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ماجعلني اهتم بهذا الموضوع تساؤلات بعض الاعضاء بخصوص الكتابة وقواعدها واسسها وقد بحثت حتى وجدت هذا البحث المتواضع والذي آمل أن يجزى به صاحبه ,,أما أنا فليس لي شيء سوى التعريف به والتنسيق فقط....

.تعريف القصة :
سرد واقعي أو خيالي لأفعال قد يكون نثرًا أو شعرًا يقصد به إثارة الاهتمام والإمتاع أو تثقيف السامعين أو القراء,,,تعرفها الكاتبة الأمريكيّة الشهيرة ( كاترين آن بوتر ) بأنها تلك التي تقدم فكرة في المقام الأول ...ثمَّ وجهة نظر..... ومعلومة ما عن الطبيعة البشرية بحس عميق ..... وبأسلوب أدبي مكثف .. وقال سومرست ذات مرة : ما من شيء يحدث في حياة الإنسان إلا ويصلح أن يكون قصة .... إذا فالمادة القصصية تكمن بداخل الكاتب وهي تمثل بعضا من تجاربه الخاصة وعلاقاته بالناس وبالأشياء.....وملاحظاته العديدة التي يخزِّنها في نفسه لوقت الحاجة .... فقط هي تحتاج إلى الموهبة التي تجعل منها عملا فنيا له قيمته ....
وأرى – وهذا رأيي - أنها ذلك الضوء الذى يبسطه الكاتب إلى قراءه يحمل إليهم شعاع إصلاح يترجمه القارئ من خلال قصة أو حكاية شيقة تحملها الكلمات العذبة.فالقصة القصيرة هى سرد قصصي قصير نسبيًا يهدف إلى إحداث تأثير مفرد مهيمن ويمتلك عناصر الدراما. وفي أغلب الأحوال تركز القصة القصيرة على شخصية واحدة في موقف واحد في لحظة واحدة. وحتى إذا لم تتحقق هذه الشروط فلا بد أن تكون الوحدة هي المبدأ الموجه لها. والكثير من القصص القصيرة يتكون من شخصية أو مجموعة من الشخصيات تقدم في مواجهة خلفية أو وضع، وتنغمس خلال الفعل الذهني أو الفيزيائي في موقف. وهذا الصراع الدرامي أي اصطدام قوى متضادة ماثل في قلب الكثير من القصص القصيرة الممتازة. فالتوتر من العناصر البنائية للقصة القصيرة كما أن تكامل الانطباع من سمات تلقيها بالإضافة إلى أنها كثيرًا ما تعبرعن صوت منفرد لواحد من جماعة مغمورة. ويذهب بعض الباحثين إلى الزعم بأن القصة القصيرة قد وجدت طوال التاريخ بأشكال مختلفة؛تجسدت بأروع صورة في قصص رب العالمين في كتابه الكريم مثل قصص الملك داوود، وسيدنا يوسف ،وابراهيم ومحمد عليهم الصلاة والسلام...فكان القران الكريم كثيرا ما يحتوي على الأسلوب القصصي .. الذى ليس له مثيل ,,,وكانت الأحدوثة وقصص القدوة الأخلاقية هي أشكال العصر الوسيط للقصة القصيرة. ولكن الكثيرمن الباحثين يعتبرون أن المسألة أكبر من أشكال مختلفة للقصة القصيرة، فذلك الجنس الأدبي يفترض تحرر الفرد العادي من ربقة التبعيات القديمة وظهوره كذا تفردية مستقلة تعي حرياتها الباطنة في الشعور والتفكير، ولها خصائصها المميزة لفرديتها على العكس من الأنماط النموذجية الجاهزة التي لعبت دورالبطولة في السرد القصصي القديم. ويعتبر ( إدجار ألن بو ) من رواد القصة القصيرة الحديثة في الغرب . وقد ازدهر هذا اللون من الأدب،في أرجاء العالم المختلفة، طوال قرن مضى على أيدي( موباسان وزولا وتورجنيف وتشيخوف وهاردي وستيفنسن )، ومئات من فناني القصة القصيرة. وفي العالم العربي بلغت القصة القصيرة درجة عالية من النضج على أيدى محمود ومحمد تيمور و يوسف إدريس في مصر، وزكريا تامرفي سوريا ومحمد المر في دولة الإمارات وغيرهم كثير..

