...on that period had significant impact. To reach Iran situation in the time of revolution, it is necessary to look at the country from the beginning of twentieth century, when the new opportunities had been created through Constitutional Revolution. During the early 1900s there were lots of foreign manipulation and government corruption that made Constitutional Revolution the only way of saving the country, which took place between 1905 and 1907. The revolution, which happened during Qajar Dynasty, led to establishment...
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...involved in the peace process between Saudi Arabia and Iran?” In the last few years, especially since the outbreak of sectarian violence in Syria in early 2013, the Middle East has gradually moved towards a sectarian regional political order.The surge in sectarian fighting between Shi’ites and Sunnis in Iraq. Syria and Yemen, the proclamation of the Islamic state by Sunni militants in 2014 and the competition of power and dominance between Sunni Saudi Arabia and Shi’ite Iran have increasingly come to define and shape the current Middle Eastern political order. Saudi Arabia and Iran are both muslim majority nations but relations prevailing between them have been affected mainly because of different geopolitical issues which are sectarianism which includes different interpretations and leadership issues over the Islamic world, oil export policy and relations with western countries such as US. After the Islamic revolution, relations between both the countries ran down because Iran indicted Saudi Arabia for having relations with US. Iran wanted to adopt westernized culture which was opposed by the Saudis whereas on the other hand the king of Saudi thought that Islamic solidarity would be something that would actually make both of the countries unite. The rebels in Yemen killed two Saudi guards which infused the Sunni government of Yemen. They accused Iran that the houthis shouldn’t have been armed due to which in retaliation Iran said that Saudi Arabia shouldn’t have intervened...
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...The intervention of British in Iran took a toll on Iran. Like all other imperialism in the Middle East, British interest in Iran was due to its resources, especially after the oil was discovered in Iran in 1905. When the oil was discovered, Britain private companies immediately took control of the oil. They built pipelines to drill the oil, and 40% of the profit was given to the government. The oil was very important resource for British for it empowered their navy, and as result helped them win the WWI, which took place from Jul 28, 1914 to Nov 11, 1918. Moreover, WWI caused great destruction for both countries; Britain was bankrupt, and Iran was completely destroyed. Therefore, Britain established an agreement with Iran, stating that they...
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...Management skills Mohammad Mossadegh What was the motivation behind US policy with respect to the government-sanctioned overthrow of the democratically-elected government of Iran in 1953? On August 19, 1953, the United States sanctioned its first, peacetime use of covert action to overthrow the constitutional government of a sovereign nation, successfully orchestrating the overthrow of Iran`s popular Prime Minister, Mohammed Mossadegh, and restoring the Shah to his throne. The question is — why? Thesis This paper will argue that the Marxist framework of international relations — namely that economic interest determines politics and political structure, and that the goal of economic (and political) activity is the redistribution of wealth and power — provides the most effective explanation as to the driving force behind the US governments fateful decision. The paper will reconstruct the information available to the Eisenhower administration up to the planning and execution of Operation Ajax, as the coup came to be called by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), so as to ascertain the key elements that would have factored into the governments foreign policy decision-making process prior to the event. It will then illustrate the aptness of Marxist theory, first, of its own accord, as well as through offering a comparative analysis of an alternative Realist theory. Finally, the paper will conclude by distinguishing between the US governments motivation versus its justification...
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...Mohammad Rahimi clearly suggested that they could close the Strait of Hormuz in response to possible sanctions by Western countries (Library of Congress. Foreign Affairs Division & Library of Congress, 2012). The statement stirred up a sense of oil crisis among Japanese (Bradsher & Krauss, 2012). Dr. Daniel Yergin argues in the book the quest that there is a low probability of Iran blocking the sea lanes of communication (SLOC) in the Strait of Hormuz. However, He overlooks several ways in which Iran could interrupt the SLOC. Moreover, there are potential risks in the SLOC such as piracy which costs a large sum of ransom money. Therefore, in order for Japan to become an energy secure country, it needs to take the geopolitical and security situations in the SLOC from the Middle East to Japan into account and respond accordingly....
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...What is negotiation Negotiation is a method by which people settle differences. It is a process by which compromise or agreement is reached while avoiding argument. In any disagreement, individuals understandably aim to achieve the best possible outcome for their position (or perhaps an organisation they represent). However, the principles of fairness, seeking mutual benefit and maintaining a relationship are the keys to a successful outcome. Preparing for a Successful Win-Win Negotiation Depending on the scale of the disagreement, some preparation may be appropriate for conducting a successful negotiation. For small disagreements, excessive preparation can be counter-productive because it takes time that is better used elsewhere. It can also be seen as manipulative because, just as it strengthens your position, it can weaken the other person's. However, if you need to resolve a major disagreement, then make sure you prepare thoroughly. Before you start negotiating you some points must be determined: • Goals: what do you want to get out of the negotiation? What do you think the other person wants? • Trades: What do you and the other person have that you can trade? What do you each have that the other wants? What are you each comfortable giving away? • Alternatives: if you don't reach agreement with the other person, what alternatives do you have? Are these good or bad? How much does it matter if you do not reach agreement? Does failure to reach an agreement...
