...Explain Inoue's argument that "the copy precedes the original." Compare the Japanese data to the data presented by Agha, Moore, and/or Kiesling. In this essay I will be discussing Inuoe’s concept of a “copy preceding the original” in terms of her research on Japanese women’s language and then comparing it to the works written by Agha (2003), Moore (2007; 2011) and Kiesling (2004). Agha (2003) concerns himself on the subject of accent and standardised English within Britain, while Moore (2007 & 2011) looks at accent within the Irish context and how the media directly influences its production. The last of these, Kiesling (2004), looks at the origins of the word “dude” becoming an integral part of conversation among both young men and women. All of these contain the same element when it comes to the emergence of a linguistic discourse – a copy precedes the original. Japanese women’s language is first and foremost a series of linguistic constructs and meanings that are only exclusive to women (Inoue, 2006). It is associated with feminine characteristics, such as being delicate, polite, gentle and non-aggressive. All that is women’s language is strictly Japanese – it encompasses history, culture, tradition, and politics, while going against Western culture (Inoue, 2006). While being such an essential component to Japanese-ness, most women (especially those in regional areas and the working class) are not able to produce women’s language, nor have direct access to it (Inoue...
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...groups, the history of Chinese and Japanese Americans has not been easy as they have been met with conflicting views from the European settlers. On one hand, Chinese and Japanese immigrants were welcomed in the United States because they were seen as a mean for cheap and efficient labor while on the other hand, they were viewed as a threat because they represented an alien culture and economic competition for the European settlers. Evidently, the anti-Asian sentiments of the country resulted in an ongoing battle for the Chinese and Japanese settlement and acceptance in the U.S. As a measure to make immigration and economic success difficult for the Chinese and Japanese legislatures were passed such as the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and the Alien...
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...exactly the same because each culture is different. The educational system is a mirror that reflects the culture and the society. By looking at the school system of the United States, Japan, and Britain, the social structure and the values of a society’s cultural identity are revealed. Education in the United States is available to everyone, but not all schools are equal. Public primary and secondary schools are free for everyone. There is no tuition. Almost 80 percent of all Americans are high school graduates. Students themselves decide if they want college-preparatory or vocational classes in high school; no national exam determines this. Higher education is not free, but it is available to almost anyone, and about 60 percent of all high school graduates attend college or university. Older people have the opportunity to attend college, too, because Americans believe that “you’re never too old to learn.” On the other hand, there are problems with lack of discipline and with both drugs and crime. In addition, public schools receive their money from local taxes, so schools in poor areas receive less money. As a result, they don’t have enough effective teachers or laboratory equipment, and the buildings are often not in the best condition. Clearly, U.S. public and private education reflects both the best and the worst of the society. The Japanese value education highly in their society and culture. One statistic reflects this: the Japanese place such importance on...
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...Summary of Report 2 Introduction 3 What is Stress? 4 Japanese Curriculum 5 Stress Outcomes and Problems 6 Comparison 7 Works Cited 10 Summary of Report This report describes the Japanese education style and the effects it has in its students as well as society as a whole. There is information on how children are taught, and the way their learning behaviors develop in Japan, as well as compared to that of our American curriculums. Anyone can be under stress, students are one group of people who especially during those angst teenage years undergo a vast majority of stress. A survey by the American Psychological Association found that nearly half of all teens — 45 percent — said they were stressed by school pressures. (Neighmond). In the report we will try to compare the differences between what students in the United States go through in comparison to those in Japan. In Japan the Japanese teaching guidelines are very different from what we here are used to. In Japan children are not separated based on how well or bad they are performing in school rather their age, and they are expected to have the diligence to simply catch upon their own. Not only are the teaching styles different, nor just the way students learn, the schools themselves are different. The school calendar year in Japan is longer than that of the U.S, thus resulting in higher stress in Students. We reviewed how the stressors Japanese students undergo, has lead to an increase in teen suicide...
