...1908 when he achieved complete interchangeability and the introduction of the moving assembly line in 1913. These concepts were taken even further by Alfred Sloan of General Motors. After combining Ford’s factory policies and Sloan’s marketing techniques we get mass production in its final mature form. However after decades of churning out millions of vehicles per year, Eiji Toyoda found faults in the system considered by many as the ultimate production system. He along with his production genius TaiichiOhno, soon developed the system which would once again revolutionize the automobile production system as the world would see it. By applying lean manufacturing in their home country of Japan, they and their company, Toyota, they were able to match the production volumes of GM with a workforce of almost half. Now, around the turn of the millennium there is considerable research going on in the field of flexible and reconfigurable manufacturing systems to find “The Next Big Thing” in manufacturing systems. In the subsequent paper I will try to outline the developments of mass production, lean production and FMS & RMS i.e. the past, present and future of automobile manufacturing. Past – Mass Production Before understanding just how much effective mass production was, we need to know the production system...
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...INDEX Strategic Marketing Management Papers 1. Decision making 1-1 Mizik, N. (2010) The theory and practice of Myopic Management. 1-2 Slater, S.F. and Narver, J.C. (1995). Marketing orientation and the learning process. 2. Innovation 2-1 Mahajan, V., Muller. E. and Bass, F.M. (1990). New product diffusion models in Marketing. A Review and directions for research. 3. Turbulence 3-1 De Meyer, A., Loch, C.H. and Pich, M.T. (2002). Managing Project Uncertainty: From variation to chaos. 4. Service 4-1 Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V.A. and Berry, L.L. (1985). A conceptual Model of Service Quality and its implications for future research. 4-2 Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V.A. and Berry, L.L. (1985). Problems and strategies in Service Marketing. 5. Connected Customer 5-1 Dye, R. (2000). The buzz on buzz 5-2 Van den Bulte, C. (2010). Opportunities and Challenges in studying customer networks. 1-1 Mizik, N. (2010) The theory and practice of Myopic Management. Het artikel bespreekt de theorie en het empirische bewijs van myopic management (MM) met betrekking tot het uitvoeren van marketingactiviteiten. Het bewijst het onvermogen van de aandelenmarkt om marketing en innovatieactiviteiten juist te waarderen. De auteur beoordeelt de totale financiële consequenties van MM (bezuinigen op marketing en research-and-development uitgaven om winsten op te blazen) en is van mening dat myopia op lange termijn een negatieve invloed heeft op de waarde van het...
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...sharing of messages - intrapersonal communication within oneself - interpersonal direct sharing of experience between two people - group communication small group organizational - mass communication communication from one person of group of persons through a transmitting device (a medium or channel) to large, diverse audiences Mass Media Definitions - mass media are industries or businesses that create and distribute the following to large numbers of people: songs, novels, newspapers - MM are key institutions in society that affect our culture, buying habits, politics, etc - MM are profit-centered businesses making money is priority #1 concentration of ownership The media are good and bad - At their worst the median can erode out quality of life - at their best help us understand events and trends facilitate connections with others shape our identity - media literacy is crucial we can have a say in the role media play in our lives Media Convergence - convergence refers to the appearance of older media forms on the ewes media channels - convergence also refers to newspaper, broadcast, and internet outlets existing under one corporate roof Models of Mass Communication - linear model : sender -- message -- mass media channel -- (gate keepers) -- receivers media messages - cultural model: culture: the symbols of expression that people use to make sense of their lives and to articulate their values audiences...
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...Patrick Trainor THEO – 104 What it means to be a Christian What it means to be a Christian; hmm. Prior to this class I thought I knew all I needed to know about being Christian: read the bible, attend mass, work hard, and be good to my family, the usual. After going through this course and reading more about the bible itself and conversing with those in the class I definitely feel more enlightened to what it takes to be a Christian. The day to day lives that we all live nowadays tend to consume us so much that I think we forget why we are what we are. And I think this class has helped to reaffirm why I am a Christian. Everyone knows that Jesus was born of the Virgin Mary, but no one actually talks about why this is important; to them or to Christianity. To me this is kind of like a director foreshadowing in a movie. GOD was able to see that having Jesus born of a virgin would only enhance the believability of his deity by having this occur. Human skepticism is way too advanced and this just seems to be the obvious reason for setting this up this way. Just think had Jesus been born of a normal woman, in a normal setting, normal family, everyone would just assume he was normal. There would be no added credence to his power, knowledge, and compassion. It has in many ways added incentive for people to believe in him. So GOD was able to see into the future that we as a race would question, protest, and even take contrarian points of view in a unified opposition had this not...
