...Motivation plays an important part in performance. Both punishment and reward motivate in a different way. Punishment will hurt relationship of management and workers. It motivates by withholding the rewards and forcing them to meet goals in the short run. Punishment creates fear in people. It can be in the form of demotion, job loss or public humiliation. It is not encouraged by many thinkers, as there might be negative effects in the long run. People might become defensive and work quality might drop. Union might also get involved. The stress might increase staff turnover rate and thus increase company’s costs in re-training and recruitment. However, it is also an effective corrective action to stop bad working behaviour. Rewards can be in the form of money, promotion, job satisfaction and other types of recognition. However, rewards lose their effectiveness as motivators over time. Awarded worker might become complacent. If worker perceived as less deserving also received the award, other recipients will treat the same reward as an entitlement. The below-mentioned three thinkers belong to the human relations era. They emphasize the importance of understanding human behaviour and motivation. Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs identified five levels of human needs which workers seek to fulfill. In sequence of bottom-up, they are the physiological needs (Food, water, shelter, sleep and medicine), security or safety needs (Fear of job loss, free of physical danger),...
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...BA CHAPTER 13: MOTIVATING PERFORMANCE Motivating for Performance * Understanding why people do things is not an easy task * Predicting their response to management’s latest productivity program is harder. * Motivation * forces that energize, direct, and sustain a person’s efforts * highly motivated people, with adequate ability and understanding of the job, will be highly productive * To be effective motivators managers must know what behaviors they want to motivate people to exhibit * Managers must motivate people to * Join the organization * Remain in the organization * Come to work regularly * Perform * Exhibit good citizenship * Good citizens of org are committed, satisfied employees who perform above and beyond the call of duty by doing extra things, the company needs. * Importance of citizenship behavior may be less obvious that productivity. * Process: goal-setting, reinforcement and expectancy theories – basic and powerful actions to take. * Content: what people want and need SETTING GOALS Overview * Goal setting is perhaps the most important, valid, and useful single approach to motivating performance * Goal setting works for any job in which people have control over their performance * Goal setting theory * people have conscious goals that energize them and direct their thoughts and behaviors toward a particular end Goals that motivate * goals should be acceptable...
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...Questions for Discussion 1. Why is it important to focus on motivating employees who survive a layoff? It is important to focus on motivating employees who survive a layoff because employees “left behind” often ask themselves the following questions: Is this really over? Is this just the first round? Why am I staying and not them? Contrary to some management expectations about employees working harder after a reduction in force, employees may cut back on their work production and efficiency. They may withdraw from company social activities and regress to a point where they are in danger of being discharged from employment. (Beier, 2014) "It's natural for people to have mixed feelings about keeping their jobs when co-workers have been let go," says Robert Hosking, executive director. "Layoff survivors often experience guilt about being the ones who stay while also working in an environment marked by uncertainty."(Winter, 2009) This is where managers perform a critical function. Managers can help layoff survivors to rediscover and reconnect with their own motivation, direction, and goals to become more fully engaged employees. 2. To what extent is Conaty's advice consistent with equity and expectancy theory? Equity theory emphasizes the need for managers to pay attention to employees' perception of what is fair and equitable. No matter how fair management thinks the organization's policies, procedures, and reward system are, each employee's perception of the equity of those...
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... | | | Nearly all the conscious behavior of human being is motivated. The internal needs and drives lead to tensions, which in turn result into actions. The need for food results into hunger and hence a person is motivated to eat. A manager requires to create and maintain an environment in which individuals work together in groups towards the accomplishment of common objectives. A manager cannot do a job without knowing what motivates people. The building of motivating factors into organizational roles, the staffing of these roles and the entire process of leading people must be built on a knowledge of motivation. It is necessary to remember that level of motivation varies both between individuals and within individuals at different times. Today in the increasingly competitive environment maintaining a highly motivated workforce is the most challenging task. The art of motivation starts by learning how to influence the behavior of the individual. This understanding helps to achieve both, the individual...
