...IVAN PAVLOV Ivan Pavlov His Life Ivan Pavlov His life Ivan Pavlov received worldwide acclaim and won the Nobel Prize in 1904 because of his work and research in the field of physiology; he discovered a considerable amount of information concerning the digestive systems of dogs. In addition, because of his research in conditioned reflexes, which he did not start until he was fifty, Pavlov was able to contribute to several different areas in psychology. For instance, behavioral, comparative, and developmental psychology, were benefactors of his studies, and many consider Pavlov as one of the founding fathers of experimental psychology. Seemingly, Pavlov had two different careers; however, in accordance to the text, An Introduction to Theories of Learning, he started a third career at age eighty. He applied his knowledge of conditioning to mental illness, the result of which was the book, Conditioned Reflexes and Psychiatry (1941), many regard this as a major contribution to psychiatry (Olson, Hergenhahn, pg. 165). Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born on September 14, 1849, in the town of Ryazan, Russia, the eldest of 10 children born into a family of six generations of men who served the church. In fact, in the biography, “Ivan Pavlov, Exploring the Animal Machine” the author illustrates Pavlov’s religious background; he states, “For six generations the Pavlov men had served Russia’s Eastern Orthodox Church, slowly making their way up the ladder toward priesthood...
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...Ivan Pavlov was born in Russia, September 14, 1849. After graduating from Ryazan Ecclesiastical High School, Pavlov attended the Ryazan Ecclesiastical Seminary. It was there that he found a love of natural science. In 1870, he chose to leave the seminary and continue his education with St. Petersburg University. While attending St. Petersburg University, Pavlov began working with Elie de Zion, a physiologist. After graduation in 1875, Pavlov moved on to the Military Medical Academy in St. Petersburg and became a laboratory assistant to Zion. Once Zion was dismissed as chair of the academy’s physiology department, Pavlov transferred to the Veterinary Institute for two years. In 1877, he traveled to Breslau, Germany to study digestion under Rudolf Heidenhain. Pavlov later returned to Germany to continue his education and research in circulation and digestion, after earning his medical degree in 1879. Eighteen years later, in 1895, Pavlov became the chairman of physiology at the St. Petersburg Institute for Experimental Medicine. He retained this position for much of his career. In 1904, Pavlov received the Nobel Prize for Medicine or Physiology ("Ivan Pavlov," 1999). Pavlov is most known for the experiments he conducted on the digestive system of dogs. It was during this research that he made the discovery of learned responses and how environmental events, or stimuli, control behavior. The original experiment was to test the different levels of salivation depending on the food...
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...Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) "Science demands from a man all his life. If you had two lives that would not be enough for you. Be passionate in your work and in your searching." - Ivan Pavlov Best Known For: • Classical conditioning • Research on physiology and digestion. • 1904 Nobel Prize in Physiology. Birth and Death: • Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born September 14, 1849 • He died on February 27, 1936 Early Life: Ivan Pavlov was born in a small village in Ryazan, Russia, where his father was the village priest. His earliest studies were focused on theology, but reading Charles Darwin's On the Origin of the Species had a powerful influence on his future interests. He soon abandoned his religious studies and devoted himself to the study of science. In 1870, he began studying the natural sciences at the University of Saint Petersberg. Career: Pavlov's primary interests were the study of physiology and natural sciences. He helped found the Department of Physiology at the Institute of Experimental Medicine and continued to oversee the program for the next 45 years. While researching the digestive function of dogs, he noted his subjects would salivate before the delivery of food. In a series of well-known experiments, he presented a variety of stimuli before the presentation of food, eventually finding that, after repeated association, a dog would salivate to the presence of a stimulus other than food. He termed this response a conditional reflex. Pavlov...
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...Ivan Pavlov was born on September 14th, 1849 in Ryazan, Russia. He was first educated at a church school in at a theological seminary. Inspired by the progressive ideas, Pavlov abandoned his religious career and devoted his life to science. He enrolled in the physics and mathematics faculty to study natural science in 1870. There he became involved in physiology and won a gold medal for his work on treatise, a study done in collaboration with another student. In 1875, Pavlov completed his course and earned a degree of Candidate of Natural Sciences. He took the opportunity to proceed in the Academy of Medical Surgery (AMS) influenced by his passion for physiology he then earned another gold medal for his work. Years passed and Pavlov was now following through with the study of digestive response which lead to his study in classical conditioning. Pavlov’s dog experiments played a crucial role in his discovery. In fact, the experiment was actually discovered by accident. It was during his experiment with the digestive process that Pavlov noticed an interesting occurrence. Pavlov's canine subjects began to salivate or drool whenever his assistant entered the room. The ironic part of...