عناصر القصة القصيرة:

أولاً ::الفكرة والمغزى::
وهو الهدف الذي يحاول الكاتب عرضه في القصة، أو هو الدرس والعبرة التي يريدنا منا تعلُّمه ؛لذلك يفضل قراءة القصة أكثر من مرة واستبعاد الأحكام المسبقة ، والتركيز على العلاقة بين الأشخاص والأحداث والأفكار المطروحة ،وربط كل ذلك بعنوان القصة وأسماء الشخوص وطبقاتهم الاجتماعية

ثانياً :: الحــدث::
وهو مجموعة الأفعال والوقائع مرتبة ترتيبا سببياً منطقيا ً، تدور حول موضوع عام، وتصور الشخصية وتكشف عن صراعها مع الشخصيات الأخرى وقد يكون موقفاً واحداً مع شخصية واحدة مع ذاتها الداخلية او ما يسمى بالأنا وتتحقق وحدة الحدث ( أى نجاح الحدث ) عندما يجيب الكاتب علىأربعة أسئلة هي ::كيف وأين ومتى ولماذا وقع الحدث؟

.ثالثاً ::العقدة أو الحبكة ::
وهي مجموعة من الحوادث مرتبطة زمنيا ، ومعيار الحبكة الممتازة هو وحدتها ، ولفهم الحبكة يمكن للقارئ أن يسأل نفسه الأسئلة التالية ما الصراع الذي تدور حوله الحبكة ؟ أهو داخلي أم خارجي؟ما أهم الحوادث التي تشكل الحبكة ؟ وهل الحوادث مرتبة على نسق تاريخي أم نفسي؟ ما التغيرات الحاصلة بين بداية الحبكة ونهايتها ؟وهل هي مقنعة أم مفتعلة؟ هل الحبكة متماسكة .؟
- هل يمكن شرح الحبكة بالاعتماد على عناصرها من عرض وحدث صاعد وأزمة، وحدث نازل وخاتم؟بمعنى اخر أن تبدأ الحبكة بمنحنى عرض الحدث ثم أزمة الحدث ( العقدة ) ثم عرض الحل فالحبكة تعنى باختصار عرض الفكرة بصورة حكاية لها بداية ولها نهاية

رابعاً : القصة والشخوص::
يختار الكاتب شخوصه من الحياة عادة ،ويحرص على عرضها واضحة في الأبعاد التالية :

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أولا : البعد الجسمي :
ويتمثل في صفات الجسم من طول وقصروبدانة ونحافة وذكر أو أنثى وعيوبها ، وسنها .

ثانيا: البعد الاجتماعي:
ويتمثل في انتماء الشخصية إلى طبقة اجتماعية وفي نوع العمل الذي يقوم به وثقافته ونشاطه وكل ظروفه المؤثرة في حياته ،ودينه وجنسيته وهواياته .

ثالثا :البعد النفسي :
ويكون في الاستعداد والسلوك من رغبات وآمال وعزيمة وفكر ومزاج الشخصية من انفعال وهدوء وانطواء أو انبساط وتلك الأبعاد لا تكون منفصلة اطلاقاً , بل ولا تكون مباشرة بل توضع مترابطة متناسبة مع الحدث والحبكة .