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...Topic 3 – Motivation Is punishment or reward more powerful in motivating employees? Discuss this question, referring to at least three specific management theories and considering the historical context in which these ideas were developed or adopted. Introduction Most Managers today , often believe in the redemptive power of rewards to motivate their employees. ( Kohn 1993) Motivation is define as the “psychological feature that arouses an organism to action toward a desired goal; the reason for the action; that which gives purpose and direction to behaviour.” ( Dictionary.com) Understanding of the motivation of people at work is the key to an effective remuneration system in the organization. (Bowey, 1986) 1.Theory X and Theory Y Douglas McGregor ( Forsyth 2004 p.15) 2.Herzberg’s motivational hygiene 3.Need theory Maslow hierarchy of needs is another theory that helps describe the basic situation in which all motivational effort must be directed. ( Forsyth , 2004 ,p17). In 1938, Henry Murray postulated 20 different needs that people attempt to satisfy. Abraham H. Maslow built on Murray’s work to form one of the most widely recognized theories of motivation(Wren, 2005). It was based on conclusions he drew from his observations of individuals who came to him for assistance in coping with difficulties in their personal lives during the Great Depression ( Latham 2007) 4.Expectancy theory The expectancy theory of motivation is suggested by Victor Vroom. Unlike...
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...dimensions: |[pic] |Contingent Rewards: Transactional leaders link the goal to rewards, clarify expectations, provide necessary resources, set mutually agreed | | |upon goals, and provide various kinds of rewards for successful performance. They set SMART (specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, | | |and timely) goals for their subordinates. | |[pic] |Active Management by Exception: Transactional leaders actively monitor the work of their subordinates, watch for deviations from rules and | | |standards and taking corrective action to prevent mistakes. | |[pic] |Passive Management by Exception: Transactional leaders intervene only when standards are not met or when the performance is not as per the | | |expectations. They may even use punishment as a response to unacceptable performance. | |[pic] |Laissez-faire: The leader provides an environment where the subordinates get many opportunities to make decisions. The leader himself | | |abdicates responsibilities and avoids making decisions and therefore the group often lacks direction. | Transformational leadership is the use of high energy, enthusiasm and passion to inspire and motivate employees. While...
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...INTRODUCTION Domino's Pizza is a international pizza chain with roughly 9000 locations worldwide who has been in the pizzeria business for nearly 50 years. Domino's Pizza has a combination of corporate owned and franchised locations. They are also a publicly traded and multinational organization. Domino's Pizza have set their goal in becoming the number one pizza delivery service ever. Domino's Pizza falls under the fast food industry, which has been characterized for high employee turnover. Domino's Pizza is no exception to the high employee turnover of this industry. Domino's Pizza has a trend of young and inexperienced employees that only stay with the company for a short while. With turnover rates high and new inexperienced employees filling job positions it seems that Domino's Pizza is in a vicious cycle of hiring and re-hiring. Employees do not see Domino's as a long term dream job, but a temporary job just to earn money. The costs of the hiring process is taking a continuous toll on this pizzeria company. In terms of my role with this company I have been asked to assume the role of a consultant. A manager has asked me for my expertise in handling the large employee turnover rate. In this industry the employee turnover rate can be as high as 200% to 300%. It can be quite a challenge to bring this rate down. However I am confident that with the right management strategies in place this employee turnover rate can decrease. It is all about getting...
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...MOTIVATING EMPLOYEES IN THE ORGANIZATION Prepared for Professor Dan Riding Florida Institute of Technology Prepared by Student Elzbieta Kociolek Florida Institute of Technology February 19, 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….3 Understanding the concept of motivation………………………………………………4 Assessing your approach to employee motivation 5 Identifying manager's role in motivation process6 Applying motivational techniques7 Use appropriate methods of reinforcement.7 Provide people with flexibility and choice…………………………………………….8 Encourage employees to set their own goals and objectives………………………8 Have a flexible management style…………………………………………………….8 Provide immediate and relevant feedback that will help employees improve their performance in the future……………………………………………………………....8 Establish a climate of trust and open communication……………………………….9 Demonstrate your own motivation through behavior and attitude…………………9 Conclusions and Recommendations………………………………………………………10 References……………………………………………………………………………………11 INTRODUCTION Motivation is defined as the willingness to exert high levels of effort toward organizational goals, conditioned by the effort’s ability to satisfy some individual needs. Motivation is necessary element and the most crucial aspect in achieving goals in the organization. When people get motivated, they will put more effort and try harder on what they doing to achieve better goals...