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...Ivan Pavlov and His Dog Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) was a Russian scientist interested in studying how digestion works in mammals. He observed and recorded information about dogs and their digestive process. As part of his work, he began to study what triggers dogs to salivate. It should have been an easy study: mammals produce saliva to help them break down food, so the dogs should have simply began drooling when presented with food. However, what Pavlov discovered when he observed the dogs was that drooling had a much more far-reaching effect than he ever thought: it paved the way for a new theory about behavior and a new way to study humans. Classical Conditioning The people who fed Pavlov's dogs wore lab coats. Pavlov noticed that the dogs began to drool whenever they saw lab coats, even if there was no food in sight. Pavlov wondered why the dogs salivated at lab coats, and not just at food. He ran a study in which he rang a bell every time he fed the dogs. Pretty soon, just ringing a bell made the dogs salivate....
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...Stevens CHY 4U May 30, 2014 The Legacy of Ivan the Terrible The legacy of Ivan Vasilyevich, Tsar of Russia from 1547 until his death in 1584 (Kort 31), is like a pineapple. In order to enjoy the goodness of the sweet fruit inside, one must laboriously get past the tough skin and sharp, stiff leaves. Much like a pineapple, determining the legacy of Ivan Vasilyevich has its drawbacks, as there was a fair share of inadequacies during his reign, but after one gets past this, one will discover that Ivan’s reign was indeed one that benefitted Russia for the short and long term. Ivan Vasilyevich was indeed an effective leader of Russia as his reign would lay the foundation for making Russia one of the most powerful nations the world has ever seen. His expansion of Russia, Renaissance pursuits, and effective domestic policies are all reasons why Ivan was an effective leader of Russia. Ivan’s territorial gains that included Siberia as well as Kazan and Astrakhan to the east (Kort 35) would benefit Russia from an economic, political, and social standpoint. First of all, he managed to annex a large Muslim population that lived in these areas (“Prominent Russians: Ivan IV the Terrible”) and turned Russia into a multi-ethnic and multi-religious state. The significance of this is enormous as this happened in the 1500’s, a time where Europeans, fresh off the Dark Ages, were generally intolerant to any religions other than Christianity. In fact, Ivan made the people that he conquered, including...
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...Ivan the Terrible of Russia is one of the most well known leaders of all time. Ivan was the son of the Grand Prince Vasili III and Helena Glinskaya . At three years old, Ivan’s father died. After that Ivan was now Grand Prince. Ivan’s mother, Helena, then took over as regent. In 1547, Ivan the Terrible is crowned at sixteen years old. Instead of taking only the title Grand Prince, however, he became the Grand Prince and Tzar of all of Russia. This is definitely telling of how power hungry Ivan was at such a young age. He desired to increase Russia’s size and trade. Three weeks after his coronation, he marries Anastasia Romanovna. Anastasia’s great-nephew’s dynasty is the beginning of the Romanovs, the three hundred and four year long reign....
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...Ivan IV, also known as Ivan the Terrible, didn't get his nickname "the Terrible" right after he was born. Since there were no evidence of his papers, notes, or correspondence, it was hard for researchers to know the true facts about him. The only evidence that researchers were able to figure about him was that he was a sensitive, intelligent boy with a remarkably quick and intuitive mind. He realized that he should be aware of all the people around him and how precious his position is. He was judged at the times. In order to understand how Ivan was a bad person but a good leader, one must know the fact that he was still a good leader even though people neglected him for his actions. First of all, Ivan was the first Russian sovereign to be crowned...
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...Ivan IV, more commonly known as Ivan the Terrible was born into the Vasilyevich family during their Rurik Dynasty. His father, Vasili III, and mother, Elena Glinskaya, both died before Ivan reached the age of 8. After his fathers death, Ivan took to the throne on 12/13/1533 at a baffling 3 years of age, with the title of Grand Prince of Moscow. At age 16 on 1/26/1547, Ivan became the Tsar of all Russian fulfilling his dream of absolute power. The kingdom of Russia at the time spanned east from the Kingdom of Poland all the way to the land of the Kazakhs. The events that took place early in Ivan's life led to him becoming one of the most powerful of all Russia's rulers past and present. One of the first demonstrations of absolutism seen in Ivan took place when he was only 15. The boyars, knowing that they had to remove Ivan from the throne abused Ivan from a young age while constantly struggling for power in Russia. After finally deciding enough was enough, Ivan called a meeting with the boyars and publicly denounced them. He then took their leader, Prince Andrew Shuiksy, and had him thrown into a pack of bloodthirsty hunting dogs. Realizing that they had lost their relatively short battle for the throne, the boyars fell out of power and Ivan was crowned Tsar of all Russia....
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...Ivan the Terrible Ivan IV Vasilyevich or more commonly known as Ivan the Terrible ruled Russia with an Iron Fist during the times of 1547 to 1584. This horrific leader of Russia was prone to mental illness and autocratic control. The other side of the coin with Ivan the Terrible was a wise poet and a devout Christian. This essay will explore a deeper understanding of what made Ivan the Terrible such a controversial figure in world history. First, Ivan The Terrible was the grand prince of Moscow , and later was the Tsar of all the Russias.He transformed Russia from a medieval state into an empire, though at immense cost to its people and its broader long term economy. He was born August 25 1530 and died March 28 1584 at the age of 53. Ivan...