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...relations, and assimilation. Japanese Immigrants Immigration for the Japanese began in the 1880’s in Hawaii. These first Japanese migrants were brought here as part of a U.S. trade treaty to work as laborers on the sugar plantations. In the two following decades more than 400,000 Japanese people migrated to the United States, primarily in the western states, mostly California. At that time around 28,000 of them went to Hawaii because they felt relationships with other races were better there than in the continental United States. The Japanese migrated to the United States following dreams of better opportunity, peace, and prosperity. Their homeland was unstable and they wanted to provide better lives for their children. The Japanese that migrated to California were not just farmers and laborers, but also became miners and shopkeepers. They were not treated well by the whites there. Whites felt that the migrants would not be able to assimilate to the culture and were competing with them for jobs. The all-white legislature in California passed a resolution calling for exclusion of the Japanese. During World War II the Japanese community were housed in U.S. concentration camps and stripped of any rights even though many of them were born in the U.S. The Japanese migrants were denied land ownership but were able to acquire land by contract to farm. Whites were still touting the ideal that the Japanese could not assimilate to the white culture yet the legislation that...
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...Australian Education Review Second Languages and Australian Schooling Joseph Lo Bianco with Yvette Slaughter Australian Council for Educational Research First published 2009 by ACER Press Australian Council for Educational Research 19 Prospect Hill Road, Camberwell, Victoria, 3124 Copyright © 2009 Australian Council for Educational Research All rights reserved. Except under the conditions described in the Copyright Act 1968 of Australia and subsequent amendments, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the written permission of the publishers. Edited by Carolyn Glascodine Cover illustration by ACER Project Publishing Typeset by ACER Project Publishing Printed by BPA Print Group National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Author: Title: ISBN: Series: Notes: Subjects: Lo Bianco, Joseph. Second languages and Australian schooling / Joseph Lo Bianco ; Yvette Slaughter. 9780864318374 (pbk) Australian education review ; 54. Bibliography. Language and languages--Study and teaching--Australia. Language and languages--Study and teaching—Bilingual method. Education, Bilingual--Australia. Other Authors/Contributors: Slaughter, Yvette. Australian Council for Educational Research. Dewey Number: 370.11750994 Visit our website: www.acer.edu.au Acknowledgment The Author and Series Editor wish to acknowledge the contribution...
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...Japanese popular culture has been around for many years and is the leading wave of Asian popular culture. It includes a variety of media such as manga, anime, film and music. Japanese popular culture is also portrayed through physical forms such as products, celebrities, personalities, maid cafes and may others. SMAP is a Jpop boy band with immense popularity from Japan and is one form of Japanese popular culture. Darling-Wolf suggests that SMAP's popularity is due to its careful construction of appeal and masculinity. SMAP is not well-known for their talents in singing, but rather for depicting Japanese personalities. Darling-Wolf refers to SMAP members as 'life-sized' pop idols (Aoyagi) who personifies a typical Japanese boy or girl which allows audiences to relate to them well. This is supported by Yano's research which highlights that fans form emotional bonds and connections with celebrities due to their charisma and personalities. Darling-Wolf that SMAP is popular is due to its intertextuality from appearing in TV shows, movies, talk shows and many more media forms which allows fans to feel a proximity or closeness. Intertextuality allows SMAP to be able to portray their personalities better and reach out to more audiences, which enables them to connect with their audience. Darling-Wolf argues that SMAP's fame is highly due to its constructed appeal of masculinity, which creates the 'perfect female fantasy'. SMAP members portray pluralities of masculinities which involve...