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...Motivation is a theoretical construct, used to explain behavior. It is the scientific word used to represent the reasons for our actions, our desires, our needs, etc. Motives are hypothetical constructs, used to explain why people do what they do. A motive is what prompts a person to act in a certain way or at least develop an inclination for specific behavior.[1] For example, when someone eats food to satisfy the need of hunger, or when a student does his/her work in school because they want a good grade. Both show a similar connection between what we do and why we do it. According to Maehr and Meyer, "Motivation is a word that is part of the popular culture as few other psychological concepts are".[2] Wikipedia readers will have a motive (or motives) for reading an article, even if such motives are complex and difficult to pinpoint. At the other end of the range of complexity, hunger is frequently the motive for seeking out and consuming food.Types of theories and models[edit] Motivation theories can be classified on a number of basis. Natural vs. Rational based on whether the underlying theory of human Cognition is based on natural forces (drives, needs, desires) or some kind of rationality (instrumentality, meaningfulness, self-identity). Content vs. Process based on whether the focus is on the content ("what") motivates vs process ("how") motivation takes place. Monist and pluralistic motivational theories[edit] A class of theories about why people do things seeks...
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...Satisfaction- how much one likes a specific kind of job or work activity. One’s attitudes or feelings about the job itself, pay, promotion, or educational opportunities, supervision, and co-workers. -Organizational Citizenship Behaviors- people who are more satisfied with their jobs are more likely to engaged in these behaviors that are not directly related to one’s job that are helpful to others at work. (Volunteering to help someone else with a task, or filling in for another employee) -Needs- internal states of tension or arousal or uncomfortable states of deficiency people are motivated to change (hunger, being secure, belong to a group) -Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs- triangle with 5 levels of needs. Any person’s behavior can be understood primarily as the effort directed to satisfy one particular level of the need in the hierarchy. Lower level needs must be satisfied before the next higher level becomes salient in motivating behavior. 1. Self Actualization 2. Esteem Needs 3. Belongingness Needs 4. Security Needs 5. Physiological Needs -Alderfer’s Existence-Relatedness-Growth Theory (ERG)- people try to satisfy more than one need at a time. Frustration of a higher level need can lead to efforts to satisfy a lower...
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...aspect of ones life and drives virtually every decision and action a person takes. People use motivation to overcome an obstacle or for self-improvement and fulfillment. It is very useful in the workplace to make the organization be successful by keeping the workforce motivated, happy and engaged. Motivation can come in many different forms. Typically, motivation involves incentives—rewarding people after they have accomplished something. Since this reward is desirable, the employee with do whatever it takes to get that reward. Rewards can come in either positive or negative reinforcement. Positive reinforcement is rewarding a good behavior in order to encourage that behavior to continue. This could be giving an employee a raise, a bonus, promotion, recognition, extra vacation time and so forth. Just as rewards can be given for a job well done, punishment can be used as a motivator to change a particular behavior and discourage it from continuing. Negative reinforcement is a negative reaction to a behavior—implementing a punishment when that behavior is done and removing it when the behavior stops. Negative reinforcement would be extending working hours, requiring early or late meetings past the usual “go home time,” the removal of something pleasurable in the work environment and such. Decision-making and motivation are closely related because people will decide a behavior based on their motivation to do so. A person is motivated to wake up at 5a.m. every morning because they...