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...Relationship Management A Framework for Customer Relationship Management 3 main topics of the article 1. Old and new marketing approach differences – what are the reason for the shift in the marketing approach Old | New | Transaction based | Reaction based | Mass advertisement | One to one marketing | Price oriented product | Customized | Acquisition | Retention | Indirect communication | Direct communication | | | Transaction Marketing (old approach) Just one exchange between company and customer and this is the product from company to customer and money from customer and company. Main objective is to maximize the profit out of this single transaction therefore there is a strong need to acquire more and more customers. Relationship Marketing (new approach) Main difference between TM and RM: multiple transactions between company and customer. Objective: to maximize Profit out of multiple transactions with a single customer. The profit out of multiple transactions with one single customer is called: Customer Lifetime Value Reasons for the shift 80/20 rule (80% of the profit is generated by 20% of the customers) Globalization | competition Acquisition is more expensive Cross and upselling Acquisition vs retention is the main reason for the shift 2. Main objective of CRM * to simplify marketing and sales process * To make call centers more efficient * To provide better customer service * To discover new...
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...Fazit12 QUELLENVERZEICHNIS13 ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS Abb. Abbildung bzw. beziehungsweise JTB Japan Travel Bureau o.Ä. oder Ähnliches S. Seite UNWTO World Tourism Organisation usw. und so weiter Zit. Zitiert ABBILDUNGSSVERZEICHNIS Abb. 3.1: Die Anzahl der Outbound Touristen pro Monat in den letzten drei Jahre7 Abb. 3.2: Die Anzahl der Outbound Touristen nach Asien in den letzten drei Jahre7 Abb. 3.3: Die Anzahl der Outbound Touristen nach Amerika, Mikronesien und Ozeanien in den letzten drei Jahre 8 Abb. 3.4: Die Anzahl der Outbound Touristen nach Europa in den letzten drei Jahre8 TABELLENSVERZEICHNIS Tabelle 3.1: Japans Outbound Touristen5 Tabelle 3.2 Destination Liste 6 I. II. EINLEITUNG 3.1 Einführung In der heutigen globalen Geschäftsumfeld ist es wichtig, dass Hospitality Professionelle, Lehrende und Lernende ein Verständnis für die Auswirkungen und die Feinheiten mit internationalen Geschäft verbunden zu gewinnen. (Yamaguchi et.al 2000, S.202) Im Jahr 2000 reisten mehr als 17 Millionen Japaner zum Ausland, das war etwa 150-mal die Zahl im Jahr 1964, wenn die...
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...Want Fries With That?: An American Epidemic Ashlee Martinez WGU University Nearly everyone in America has experienced the sensational film “Super Size Me”, in which a young, healthy vegan man by the name of Morgan Spurlock experiments with his own body in order to see the disastrous effects of fast food on the human form. After a month of eating nothing but McDonald's, Morgan suffered from a 13% gain in body mass, cholesterol levels of 230, rapid mood changes and embarrassing sexual inadequacy. He was unable to complete the program after being told by a medical professional that “he was going to die” if he continued on the current diet. Thankfully, Morgan was able to quit and return his body slowly back to the healthy shape it once was in, but this happy ending isn't always the case for millions of Americans. Left untreated, obesity will surpass smoking as the main cause of preventable death. Between the ruthless marketing, placement of restaurants in low income neighborhoods and near schools, massive portion sizes riddled with fat and carbohydrates and more than 46 million people eating out at only McDonald's daily, fast food has easily gone from a “once in a while treat” to one of the most menacing killers in the country. Portion size and ingredients play a grand factor in the fattening affects of fast food. According to research gathered by Washington State University, Fast foods contain...
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...P1 In this assignment I will be explaining three different approaches to health education. I will also be giving examples of each approach being used and lastly I will also be explaining the role of the health educators in these approaches. The three approaches I will be talking about are as follows; social marketing approach, two way communication and community development approach. Health education is usually used to give information and advice of the knowledge and skills that the professionals have gained in their sector in order to change the behaviour that affects health an example of this could be using social marketing by putting posters up in busses about eating healthy. Health educators come from a wide range of professions including teachers in schools, social workers who work with adults and young children, practice nurses in wards and hospitals and even care homes, health visitors that come out to individuals and leisure centre staff who work in gyms. Health education uses different approaches to promote health education and some of the approaches that are used and are being used I will be talking about within this assignment. Prescriptions were introduced 1952 smoking and cancer link introduced 1954 2000 NHS walk in centres introduced 2007 smoking ban introduced This time line links in with my campaign and shows how health improved over the years within drugs and other substances for an example smoking ban in public bases resulted in...