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...Differences in parental influence on adolescent academic achievement in American and Asian societies (Taiwan, China, & Japan) A lot of attention has been paid to the roles parents play in influencing adolescent academic achievement. The purpose of this project is to compare differences in parental influence on adolescent academic achievement between American and Asian societies. The Asian countries focus on Taiwan, China, and Japan. The project also offers some explanations for why Asian adolescent students outdistance American students in academic achievement. If we give a definition of achievement or achievement motivation, we can define it as people wanting to develop a competent self, or individuals having the motivation to succeed, to be good at something, to be independent and competitive, and to do well at whatever they may attempt. We can analyze Weinerís attribution theory of achievement into three dimensions: the locus of control, stability, and controllability. (Weiner, 1986) What students attribute their academic achievement to is a big issue. If students believe a failure is controllable - the result of low effort ñ they may be spurred on by that failure to do better next time. And a significant and important factor that affects studentsí attribution might be parental influence. In different countries, parents have totally different attitudes toward their childrenís academic performance. This article provides possible reasons for why Asian students outdistance...
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...1. What is your personal definition of politics? My personal definition of politics is a system (tacit, explicit or both) by which a subset of a population represents or governs the population (or both). I think it is only applications of this definition that vary widely. 2. What do you think are examples of political behaviours? To what extent do you engage in these behaviours in your own life? How different are these types of behaviour from what you perceive to take place in our municipal, provincial, and federal institutions? Political behaviours are essentially the private citizen stepping outside of their personal or professional life to engage in a behaviour, activity, instance or process that will affect or factor into the policy making process of the community, city or country, to whatever very small extent. In my opinion political behaviour may also amount to the expression of a view with a situation or a view regarding a suggested change or action in the decision making of the political establishment. In our democracy, the right, even the moral responsibility to participate in elections is an example of this. Speech making, volunteer work, participating in electoral campaigns, writing to the newspapers or even leaving comments on the Internet sites of newspapers, may all be considered political behaviours. I do not engage in political behaviours to a considerable extent; my extent is negligible. Often it is all I do to leave comments on the Internet regarding...
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... |ethnicity. | |Political correctness |A term that expresses the need to minimize social and institutional discrimination based on | | |race, culture, sexual orientation and religion. | Part II Write a 150- to 250-word response to each of the following questions: • How is discrimination different from prejudice and stereotyping? Prejudice is an unjustified or negative opinion toward an individual based on their involvement in a social group and can be based on a certain race or gender. Stereotyping is a popular belief about certain groups or individuals based on race, gender or religion. The act of discriminating differs from prejudice and stereotyping because it is the act or behavior against specific individuals or groups of people, where prejudice and stereotyping are not actions, but negative opinions or beliefs about a specific individual or group. For example, saying that all Japanese people are short can be looked at as a stereotype, because all Japanese people are not the same height, and are...
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...Toshiba Scandal: As one of Japan’s largest and most respected technology firms, Toshiba was hammered with the revelation that it has overestimated its operation income for about $1.2 billion during the past seven years. Its CEO and half of the board has resigned. This scandal represented the long-time existed problem with Japanese corporate culture. The management team is highly hierarchical and typical of so-called “autocratic management”. The board are made up of people who are working in the company, resulting in their chasing private interests rather than shareholder value or profitability. The management sees the company as their private field and entertainment expenses are very high. A management style like this exposed its flaw when Japanese economy slowed down and international competition intensified. Crisis brings improvement just like the Sarbanes-Oxley Act after Enron. Hopefully, Toshiba will impetus reform of corporate governance. One thing the author emphasized is that entertainment expenses should be taxed, or it will be bad for profitability when entertainment is still encouraged. (Cited from Bloomberg: http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2015-07-29/japan-has-an-enron-moment-after-accounting-scandals) Metro: from safety problems to accounting problems Washington Metro has caught attention this January for the malfunction of a track-based electronic equipment, killing one passenger and injured scores of others. Since then it has been faced with multiple...