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...As Ivan Denisovich Shukhov describes his day as a political prisoner in the Russian gulag, he sheds light on the horrid conditions prisoners are forced to live through and their consequences for his humanity. The prisoners are only fed enough to keep them going. Every meal is a form of oatmeal or stew. Most of their meals are “cold- [they were] tasteless even when hot, and left you no sense of having filled your belly” (Solzhenitsyn 17). While mealtime may not be satisfying, Shukhov still utilizes more manners than most of the men in the prison. He fashioned a spoon out of “aluminum wire,” which he uses at every meal (16). He also always removes his hat before eating as a sign of respect that he learned growing up (16). These simple, yet polite and respectful actions hint to the reader that Ivan Denisovich has not regressed into a crude...
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...1. Ivan IV, known as Ivan the Terrible, was the Grand Prince of Moscow from 1533 to 1547 and 'Tsar of All the Russia' from 1547 until his death in 1584. He managed countless changes in the progression from a medieval state to an empire and emerging regional power, making him the first ruler to be crowned as Tsar of All the Russia. His reign saw the completion of the construction of a centrally administered Russian state. His victory over Khanate of Kazan, Khanate of Astrakhan and Khanate of Sibir, transformed Russia into a multiethnic and multicontinental state. However, his economic legacy was disastrous as it contributed to the decline of the Rurik Dynasty and the Time of Troubles. 2. Peter I, known as Peter the great, was a tsar of Russia in the late 17th century. He was a brilliant but highly controversial ruler. He transformed Russia into one of the most powerful states in Europe with a modern and efficient military. He also made several reforms to the domestic and political structures of Russia that is still influential till now. 3....
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...In “One day in the life of Ivan Denisovich”, a novel by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, the ill-fated protagonist Shukov, a prisoner of a Stalinist Labor camp, is forced to withstand the nearly insufferable living conditions. By using overpowering external forces – stripping prisoners of their identities by allocating them numbers instead of names, the removal of individuality, through the character of Fetyukov who has lost his dignity, symbolism – spoon and blade, the Solzhenitsyn depicts how the protagonist, Shukov, has succeeded in maintaining his dignity. Shukov’s struggle to maintain his dignity throughout the imprisonment despite the overpowering external forces is remarkable. Solzhenitsyn portrays this dignity in two different ways, one is being treated with respect, and the other one is his own self-worth. The labor camp degrades the prisoners’ piously by substituting their names into letter and number combinations such as “Schcha-854” and grouping them into one mass such as “Gang 104”. This clearly shows that in the camp prisoners have had their identities are taken away. By eliminating their individuality of name, their individual characteristics are ultimately eradicated. The prisoners are reduced to insignificance by mere digits to represent who they are. This taking of their dignity is further exacerbated as Shukov and the prisoners are treated with such disrespect that they seem as insignificant as objects, as they are given a total lack of privacy. Although other prisoners...
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...16. _______ allow the holder to purchase a certain number of shares of the firm’s common stock at a specified price over a certain period of time and are occasionally part of a debt agreement. A) Rights B) Stock-purchase warrants C) Calls D) Puts 5 17. When the required return is constant and equal to the coupon rate, the price of a bond as it approaches its maturity date will A) remain constant. B) increase. C) decrease. D) change depending on whether it is a discount or premium bond. 18. If the required return is less than the coupon rate, a bond will sell at A) par. B) a discount. C) a premium. D) book value. 19. An investment advisor has recommended a $50,000 portfolio containing assets R, J, and K; $25,000 will be invested in asset R, with an expected annual return of 12 percent; $10,000 will be invested in asset J, with an expected annual return of 18 percent; and $15,000 will be invested in asset K, with an expected annual return of 8 percent. The expected annual return of this portfolio is A) 12.67%. B) 12.00%. C) 10.00%. D) unable to be determined from the information provided. 20. Nico Corp issued bonds bearing a coupon rate of 12 percent, pay coupons semiannually, have 3 years remaining to maturity, and are currently priced at $940 per bond. What is the EAR of yield to maturity? A) 12.00% B) 13.99% C) 14.54% D) 15.07% 23. Which of the following statements is CORRECT? A) Since in bankruptcy they must be paid...
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...in Moscow? What did Ivan do to that respect? The boyars were a group that acted as a break from the authority of the Grand Prince, who in this time period was Ivan. Not wanting anything to impede his power nor to stop his desire for absolute power, Ivan started to take away from the boyar’s resources. This attack was more subtle than direct but there could be no doubt to the motive of his actions. Ivan began to establish a new class of nobles, and allotted them estates that were conditional. 16. What was the Sudebnik? What was it used for? The Sudebnik was a new code of law that was established in 1497. This new code allowed for the death penalty to be used in the case of rebellion and anyone found enticing a rebellion. Additionally, this new code of law allowed peasants to leave their landlords and migrate to other places, however they could not leave before the harvest and needed to pay their landlords and exit fee for their departure. 17. In what way was Ivan III a great builder?...
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