...mother of the newborn is twenty five years old and has no chronic conditions. Her partner is also twenty five years of age, and was diagnosed with Asthma a couple of years ago. The mother of the newborn and her partner are not married but have had three children together including the newborn baby. The newborn baby has two brothers that are healthy. One is two years of age, while the other is eleven months old. The newborn baby also has a brother who is five years old from another relationship that her mother has had. The newborn’s paternal grandmother is forty seven years of age...
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...Hyperbilirubinemia is an excess of bilirubin in the blood and is the main cause of jaundice. Bilirubin, is a normal part of the pigment released from the breakdown of "used" red blood cells and because bilirubin has a pigment or coloring, it causes a yellowing of the baby's skin, eyes, and other tissues. Normally, the liver filters bilirubin from the bloodstream and releases it into the intestinal tract. A newborn's immature liver often can't remove bilirubin quickly enough, causing an excess of bilirubin. Jaundice due to these normal newborn conditions is called physiologic jaundice, and it typically appears on the second or third day of life. ("Hyperbilirubinemia and Jaundice." - Online Medical Encyclopedia. University of Rochester, n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2014.) The first symptom is yellow appearance of the skin and the eyes. The infant’s skin may appear yellow as early as the 1st or 2nd day of life. The jaundice starts around the head and the face then progresses to the shoulders, arms and the rest of the body including the legs and feet. The appearance may become more yellow when the baby is 3 to 4 days old and then slowly gets better. This is called “physiologic” or normal neonatal jaundice. Most infants have this pattern so no testing is needed. At times, the yellow appearance may occur earlier, last longer than 5-6 days or may be much more pronounced. A consultation with your health care provider is then needed to determine if testing is indicated. Along with the skin...
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...The Rh factor (ie, Rhesus factor) is a red blood cell surface antigen that was named after the monkeys in which it was first discovered. Rh incompatibility, also known as Rh disease, is a condition that occurs when a woman with Rh-negative blood type is exposed to Rh-positive blood cells, leading to the development of Rh antibodies. Rh incompatibility can occur by 2 main mechanisms. The most common type occurs when an Rh-negative pregnant mother is exposed to Rh-positive fetal red blood cells secondary to fetomaternal hemorrhage during the course of pregnancy from spontaneous or induced abortion, trauma,[1] invasive obstetric procedures, or normal delivery. Rh incompatibility can also occur when an Rh-negative female receives an Rh-positive blood transfusion. In part, this is the reason that blood banks prefer using blood type "O negative" or "type O, Rh negative," as the universal donor type in emergency situations when there is no time to type and crossmatch blood. The most common cause of Rh incompatibility is exposure from an Rh-negative mother by Rh-positive fetal blood during pregnancy or delivery. As a consequence, blood from the fetal circulation may leak into the maternal circulation, and, after a significant exposure, sensitization occurs leading to maternal antibody production against the foreign Rh antigen. Once produced, maternal Rh immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies may cross freely from the placenta to the fetal circulation, where they form antigen-antibody complexes...
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...When comes to caring for people in the medical field we come across many different cultures and traditions, which we as medical professionals need to take into consideration. Traditions are defined as behaviors learned, shared, and passed on from generation to generation by a certain culture or group of people (Yılmaz, Kısa, Zeyneloğlu, & Güner, 2013). The culture of Turkey is a combination of modern and western, along with traditional religious as well as historic values. “In Turkish culture, it is believed that the Koran (Holy book of Muslims) is curative so beliefs are found such as ‘reading the Holy Koran verses into water’ and patients’ drinking the water in order to facilitate healing” (Yılmaz, Kısa, Zeyneloğlu, & Güner, 2013, p. 69). There is a major tradition of separation of church and state in Turkey, which recognizes religious freedom and protects certain religions. When it comes to communication, Turkish is the primary language used, but depending on the region one comes from different languages and dialects are used. Using translators and interpreters is a common form of communication if English is not spoken (YILMAZ, BALCI, ALTIOK, TÛRKLEŞ, ÔZCAN, & KUYURTAR, 2013). Traditionally the head of the family, the male, is the one who should be addressed when discussing any type of medical issues. Today, usually both the male and female are addressed concerning anything medical (Kocaman, Seren, Lash, Kurt, Bengu, & Yurumezoglu, 2010). The Turkish see...