خامساً::القصة والبيئة المكانية والزمانية ::
تعد البيئة الوسط الطبيعي الذي تجري ضمنه الأحداث وتتحرك فيه الشخوص أو الشخصية محور القصة ضمن بيئة مكانية وزمانية تمارس وجودها . وطبعا الزمن القصصي ....فهو الأهم لدينا .. .. وهذا يعني أن يكون هناك زمن محدد للحدث أوالموقف / دقائق/ ساعات/ يوم مثلا /أو ليلة كاملة / تستطيع أن تجعلهايوما وليلة إن شئت لكن لاداعي لتمطيط الزمن حتى لا تتحول القصة إلى شيء آخروقد يكون حياة شخص كاملة وهذا يعتمد على قدرة الأديب

سادساً النهاية:
لا يشترط فيها أن تكون سعيدة، قد تنتهي باستفهام، أو حزن، أوابتسامة أو تترك للقارئ وفى تلك الحالة تسمى نهاية مفتوحة.كما أن باستطاعة القارئ أن يعرف نهاية القصة قبل أن ينهي قراءتها وهذا يفسد القصة تماماً

سابعاً:: السرد ::
ونعنى به عرض القصة فى قالب لفظى أدبى ويتم ذلك باساليب متنوعة منها

** عرض الكاتب الحدث بوجهة نظرالراوي الذي يقدم لنا معلومات كلية أو جزئية عن الحدث والقصة والشخوص ويسمى السرد الخارجى ومنه (0 كان \ قام\ وجد \يجد )وهذا يسمى راوى كلى العلم اى يعلم كل شئ حتى التفاصيل

** عرض القصة على لسان أحد الشخصيات غير البطل وهذا يسمى راوى محدود العلم بكل التفاصيل

** عرض القصة من خلال لسان الشخصية المحورية البطلة ( كنت/ قمت/ وجدت / سمعت/ أدركت) وهذا راوى بصيغة الأنا

** وقد لا يكون في القصة راوٍ ،وإنما يعتمد الحدث حينئذٍ على حوار الشخصيات والزمان والمكان وما ينتج عن ذلك من صراع يطور الحدث ويدفعه إلى الأمام أو يعتمد على الحديث الداخلي,أى من خلال حوار الشخصيات فقط تظهر القصة وتتنامى بحدثها وحبكتها وهكذاويتضمن السرد الأسلوب القصصي المكثف الذي يعتمد على الجمل القصيرة واختيار الكلمات المناسبة التي تؤدي المعنى دون تطويل.......
كما لايهتم الأديب بالمعنى على حساب الأسلوب بحيث يتحول الأسلوب الى أسلوب اخباري بدل من قصصي جميل طبعا لك الحرية باختيار التعبير الذي يلائمك فاللغة العربية ملئية بالمترادفات والتعابير الجميلة. ومن الطرق السرديةما يكون طبيعياً فى تنامى الأحداث فتبدأ القصة من بداية هادئة ثم تتصاعد الى العقدة او الأزمة ثم إلى الحل فالنهايةوهناك ما يسمى بالفلاش باك أو العودة للوراء أى يبدأ من النهاية ليحكى ما حدث

ثامناً:: حجم القصة القصيرة::
ليس شرطا أن تكون القصة طويلة من 30 أو 50 سطرلتصبح قصة متكاملة فقد تكون قصة قصيرة من 5 او 6 أسطر ومصاغة بطريقة جذابة لها معنى جميلا متكاملا لو سطر واحد واكتملت فيه أركان القصة من حدث وشخصيات وزمن

تاسعاً ::مبادئ هامة ::
نحن أمام حدث قد يكون كبيراً مطالب منا أن نصفه ونحكيه فى سطور أو صفحاتفكيف لنا ذلك ؟؟لكى يتحقق ذلك يجب من مبدأ التكثيف والتركيز فى الوصف والسرد والجمل القصيرة لا الاطناب ومبدأ الوحدة فى الفكرة والأحداث الهامة المترابطة ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــ
للقصة القصيرة أنمـــاط أو أنواع عديدة.. أذكر بعضها فقط.. للفائدة.. هي الأنماط الأكــثر انتشارا وتداولا..