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...March 19, 2012 Much to American anger and displeasure, India is in no mood to reduce its energy ties with Iran. Let us say that the Indian policy makers are cognizant of some of the critical facts concerning Iran. * That the international community has serious misgivings about the peaceful intentions of the Iranian nuclear programme. * That India is formally opposed to a nuclear Iran. * That under American sanctions, in December 2010 India had to terminate the Asian Customs Union (ACU) arrangement to pay for its oil imports from Iran. * That alternative payment arrangements through Germany, Turkey and the UAE were unsuccessful, finally forcing India and Iran to settle for partial rupee payment for oil imports. * That the rupee payment arrangement covers only 45 percent of the oil bill because the trade balance is highly in favour of Iran. * That State-own Shipping Corporation India has refused to ship crude from Iran because it could not find the necessary insurance cover. * That there are growing concerns over a possible Israeli military strike against Iranian nuclear installations. * That India would have learned some lessons from the September 2005 fiasco over the IAEA vote. Not only its anti-Iranian vote was a last minute decision, the manner in which it executed and explained its vote clearly revealed that New Delhi acted under pressure from Washington. This inept handling angered Tehran and displeased Washington. ...
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...During James L. Carter’s Presidential Time in Office In 1976 Americans chose James L. Carter versus Gerald Ford as their new president. The former governor of Georgia was appointed in hopes of defending American interests in the midst of the Cold War. Of President Carters’ administration, one of its most resilient adversities was faced Iran. Former President Dwight D. Eisenhower overthrew the leader of Iran in the 1953 Iranian coup d'etat, and used nuclear threats to conclude the Korean War with China. The New Look policy, the national security policy of the United States during his administration, called the New Look policy gave priority to inexpensive nuclear weapons while reducing the funding for the other military forces; the goal was to keep pressure on the Soviet Union and reduce federal deficits. Carter collaborated in this conquest. In response, Iran installed oppression of fanatical Moslem ayatollahs. This new government seized the American embassy in violation of the diplomatic law, withholding 66 hostages for the rest of the Carter administration. On November 14, 1979 President Carter immobilized the sale of weapons to Iran, banned all oil imports from them, and froze Iranian assets in the United States. The following year conditions for the release of the hostages were announced by the Shah but only in January 20th, 1981 when Ronald Reagan becomes President were they set free. The hostages were released a few hours before his installation in the White House. A...
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...Swot analysis (4 pages) Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats Strengths: Iran is located between the Middle East and Central Asia, with an access to two maritime frontages, the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea. This geographical situation provides economic, politic and military advantages (easiness to exchange with the rest of the world, access to international resources and the sovereignty of Iran is extended to its territorial waters). Iran is the eighteenth largest country in the world. It has a surface of 1 648 000 km² (3 times the size of France). The economy of the Islamic Republic Iran is the twenty-eight largest in the world by GDP (nominal) and the nineteenth largest economy in the world by Purchasing Power Parity (PPP). Iran is the world’s second largest proven oil and gas reserves after Saudi Arabia and Russia. It is the first exporter of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). Oil and gas aside, Iran is rich in other resources and has a important agricultural sector with the culture of cereals (wheat, corn, barley, rice), fruits (dates, figs, pomegranates, grapes, melons and watermelons) and vegetables, cotton, pistachios, olives, spices (saffron), tobacco and tea. Thanks to its location, Iran has an easy access to markets of neighboring countries Furthermore, Iran has one of the highest urban growth rates in the world. From 1950 to 2002, the urban proportion of the population increased from 27% to 60%. TSE (Tehran...
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...20th century, the Pahlavi dynasty took control of Iran with the goal of modernizing the country. Citizens did not like the western influence, the rapid change, and many felt forgotten. They turned to intellectuals and religious scholars to remedy the situation and topple the Shah. The Iranian Revolution started as a left-wing movement to end political oppression and western influence, but resulted in a conservative, religious government more repressive than before. It was caused by long-standing anger at western dependence, rapid economic growth, and government brutality. It was carried out by an alliance...
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...The Growing U.S. Concerns with Iran Jeremy Bondy American Military University DEFM600 B001 Win 12 Dr. Oliver Hedgepeth February 25, 2012 Table of Contents Introduction 3 History 4 Assumptions 5 Secrecy of Iran's Nuclear Program 6 Evidence of Nuclear Weapon Development 6 Refusing IAEA Inspections 7 Closing the Straits of Hormuz 8 Iran Aid to Syrian Government 9 Iran's Supporting of Militant Groups 10 Replacing the Iranian Regime 10 Variables Used to Define a Model 11 Conclusion 12 References 13 Introduction As time goes on Iran is becoming an increasing area of concern and threat to the United States and its allies. Iran has been working for some time at trying to establish itself as a dominant power, especially within the Middle East. This quest for recognition has caused rising national security concerns within the United States and some of its allied countries. Some of the most recent concerns include; Iran's nuclear program, threats of closing of the Straits of Hormuz, the oil sanctions, and Iran's threats towards other oil producing Arab nations. Iran has also been working at strengthening its ties with Syria, the Hezbollah in Lebanon, Shiite groups in Iraq, and ties to groups in Palestine and Afghanistan. According to Mansour (2008), Iran has many tools in place that have a major impact on their surrounding countries and on the United States. Iran is gaining allot of ground on becoming a dominating force...