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...Referred Customers c Retention 75.0% 80.0% 85.0% Rate d Retained 37,500 32,400 Customers e Total 50,000 40,500 35,640 Customers g Revenue per $389.76 $429.76 $429.76 Customer h Total Revenue $19,488,000 $17,405,280 $15,316,646 I Direct Costs $256 j MaSS mARKETING Cost $80 k Marketing Costs $25 l Total Costs $12,800,000 $10,368,000 $9,123,840 $4,000,000 0 0 $1,250,000 $1,012,500 $891,000 $18,050,000 $11,380,500 $10,014,840 m Profit n Discount Rate o Net Present Value p Cumulative NPV q Lifetime Value $1,438,000 $6,024,780 $5,301,806 1.00 1.14 1.30 $1,438,000 $5,284,895 $4,078,313 $1,438,000 $6,722,895 $10,801,207 $28.76 $134.46 $216.02 Lifetime value calculations are more complex than simple profitability. For this reason, let's look at this chart line by line. For convenience, we will refer to each line by its letter (a) as we go. We will begin with 50,000 customers (e) who were acquired at an average cost of $80 each (j), or $4 million. These customers are not static. They tend to drift away. A year later, only 75% of them are still using their card. Their retention rate is 75% (c). Of those who remain, the retention rate increases to 80% in Year 2 and 85% in Year 3. Some of these customers are encouraged by marketing efforts of $25 per customer per year (k) to become advocates and get their relatives and friends to take out the card. This results in a referral rate (a) and three thousand referred customers in Year 2...
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...Segmentation? Introduction and Definition When it comes to marketing strategies, most people spontaneously think about the 4P (Product, Price, Place, Promotion) – maybe extended by three more Ps for marketing services (People, Processes, Physical Evidence). Market segmentation and the identification of target markets, however, are an important element of each marketing strategy. They are the basis for determining any particular marketing mix. Literature suggests the following steps: Market Segmentation 1. Identification of customers‘ needs and market segments 2. Develop profiles of resulting market segments Positioning 5. Identification of differential advantages in each segment 6. Development and selection of positioning concepts Identification of Target Markets 3. Evaluation of attracti vity of each segment 4. Selection of target segments Marketing Planning 7. Development of a marketing mix for each segment according to the chosen position Adapted from Kotler and Doyle The importance of market segmentation results from the fact that the buyers of a product or a service are no homogenous group. Actually, every buyer has individual needs, preferences, resources and behaviors. Since it is virtually impossible to cater for every customer’s individual characteristics, marketers group customers to market segments by variables they have in common. These common characteristics allow developing a standardized marketing mix for all customers in this segment. Definition: Market segmentation...
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...Firms strive for sustainable competitive advantage, financial performance that consistently outperforms their industry peers. The world is so dynamic, with new products and new competitors rise seemingly overnight, that truly sustainable advantage might seem like impossibility, but there are winners and the Zara chain is one of them. The Zara fashion chain, founded in 1975 in Arteixo, is perhaps the world's most successful clothing chain. Zara has helped its parent, the Spanish firm Inditex, grow from obscurity in the mid. 90’s to the world's third largest pure-play fashion retailer after the Swedish H&M and US-based Gap Inc. with financial performance well ahead of these rivals. With 1021 shops, at 13.04.2007, in 55 countries, Zara appears to have found the formula for success: Give the public what it wants, at the lowest possible price, in the shortest time possible. In order to think about how the firms achieve sustainable advantage, it's useful to start with two concepts defined by Michael Porter: operational effectiveness and strategic positioning. (I) OPERATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS According to Porter, the reason so many firms suffer aggressive, margin eroding competition, is because they've defined themselves according to operational effectiveness rather than strategic positioning. Operational effectiveness refers to performing the same tasks better than rivals perform them. Everyone wants to be better, but the danger in operational effectiveness is in "sameness". At its...
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...ANNALS of the ORADEA UNIVERSITY. Fascicle of Management and Technological Engineering, Volume VI (XVI), 2007 STRATEGY AND SUSTAINABLE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGETHE CASE OF ZARA FASHION CHAIN Sunhilde CUC, Simona TRIPA University of Oradea, Faculty of Textiles and Leatherworks, e-mail: hectic@rdslink.ro, tripasimona@yahoo.com, Keywords: Company Strategy, Competitive Advantage, Operational Effectiveness, Strategic Positioning Abstract. In this case study we want to analyse this phenomenon called Zara, a strategic unit of the Inditex Group, and evaluate the strategies of Zara on the European fashion market. Finally within the clothing market, it shows the competitive advantage gained through modern systems by comparing Zara to its opponents. 1. COMPANY PROFILE Firms strive for sustainable competitive advantage, financial performance that consistently outperforms their industry peers. The world is so dynamic, with new products and new competitors rising seemingly overnight, that truly sustainable advantage might seem like an impossibility. But there are winners and the Zara chain is one of them. The Zara fashion chain, founded in 1975 in Arteixo, a small town in the north of Spain, is perhaps the world's most successful clothing chain. Zara has helped its parent, the Spanish firm Inditex, grow from obscurity in the mid 90s to the world's third largest pure-play fashion retailer after the Swedish H&M and US-based Gap Inc. with financial performance well ahead of these rivals...
