children. Before beginning a discussion of the factors or strategies contributing to early literacy, it is important to first establish that there is in fact a discrepancy between low-income children and their more affluent peers in the first place. A review of the research literature is required to lay certain inaccurate stereotypes to rest, such as the notion that poor children are simply lazier students, and do not face additional difficulties with the acquisition of literacy skills. A comprehensive empirical study by Babuder et al (2014) explores the relationship between poverty and reading skills in children, with the results being unanimously negative. The study goes beyond assessing the reading skills of the children, and measures the basic phonological and semantic skills needed for reading comprehension. The results suggest that poor children exhibit major deficits in these areas, and furthermore...
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