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...Marjane Satrapi, who is now a teenager talks about her experience in Iran under the influence of the Iranian Revolution. It was the nineteenth century and Iran was undergoing changes under the leadership of Reza Shah to modernize and westernize Iran. However, they discovered oil and the west invaded Iran when Reza Shah said that Iran would stay neutral in WWII. After his exile, Mohammad Reza Shah took over but they just called him the Shah. It was during his reign that the prime minister of Iran nationalized the oil industry. Thus, Great Britain placed an embargo on oil exports from Iran. Consequently, the prime minister was overthrown and with support from the United States, the Shah returned to his throne only to run away again in 1979 at the height of the revolution. Since the revolution it had become mandatory for females to wear the veil. When asked about her feelings regarding the veil Marjane replied, “We didn’t really like to wear the veil, especially since we didn’t understand why we had to.” The people were forced to wear it without explanation which was why the veil wasn’t taken seriously. Following the veil was what Iran called the Cultural Revolution. This happened in 1980 and it was an act to rid Iran of capitalism and decadence. Marjane discussed that this was a time where the entire world she...
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...Iran: A Concise Look at Current Political and Economic Situation Yousef Langroodi - Translation by RF, Revolutionary Flowerpot Society March 12, 2011 Translation of an article from Raah-e Kargar/Workers' Path. A Concise Look at Current Political and Economic Situation by: Yousef Langroodi / March 11, 2011 A look at the current conditions in Iran makes it clear that the Islamic Republic continues to face unprecedented economic and political crises. It has not only not been able to take a step toward solving any of the problems it faces but has been spreading and deepening the dimensions of the crises with the policies it has pursued. The Islamic regime, which in previous months had been using all its capabilities to portray the anti-dictatorial movement as defeated, suddenly -- and with the advent of the protests and demonstrations on February 14 and then 20th and then the Protest Tuesdays that ensued -- saw the reality of people confronting it. On this year's Char-shanbeh-soori [ceremonies held for the last Wednesday of the year], the Islamic Republic will find out well and truly where it stands, and to what extent it has been able to control people's movement and their struggles. This Char-shanbeh-soori, which is to be held off on the last of the Protest Tuesdays of the current year [Iranian calendar, which ends March 19], will be another occasion for a nationwide opportunity for the people to shout, Death to Dictatro!, and to show this regime of Guardians...
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...PESTEL ANALYSIS FOR IRAN Despite political and economic ups and downs and uncertainties IRAN remains one of the Middle East top countries when it comes to the growth potential. With largest young population IRAN is considered one of the best export markets in the region. POLITICAL: Unique factor is that it is religious and Islamic. The political system of Islamic republic is based on 1979 constitution. Accordingly it is duty of Islamic government to furnish all citizens with equal and appropriate opportunities. The white revolution which is a step taken with a view to strengthening the foundation of the despotic regime and to maintain the economic links. The tax environment for foreign businesses is highly risky. The corporate tax rate has been lowered to a flat 25% from the previous maximum of about 60. The fiscal year starts on March 21 and ends on March 20 of other year. TYPES OF TAX 1 Income tax 2 Islamic taxes 3 Real estate taxes 4 Capital gain tax 5 Indirect taxes ECONOMICAL FACTORS: Inflation rate for IRAN is 13.50% for year 2010 while in 2009 it was 25.60%. It is transition economy with large public sector and estimated 50% of economy centrally planned. A unique feature is the large size of religious foundations whose combined budget makes up more than 30% of central government. Unemployment rate is 11.80%. According to official estimates some 3.5 million working age Iranians are currently unemployed. The jobless rate is high among women and youth of...
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...Value Chain Challenges Toyota has one of the most streamlined global value chains of any organization. Even so, the organization sees challenges when investing in different countries around the globe. Iran and Turkey will be evaluated as Toyota looks to expand into countries where they currently do not operate. The evaluation will include an analysis of the legal and ethical issues, political stability, financial considerations, infrastructure, geography, suppliers, manufacturers, socioeconomic and cultural factors. Legal and Ethical Issues Doing business in Iran is taken personal on every level; from government officials to working employees. Networking is usually done through friends and family. Asking for favors is never an issue as long as they can be repaid. Iran always has been seen as a security concern to the United States and other countries. Iran has been targeted by the Financial Action Task Force for money laundering and ties with Latin American countries. Speculation of Iran’s association with the Venezuelan government has Iran paying them to mine uranium for the Iranian government (Ethics World, 2010). Turkey is out to fix the corruption within its country by establishing harsher legal policies and regulation that allow the country’s businesses to meet EU standards of governance. Turkey’s new outlook on life can be summed up in a quote found on an international blog site, created by Aleksander Shkolnikov. “When governments are corrupt, there is less incentive...
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