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...common is the classic Galactosemia. According to the Genetics Home Reference, it states, “Classic Galactosemia occurs in 1 in 30,000 to 60,000 newborns, Galactosemia type II and type III are less common; type II probably affects fewer than 1 in 100,000 newborns and type III appears to be very rare.” This disorder is rare but if affected with it, can show symptoms that range from mild to very severe if not controlled. Those who are affected with classic galactosemia lack the enzyme Galactose 1-phosphate; (GALT), galactosemia type II has a mutation in the GALKI gene and in type III, the GALE gene. Galactose is one of the products formed from lactose when absorbed into the body. In an unaffected person, GALT will bind to galactose, which later converts to glucose and then used for energy. In an affected person, there is no GALT, so the build up of galactose will cause toxic affects on the organs. This is a very dangerous disorder one can have, but it is especially dangerous to newborns because they will not be able to drink any milk that contains lactose, which unfortunately includes breast milk. Newborns with galactosemia are not easily detected since they may look healthy at birth but symptoms start showing after their first couple milk feedings. Some signs and symptoms of galactosemia in newborns are diarrhea, weight loss, jaundice, vomiting, convulsions, irritability, lethargy and poor feeding. According to the...
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...THE NEWBORN WITH SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS A preterm infant is usually defined as a live-born infant born before the end of week 37 of gestation; another criterion is a weight of less than 2,500 grams (5lb 8oz) at birth I. INCIDENCE Occurs approximately 7% of live births of white infants, in Afro-American infants the rate is doubled 14% (Thilo & Rosenberg, 2003) CAUSES/FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PRETERM BIRTHS 1. Low socio-economic status 2. Poor nutritional status 3. Lack of prenatal care 4. Multiple pregnancy 5. Previous early birth 6. Race (non-whites have higher incidence than whites) 7. Cigarette smoking 8. Age of the mother (highest incidence is in mothers younger than age 20) 9. Order of birth (early termination is highest in first pregnancies and in those beyond 4th pregnancies) 10. Closed spaced pregnancies 11. Abnormalities of mother’s reproductive system, such as intrauterine septum 12. Infections (especially UTI) 13. Obstetric complications (PROM, premature separation of placenta 14. Early induction of labor 15. Elective cesarean birth ASSESSMENT A. History – detailed pregnancy history will reveal reason for the preterm birth; be careful not to convey disapproval of reported pregnancy behaviors such as smoking, etc. Being overburdened with guilt may be detrimental to her attempts to bond with her infant B. Appearance Criteria Posture Premature infant Resting posture – characterized by very little, if any, flexion in upper extremities and only partial flexion of...
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...10 Psychosocial Implication 10 Bibliography 12 Definition Erythroblastosis fetalis is a fatal hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) caused by incompatibilities in the blood groups between the mother and her unborn child during pregnancy. Because of the incompatibility, the mother's immune system may launch an immune response against the red blood cells of the fetus through the placenta, resulting in the destruction of the red blood cells (hemolysis). In the destruction of the red blood cells, the fetus can develop anemia. The red blood cell destruction ranges from mild to very severe, and fetal death from heart failure can occur, as well as life-threatening problems for future pregnancies. The Rhesus system (Rh) blood group antigen is responsible for most of the fatal cases of erythroblastosis fetalis, hence, the term Rh incompatibility disease. However, other alloimmune antigens belonging to the Kell (K and k), Duffy (Fya), Kidd (Jka and Jkb), MNSs (M, N, S, and s), Diego, Xg, P, Ee, Cc antigen systems, as well as other antigens may also produce the disease. Incompatibilities of Landsteiner (A, B and O) blood group systems do not cause erythroblastosis fetalis. A French midwife reported the first case of HDN in a set of twins, in 1609. In 1932, Diamond and colleagues described the relationship of fetal hydrops, jaundice, anemia, and erythroblasts (immature red blood cells) in the blood circulation, a condition later called erythroblastosis fetalis....