** المــيثولوجـيا..هو المــزج بين الأساطير و الزمن المعـاصر..دون التــأثر بما شكلته لنا الأسـاطير من سحر وجمــال .. أو حتــى التقيد بأزمنتها و أمكنتها.. وهى ما أدعوها بالرمزية الاسطورية فه تتخذ من الماضى ما يعكس حاضرنا ومنها ما يتمثل على لسان الحيوانات والطيور وغيرها من المخلوقات كى تعكس حال الانسان أو مجتمعه

**التسجيلية..لا تعني الخــواطر و الوجدانيات..أو الكتابة الإنشائية.. بل هي قصص في إطارها المألوف و لكن بإضافات إبداعية جديدة تضمن للكاتب الحرية والوجدانية معــا وهى ما ندعوها بالواقعية

**السيكولوجــية.. قصص.. تطمح إلى تصوير الإنســان وعكس أفكــاره الداخلية تصل إلى المستوى النفسي للإنسـان وتفند مشــاعره و أحاسيسه وتتحدث دائمـا عن أشياء خفية في النفس البشرية.. وادعوها بحديث الأنا

**الفانتــازيا..أعتبره أشرس أنواع القصة القصيرة فهو ذو طـابع متمرد متميز بالغربة و الضيــاع هو أسلوب ثوري على الأساليب التقليدية و خروج غير مألوف عن الـدارج بحيث يطغى على المـادة.
يهدف كاتب هذه النوعية من القصص إلى إبراز مـدى الفوضى الفكـرية والحضـارية لدي إنسـان هذا العصــر و حياته فهو يرفض التقيد أو الرضوخ للواقع..والى حد بعيد تكون مختلفة الشكل البنائى المعروف الا من الحدث وابعاده كيف نكتب قصة قصيرة وكيف نبدأ ؟؟

1- عليك اختيار فكرة عامة للقصة و يمكنك اختيار أي موضوع حتى لو كان عاديا سياسى كان او اجتماعى و يمكنك كتابة قصة حقيقيةاختر الفكرة الأساسية وهى ما تريد توصيله للقراء

2- اخترحدثاً أو موقفاً أو سلوكاً ترغبين التمسك به أو التحذير منه ، بحيث يكون مما يحدث في حياتنا حصلت لك أو لأحد معارفك و من فكرتها انسجي القصة

3- اختر شخصيات القصة تتخيل اسمين أو ثلاثة ، وتخترع أو تتخيل أمرما حدث بينهم، وليكن واحدا منهم هو " البطل " وتدخل فيها بعض الخلافات في الرأي والطباع " ويسمى الصراع "ثم لا تكثر من التفاصيل في الأشياء ، ولا تكثر من الحوادث، وحاول أن تجعل لها عقدة ،أي جعل الأمور تتأزم في الجزء الأخير من القصة ثم ضع حلا لهذه المشكلة التي تدعو إليها بأحداث خيالية وأسماء خيالية

4-اختر نهاية تلاءم الأحداث ولا تخمن لنهايتك بل شوق لها حتى لا يصل القارئ للنهاية قبل أن ينتهى من القصة فلو حدث لا داعى لتلك القصة

5- بالنسبة لطريقة السرد قد تترك الشخص البطل يحكي بنفسه القصة ، وقد تكون أنت الكاتب الذى يسرد القصةوهنا يجب ان انوه على من يسرد لا يكتب إلا عن مايشعر أنه قادرٌ على التعبير عنه بيسر وسهولة ووضوح

** ولا يجوز ذكر موضوع القصة صراحة ، ولا الهدف منها لكن اترك ذلك للفهم من خلال القصة والأحداث والصراع والعقدة والحل ، والحل يكون دائما بانتصار الخير أو التغيير إلى الأحسن أو غلبة المثل العليا

** ابدأ في المقدمة و يمكنك جعلها كحوار أومقدمة فنية..الخ. وكأنك تحكى لزميل تلك القصة

** لنكن على دراية بأن القصة كعمل أدبي إثرائي له وزنه من الناحية الأدبية وكل عمل أدبي بحاجة إلى أساسيات مقتناة من وقع النظم الشعوري ومن طريقة السرد هنا خاصة بالصور والمعانى والألفاظ وبخلاصة سريعة تشمل عناصرالقصةالمقدمة./الحدث المتصاعد./الحدث المهم./الحدث النهائي./النتائج و الخاتمة.

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