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...Consumer Sciences, Vol 31, 2003 The importance of apparel product attributes for female buyers Ernest J North, Retha B de Vos and T Kotzé OPSOMMING Die doel van hierdie artikel is om die bevindinge van ‘n empiriese ondersoek te rapporteer wat uitgevoer is om vroulike verbruikers se aankoopbesluite vir ‘n kledingstuk te ontleed wat gebaseer is op die waarde wat hulle aan sekere eienskappe van die produk heg. Alhoewel menige studies in die verlede verbruikers se houdings jeens produkte en hul eienskappe gemeet het, is die moontlikheid van die effek van interaksie tussen die attribute oorgesien. In die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks het die literatuurstudie getoon dat daar ‘n behoefte is aan ‘n studie om te bepaal wat die waarde is wat vroulike verbruikers aan sekere produkeienskappe heg voordat aankoopbesluite gefinaliseer word. ‘n Vraelysopname is as primêre data-insamelingsmetode gebruik waartydens die respondente versoek is om aan te toon wat hul voorkeure is vir dertig gepaarde kombinasies van die produk en sy eienskappe. Hierdie studie het op vier eienskappe, naamlik handelsmerk, styl, kleinhandelaar en prys gefokus. Hipoteses is geformuleer en voorkeurkeuse-ontleding (“conjoint analysis”) is vir die ontleding van data gebruik. Die bevindinge toon aan dat daar beduidende verskille is in die waardes wat vroulike verbruikers heg aan die eienskappe van ‘n kledingstuk voordat aankoopbesluite geneem word. INTRODUCTION Although the apparel industry seems to be in the maturity stage and...
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...RUNNING HEAD: ANALYSIS OF THE SAMSUNG GALAXY NOTE COMMERCIAL Analysis of the Samsung Galaxy Note Commercial BUS 620 Managerial Marketing Dr. Patricia A. Ryan February 20, 2012 Analysis of the Samsung Galaxy Note Commercial Advertising is defined as, “Any paid form of non-personal (i.e. through some medium, such as radio, print, direct mail, or e-mail) presentation and promotion of ideas, goods, or services by an identified sponsor.” (Mullins, Walker, 2010 p. 344) Examples of mediums include print ads, radio, billboard, posters, web pages, and television, such as the television commercial by Samsung for their new Galaxy Note cell phone. They created a commercial which was first aired during the recent Super Bowl football game shown on television. This commercial was very effective and showed off some of the Galaxy Note’s benefits, differentiated the product from a very specific competitor, all while targeting a specific market segment. Communicating the Galaxy Note’s Benefits The commercial Samsung created for its new Samsung Galaxy Note found an effective and creative way of showing off some of the Galaxy Notes benefits. The ad takes place in a street party atmosphere and throughout the commercial it displays some of the Galaxy Note’s features, including the new phone’s larger screen size, an included stylus, camera capabilities (both front and back, video and still), and video conferencing. Differentiating the Galaxy Note from competitors “As firms seek...
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...With your patent in the works, you’ll need to create a functional prototype of your invention. Prototypes tend to go through several stages of development. To aim for a prototype that approximates the final product, you’ll need an expert who specializes in creating prototypes. Mass-produced products and product components today are made primarily in three ways: You can use plastic injection mold, stamp them from steel, or even die cast them from a zinc alloy. Remember, inventors are rarely satisfied. They are always tinkering with their ideas. You can tweak, test, probe and try to get a better result each time. Once you have your prototype, don’t get hung up on it being perfect. Try to stay focused on small changes that can make your idea better every time. Once you’ve got your final working model, if your product is destined for retail shelves, you’ll need packaging, and it should be enticing. Packaging is a separate product that needs resources and time for prototyping. It’s practically its own product. Don’t forget the packaging around the packaging. It’s not just what protects your product, it’s your marketing pitch. Customized retail packaging design needs to thoroughly communicate the product's benefits to the market in less than 10 seconds.At times, Taking your idea to the market can be frustrating, however remember to remain positive and keep going as the rewards in the end should...
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