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...Clinical Learning Packet – Newborn Assessment Newborn Client Initials: JS_____ Gender: M/F Date/Time of Delivery: 02/08/2013 1956_ Type of Delivery: SVD C/S IFD Vac Gestational Age by Dates:_40wks (as stated by primary nurse I could not find in chart)________ Age at Time of Assessments (hours): _13_______ APGARS: __8____ @ 1 min. ___9___ @5 min. Blood Type/Rh: Newborn (not taken per agency protocol)_______ Maternal _B+________ Blood Glucose: Reason___________________Frequency__________Last Results:______ Newborn Weight: @ birth 3.28kg__________ Current 3.26kg_________ % Weight loss:0.61%______ Length:_21in______ HC:_13.5in______ CC:_13in_____ Feeding: Breast: _x_____Formula (type): ________________ Feeding Frequency/Amount/Time:_On demand usually every two hours_ Vitamin K (date):_ 02/08/2013 ____________ Erythromycin eye ointment (date): 02/08/2013 ______________ Hepatitis B (date):_02/09/2013_____________________ Circumcision (date):_02/09/2013__________ Metabolic Screen Due:________ completed_________Hearing Screening: Pass /Fail /Reassess Comments: _Clients Bilirubin score was 3.2 at 3hrs after birth. The physician asked for it to be watched. We assessed the bilirubin score again at 14hrs after birth and received a 5.2. The bilirubin will be assessed again at 18 hours after birth and the physician will decide on a course of action at that time per agency protocol. The baby is in the High intermediate group right now although...
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...1. Congenital rubella: a) Has an incubation period of 7-10 days. b) May be complicated by polyarthralgia. c) Rarely causes deafness. d) Is an indication for termination if it occurs in the first two months of pregnancy. e) May cause prolonged jaundice. 2. Recognised causes of delayed bone age include: a) Hypopiturtarism b) Primary hypothyroidism c) Congenital adrenal hypoplasia d) Prolonged corticosteroid therapy e) Tuberculosis 3. Kwashiorkor: a) Hypothermia is a recognized complication T b) Edema is mainly due to protein losing enteropathy. T c) Measles is a recognized precipitant F d) The incidence is highest in the first two month of life F e) The birth of a second child to the mother may be a contributory factor F 4. At the age of eight months a baby can be expected to: a) Roll over from front to back T b) Sit up with a straight back T c) Pick a small bead between thumb and finger T d) Say up to five word clearly F e) Feed himself with a spoon F 5. if a child in the ward's develops measles, the following action are appropriate a) Close the wards to all admissions for one week F b) Actively immunized all the other patients against measles T c) Give gamma globulin to all patients who have not been immunized or had measles T d) Forbid visiting by the parents until the rash has gone F e) Give prophylactic antibiotics to all contacts at home T 6. Convulsion in the first week of life is characteristic of a) Hypocalcaemia T b) Post maturity...
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...assessment it is important to understand what assessments are, why assessments are important and how this particular assessment is an essential part of nursing. “Assessment forms the first part of any nursing activity and is the first step in the nursing process. Without a comprehensive assessment of the child and family’s needs, care cannot be planned, delivered or evaluated effectively.” (Great Ormond Street Hospital 2012). Examination of a new born infant allows nurses to assess and monitor a new born baby’s condition and promptly identify any abnormalities in order to treat and give appropriate care as early as possible. It is an important part of overall care contributing to the baby’s wellbeing and survival (NNF Teaching Aids: Newborn Care 2010). Over the time I have spent so far on the neonatal unit I have learned about the physical assessment of new born babies and observed the trained staff carrying out these assessments day to day. The assessment of a new born infant involves the checking of several aspects of the baby’s anatomy; the Brain (the control centre for all organs), the Heart (pumps the 80mls of blood around the baby’s body), the Lungs (provides o2 for the body’s organs and muscles), and the Kidneys and Liver (filters toxins out the body to be excreted). These vital organs are the key to the baby’s survival in life. To begin to asses these organs is by examining the skin as this is the easiest organ to view and the examination is non-invasive so therefore...