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...Elizabeth Riegner December 19, 2012 Achievement Motivation Theory Analysis Every manager has a theory on how to motivate employees to perform his or her job. One of the oldest motivational methods is the Carrot and Stick method, which is a combination of rewards and punishments to bring about a desired behavior. Although this method of motivation can still be found in one form or the other in many organizations today, managers are learning new methods of motivating employees. This paper will analyze two different job positions the author has held, and how the theory of achievement motivation would and would not be applicable to those job positions. The author will also analyze the need to develop and create new theoretical models of motivation in today's changing work environment. Theory of Achievement Motivation Atkinson's Achievement Motivation Theory suggests that some individuals have a greater need for achievement and success than other individuals. Those individuals that have a high need to achieve and be successful will take on more difficult tasks than those individuals that are not highly motivated to succeed. The following two workplace scenarios will show how the theory of achievement can affect employees. Workplace Scenario One One workplace scenario that works well with the achievement motivation theory is the Wal-Mart organization. Employees of Wal-Mart are paid by the hour; however, individuals are able to increase his or her salary through yearly raises and...
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...Human Resource Management, 12e (Dessler) Chapter 12 Pay for Performance and Financial Incentives 1) Frederick Taylor referred to the tendency of employees to work at the slowest pace possible and to produce at the minimum acceptable level as ________. A) social loafing B) systematic soldiering C) human nature D) group shift E) group norms Answer: B Explanation: Frederick Taylor popularized using financial incentives in the late 1800s. As a supervisory employee of the Midvale Steel Company, Taylor was concerned with what he called "systematic soldiering"—the tendency of employees to work at the slowest pace possible and to produce at the minimum acceptable level. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 434 Chapter: 12 Objective: 1 Skill: Concept 2) Which of the following terms refers to financial rewards paid to workers whose production exceeds some predetermined standard? A) indirect financial payments B) merit payments C) hardship allowance D) financial incentives E) human capital Answer: D Explanation: Financial incentives are financial rewards paid to workers whose production exceeds some predetermined standard. Indirect financial payments are a type of employee compensation that includes health benefits. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 434 Chapter: 12 Objective: 1 Skill: Concept 3) A management approach based on improving work methods through observation and analysis is known as ________. A) strategic management B) scientific management C) management process D)...
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...Motivation is the driving force that causes the flux from desire to will in life. For example, hunger is a motivation that elicits a desire to eat. Motivation has been shown to have roots in physiological, behavioral, cognitive, and social areas. Motivation may be rooted in a basic impulse to optimize well-being, minimize physical pain and maximize pleasure. It can also originate from specific physical needs such as eating, sleeping or resting, and sex. Motivation is an inner drive to behave or act in a certain manner. These inner conditions such as wishes, desires and goals, activate to move in a particular direction in behavior. Contents 1 Types of theories and models 1.1 Motivational theories 1.2 Conscious and unconscious motivations 2 Psychological theories and models 2.1 Rational motivations 2.2 Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation 2.3 Push and pull 2.4 Self-control 2.5 Drives 2.6 Incentive theory 2.7 Escape-seeking dichotomy model 2.8 Drive-reduction theory 2.9 Cognitive dissonance theory 2.10 Content theories 2.10.1 Maslow's hierarchy of needs 2.10.2 Herzberg's two-factor theory 2.10.3 Alderfer's ERG theory 2.10.4 Self-determination theory 2.11 Temporal motivation theory 2.12 Achievement motivation 2.13 Cognitive theories 2.13.1 Goal-setting theory ...
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...230 June 02, 2014 Fran Carter This paper power point will reflect on personal experiences and / possible experiences within organizations today’s society. I will consider how these relate to the five bases of power: coercive power, reward power, legitimate power, expert power and referent power. I will define the five bases of power, indicate which powers are formal or personal, and relate how these power bases affect communication with groups and organizations within today’s society. Influencing Group Communication The five bases of power: refer to the methods that managers and leaders utilize to influence their employees: 1. (Positional) Coercive Power- belief that a person can punish others for noncompliance. The use of coercive power results in an atmosphere of insecurity or fear. Threats and punishment are common tools of coercion. Implying or threating that someone will be fired, demoted, denied privileges, or given undesirable assignments. Relying on this form of power will result in a very cold, technocratic, impoverished style of leadership. To be a true leader, you need a more robust source of power that can be supplied by a tittle, an ability to reward, or an ability to punish. Coercion reduces employees’ satisfaction with their jobs, leading to lack of commitment and general employee withdrawal. Coercion continues to play a role in organizations influenced by quality management. 2. (Personal) Expert Power- based on a person’s superior skill...
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