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...culture Culture is a mode of thought and behavior that is handed down from one generation to the next. Socialization refers to the way in which people learn to conform to their society’s norms, values and roles. It also prepares a child to function from childhood to adulthood, so that the individual can interact with others according to the expectations of society. The interaction between socialization and culture is essential since “it is through the process of socialization that society teaches desirable behavior while inhabiting undesirable behavior, prepares individuals to become successfully functioning members in its principal institutional settings”(Gardiner and Kosmitzki, 2011). All the students in a given class share the common experiences of their classroom, however; within that classroom environment each student also brings the cultural sensitivities from their home environment. Due to this multicultural diversity teachers and students must work together to make the multicultural environment rich with positive experiences for children from different cultures. Culture influences children’s development. In school, culture may cause a child to be developmentally delayed or may exceed a child’s development. The child’s culture influences the way he or she behave, think and act, this can have a negative impact on the student’s ability to learn since the student will need an adequate amount of time to transition to the new classroom environment. As a teacher...
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...Deviance and the Internet In today’s society we have made plagiarism and the ability to cheat very simple for anyone who is looking for an easy way out. In our culture, we have what are referred to as “cultural norms” which are rules and expectations which guide the behaviors of the members of the society. When there is a violation of these “cultural norms” it is referred to as deviance. There are many forms of deviance within society, some that are easily overlooked and those that are not. Those more serious wherein a person violates society’s formally enacted criminal law have committed a crime at this point. Even criminal deviance takes on many levels of deviance. We have the traffic tickets on the less serious note up to the murder charges on the more serious end of the spectrum. With increased internet access we have opened up opportunities to the children and adults of today who are already susceptible to deviance from the “cultural norms” and have in turn increased our own desires to cheat and plagiarize reports instead of doing the work themselves. I began my research using www.yahoo.com. For my keyword I chose “college term papers”. The results were astounding. I received 18,800,000 website hits, which were both paid and free websites. A few of the top websites are www.ghostpapers.com where you can buy a term paper, book report, thesis for college, high school and graduate school as low as $8.99 per page. There is also www.termpapershortcut.com/...
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...As it was mentioned before in the chapter one, people tend to borrow words from other languages if a targeted language is perceived or considered as prestigious. Even though, prestige of the language matters, sometimes borrowing happens between two languages even without prestigious status of one of them or when language is considered as prestigious, however there are many users who use it on a daily basis. ( 2.1.1. Purism Some scholars claim that different cultures have peculiar approach towards borrowing. It is claimed that some cultures and nations try to avoid borrowing like for example “(…)Icelander are purists and hence their language has very few loanwords, cf. tölva ‘computer’, útvarp ‘radio’, etc.).” (Haspelmath 2008: 10). Unfortunately, this is only a thesis which yet hasn’t been approved since there is no academic work with a higher degree, it is hard to accept this thesis and provide undeniable proof (Haspelmath 2008: 11). 2.1.2. Genealogical...
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...reaches Nirvana the entrance to enlightenment. In fact, Gautama doctrine the "Four Noble Truths" and, the "Eightfold Path” simultaneously to reach the condition of nirvana or cessation steps one must first achieve Buddha enlightened the eight steps pathway to the elimination of suffering (Moore-Bruder, 2008). Confucius Quote: “Do not do to other what you would not want them to do to you” (Moore-Bruder, 2008). Confucianism, the philosophical system founded on the teaching of Confucius during the mid-500 BC to the late 400’s. Confucianism is the system of beliefs, teaching, and statesmanship schooling. As an influential speaker Confucius preaching and teaching advance into a religion and he became soon known as K'ung Fu Tzu; the Great Master Kung, for his teachings. Therefore, the Chinese theorist sociopolitical life and religious history mostly influence several of the Chinese culture characters and region. But at the same time religion like Buddhism or Taoist; Confucianism religious philosophy practice focus much toward living disputes. As a result, Confucius dedicated his life to preaching good moral conduct and his notion of analogy prehistoric writings was with one's ethics, morality and the accurate implement of political power (Moore-Bruder, 2008). Hsȕn Tzu Quote:...
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