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...paragraph will include a summary from the case which was obtained from the Healthcare Law Writing Assignment. In December 31, 1987 the Brewster’s had a daughter Emma that was born a week premature. Emma was transported to Children’s Hospital Medical Center the next day when she began showing signs of respiratory distress. She was treated by Dr. Craig Jackson, a neonatologist employed by the University of Washington. Emma suffered from hyperbilirubinemia, or jaundice, caused by elevated levels of bilirubin, a substance that is released into the bloodstream. Jaundice is not uncommon among infants as approximately a third or more of all newborns at the intensive care unit at Children’s hospital have jaundice. Greatly elevated bilirubin levels can result in permanent in brain damage. When Emma was admitted to Children’s Hospital, her serum bilirubin level was 4.2 micrograms per deciliter. It gradually increased to as high as 22.0 mcg/dl on January 7, 1988, then decreased to 5.7 mcg/dl on January 18, 1988. The type of jaundice Emma experience is generally treated with phototherapy. More serious cases are treated with a transfusion of all the blood in the infant’s body, a treatment entailing greater risks including cardiac arrhythmia, bleeding, bacterial infection and the development of air bubbles in the circulatory system. Dr. Martin prescribed phototherapy for Emma, which was unsuccessful, and Emma suffered brain damage. The Brewster’s allegedly were not informed of the risks associated...
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...chapters. Birth defects can be defined as structural or functional abnormalities, including metabolic disorders, which are present from birth. The term congenital disorder is considered to have the same definition; the two terms are used interchangeably.2 The eleventh revision of the classification provides an opportunity for a review of the current entry. 3. Irrespective of definition, birth defects can cause spontaneous abortions and stillbirths and are a significant but underrecognized cause of mortality and disability among infants and children under five years of age. They can be life-threatening, result in long-term disability, and negatively affect individuals, families, health-care systems and societies. BIRTH DEFECTS AND GLOBAL NEWBORN AND CHILD MORTALITY 4. Congenital disorders are a common condition. WHO estimates that some 260 000 deaths worldwide (about 7% of all neonatal deaths) were caused by congenital anomalies in 2004.3 They are most prominent as a cause of death in settings where overall...
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...CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the study According to Jordan, childbearing is universally treated as a life crisis event. In most societies birth and the immediate post partum period are considered a time of vulnerability for mother and child. It is a time of ritual danger for the entire family. Most societies tend to have certain sets of practices and beliefs in childbirth. Practices and beliefs of each society have common goals namely, the maintenance of well-being and preservation of life of a new mother and her newborn. Confinement is the period after the birth and is perceived as a critical condition for a mother. At this period, women are considered to be in a weakened state due to the loss of blood during the delivery of the baby. Because a woman is weak, she is susceptible to all sorts of all illnesses and diseases. Therefore, there are a number of cultural practices which must be observed in order to gain strength and to avoid illness.[i] The puerperium is a time of great change which spans a period of transition from the pinnacle of experience of birth to the assumption of the joys and responsibilities of family life. Well-integrated post-natal care has an important role to play in assisting this transition and launching the family in their new life together. The puerperium is a period of 6 weeks which begins as soon as the placenta has been expelled. During this time a number of physiological and psychological changes take place: ...
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...occurs in approximately one in 3,000 live births in America.” (How Stuff Works Contributors) Cystic Fibrosis is caused by a defective recessive gene, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator(CFTR), carried by both parents and passed on to their offspring. It has varying degrees of severity and tends to get worse with age. Diagnosis of Cystic Fibrosis is usually caught in very early infancy or childhood. “Every state in the U.S. now routinely screens newborns for cystic fibrosis.” (Mayo Clinic Staff) The test...
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...Epidemiology: Hepatitis B T Ob Grand Canyon University: NRS-427v January 19th, 2014 There are a large number of scientific discoveries that have come about serendipitously. Dr. Baruch Blumberg may say that this was the case when he discovered the Hepatitis B Virus. Dr. Blumberg and his colleagues discovered the Hepatitis B virus in 1967, developed the blood test that is used to diagnose the virus and in 1969, invented the first Hepatitis B vaccine. In 1976, Dr. Blumberg was honored with the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his discovery (HepB Foundation, 2013) Hepatitis B is caused by the Hepatitis B virus (HBV). A blood test called Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is used to find the presence of the virus in the blood. When serum comes back with a positive HBsAg result it is indicative of active HBV infection that can be passed on to others (Mast & Weinbaum, 2009). Determining immunity to HBV can be done by the Hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) blood test. Having antibodies can mean prior HBV infection from which the person has recovered or that the person has received the vaccine. A positive anti-HBs test also means that the person is protected by the vaccine or their natural immunity and cannot become infected or infect others. Determining whether a person has had or currently has an active HBV infection can be done by the Hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) blood test. A positive anti-HBc test indicates the person can have a chronic infection and is also infectious...
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